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The Madni Surahs (Surah Madaniyah) or Madani
chapters Chapter or Chapters may refer to: Books * Chapter (books), a main division of a piece of writing or document * Chapter book, a story book intended for intermediate readers, generally age 7–10 * Chapters (bookstore), Canadian big box bookstore ...
of the Quran are the latest 28
Surah A ''surah'' (; ar, سورة, sūrah, , ), is the equivalent of "chapter" in the Qur'an. There are 114 ''surahs'' in the Quran, each divided into '' ayats'' (verses). The chapters or ''surahs'' are of unequal length; the shortest surah ('' Al-K ...
s that, according to Islamic tradition, were revealed at Medina after Muhammad's
hijrat The Hijrah or Hijra () was the journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina. The year in which the Hijrah took place is also identified as the epoch of the Lunar Hijri and Solar Hijri calendars; its date eq ...
from Mecca. The community was larger and more developed, as opposed to their minority position in Mecca. The Medinan Surahs occur mostly at the beginning and in the middle of the Qur'an (but are said to be the last revealed surahs chronologically), and typically have more and longer ayat (verses). Due to the new circumstances of the early Muslim community in Medina, these surahs more often deal with details of moral principles, legislation, warfare (as in Surah 2,
al-Baqara Al-Baqara, alternatively transliterated Al-Baqarah ( ar, الْبَقَرَة, ; "The Heifer" or "The Cow"), is the second and longest chapter (''surah'') of the Quran. It consists of 286 verses ('' āyāt'') which begin with the " mysterio ...
), and principles for constituting and the community. They also refer more often to the community with "O people!" and at times directly address Muhammad or speak of him as "an agent acting in combination with the divine persona: 'God and his messenger' (Q 33:22)." The division of surahs into ' Meccan surahs' and 'Medinan surahs' is primarily a consequence of stylistic and thematic considerations, which
Theodor Noldeke Theodor is a masculine given name. It is a German form of Theodore. It is also a variant of Teodor. List of people with the given name Theodor * Theodor Adorno, (1903–1969), German philosopher * Theodor Aman, Romanian painter * Theodor Bluege ...
used to develop his famous chronology of the Qur'anic suras. Classification of the surahs into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or word (e.g. '' al-Rahman'' as name of God).


Characteristics of Medinan surahs

Following are some of the stylistic and subject characteristics of Medinan Surahs: * Mention of '
Jihad Jihad (; ar, جهاد, jihād ) is an Arabic word which literally means "striving" or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim. In an Islamic context, it can refer to almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with G ...
' and detailing on its rulings. * Details of Islamic jurisprudence and legal system as well as laws governing family, money transaction, international law and acts of worship * Mention of '
Munafiq In Islam, the ''munafiqun'' ('hypocrites', ar, منافقون, singular ''munāfiq'') or false Muslims or false believers are a group decried in the Quran as outward Muslims who were inwardly concealing disbelief (“ kufr”) and actively ...
' and dealing with hypocrites. * Any verse that starts with يا أيها للذين آمنوا ''O you who believe'' * Long verses * Easy vocabulary * Discussion in regards to the People of the Book


The Medinan phase

The Medinan phase lasted approximately 10 years. The phase began from Muhammad's hijrah to
Madina Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the Holiest sites in Islam, second-holiest city in Islam, ...
; and ended at the death of Muhammad. While the themes of the Meccan surahs remain, the Muslims growing into more of a community and the formation of Ummah, now is clear.


Chronological order of Medinan surahs

Theodor Nöldeke (later known as the Nöldeke-Schwally chronology) proposed a chronological order, consisting of 26 chapters, as follows: :2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 22, 24, 33, 47, :48, 49, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, :62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 76, 98, 110McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. 111.


See also

* Meccan surah * List of chapters in the Quran


References

Asbab al-nuzul Medina {{Islam-stub Madani surahs are revealed after hijra