mangayaw

The ''Timawa'' were the feudal warrior class of the ancient Visayan societies of the Philippines. They were regarded as higher than the ''uripon'' (commoners, serfs, and slaves) but below the ''Tumao'' (royal nobility) in the Visayan social hierarchy. They were roughly similar to the Tagalog ''maharlika'' caste.

The term later lost its military and nobility connotations and was demoted to mean "freemen" during the Spanish conquest of the Philippines. During which, the word was also introduced to the Tagalogs, who incorrectly used the term to refer to freed ''uripon'' (more correctly the ''matitimawa'' or ''tinimawa'' in Visayan) and commoners in general ( ''tuhay'' or ''mamahay'' in Visayan). Eventually, the meaning of ''timawa'' in modern Visayan languages was reduced to an adjective for "impoverished".

Overview

History

The ''Timawa'' were the privileged intermediate class of ancient Visayan society, in between the ''uripon'' (commoners, serfs, and slaves) and the ''tumao'' (royal nobility). The ''Timawa'' class included former slaves and illegitimate children of the ''maginoo'' class. Most were originally descendants or illegitimate children of the ''datu'' by commoner wives or ''uripon'' concubines, or the illegitimate children of the ''binokot'' princesses. These ''Timawa'' were referred to with the title ''Ginoo'' upon the death of their fathers. A few known as ''Matitimawa'' or ''Tinimawa'', originated from ''uripon'' who bought their freedom or were set free by their masters. These were usually distinguished from freeborn ''timawa''.

Like the Tagalog ''Maharlika'' class, the ''Timawa'' were primarily a feudal warrior class, required to provide military service to the ''datu'' in hunts, raids, wars, and defense. ''Timawa'' paid tribute or taxes to the ''datu'' known as ''buhis'' or ''handug'' and were required to provide agricultural labor as needed. They enjoyed certain freedoms, like the right to own their own land and ''uripon'', the right to lend and borrow money, and the right to enter into business partnerships.

Unlike the ''maharlika'', however, they can change allegiances freely and had no intrinsic right to the spoils of war beyond what is granted them by the ''datu''. Though the class itself was hereditary, their wealth were only inherited by their children with the approval of the ''datu''. A ''timawa'' may also be demoted to the ''uripon'' status (temporarily or permanently) in cases of debt, and any children born during the period will likewise be an ''uripon''.

However this does not apply to the higher ranks of the ''timawa'', the personal vassals of the ''datu''. These in turn were exempt from taxes and labor obligations. Though still obligated to render military service, they had rights to the share of the war loot, were included in praises of war exploits (including acquiring tattoos of ranks and accomplishments), and were often retainers and confidantes of the ''datu''. The ''datu'' himself was required to defend or avenge these ''timawa'' even at the risk of his own life. The most trusted among these ''timawa'' are traditionally tasked with carrying out diplomatic missions, marriage negotiations, and mourning rites in case of the death of the ''datu''. As such, the Boxer Codex likened them to "knights and hidalgos".

Though ''timawa'' were powerful and influential members of the community, they were seldom wealthy. Wealthy ''timawa'' who overstep their class and act like ''tumao'' were derided as ''timindok'' ("big banana").

Some members of the ''uripon'' class known as the ''horo-han'' or ''horohan'' also served their masters as warriors, but unlike the ''timawa'', they were not part of the nobility.

Raids

Military engagements among precolonial Filipino thalassocracies can be classified into land wars (''mangubat'' or ''magahat''), sea raids (''mangayaw'', ''pangayaw'', or ''kayaw''), sieges (''salakay''), sabotage (''burhi''), and ambushes (''habon'', ''saghid'', ''hoom'', or ''poot'').

Participating in land and sea raids were an essential part of the duties of the ''timawa''. These raids are usually regular annual expeditions undertaken by the community and their allies (''bila'') against enemies (''away''). The purpose of the raids were to gain prestige through combat, taking plunder (''dahas'' or ''dampas''), and capturing (''taban'') slaves or hostages (sometimes brides). Participation and conduct in raids and other battles were recorded permanently by the ''timawa'' and the ''tumao'' in the form of tattoos on their bodies, hence the Spanish name for them – ''pintados'' (literally "the painted ones"). Enemy communities were usually completely sacked (''dakot'' or ''bakot'') after a raid. The trophies, captives, and goods taken from the raid (''sangbay'' or ''bansag'') were then divided among the participants once they return home, often to celebratory shouting and chanting (''hugyaw'' or ''ugyak''). A portion of the spoils (''dangin'') was set aside for a religious sacrifice.

Conversely, the ''timawa'' also functioned as defenders against raiders. Coastal settlements had sentinels (''bantay'') to watch for enemies. When possible, enemies were intercepted while they were still at sea in ship-to-ship combat (''bangga''). When defenses fail, villagers would often burn their own houses in a scorched-earth tactic to prevent looting, and then retreat to fortifications (''tambangan'') deeper inland.

The Spanish conquistador Miguel de Loarca described the preparations and the undertaking of such raids in his book ''Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas'' (1582) as thus:

:"These natives have a method of casting lots with the teeth of a crocodile or of a wild boar. During the ceremony they invoke their gods and their ancestors, and inquire of them as to the result of their wars and their journeys. By knots or loops which they make with cords, they foretell what will happen to them; and they resort to these practices for everything which they have to undertake. The Indians along the coast are accustomed to set out every year on their plundering expeditions in the season of the bonanças, which come between the brisas and the vendabals. The Tinguianes set out after they have gathered their harvests; and since their custom is to be enemies to those who are such to their friends, they do not lack opportunity for fighting."

''Mangubat'' and ''Mangahat'' also followed strict codes of conduct on the treatment of prisoners (''bihag'') and the redistribution of the plunder among participants. Captives who surrendered were valued alive as they were usually ransomed by relatives or otherwise had to work for their freedom (see ''uripon''). Any ''timawa'' who kills a captive who has surrendered is obligated to pay for their value or risk becoming an ''uripon'' himself.

:"While on a plundering expedition, if they could take their enemy alive they did not kill him. If any one slew a captive after his surrender, he must pay for him with his own money; and if he were unable to do so he was held as a slave. The booty that they take, whatever it may be, belongs to the chiefs, except a small portion which is given to the timaguas who go with them as oarsmen. But if many chiefs went on a raid, the one who offered the magaanito, or the sacrifice mentioned above, received half of the booty, and the other half belonged to the other chiefs."

Captured ''datu'' were also treated well and allowed to be ransomed by his relatives. If relatives are unable to do so, his allies may ransom him, but the ''datu'' was obligated to repay them at twice the value of the ransom money.

:"If any chief were taken captive, he was well treated; and if any friend ransomed the captive because he was far from home, the captive returned to him double the amount that his friend had paid for him, because of his good offices in withdrawing the chief from captivity; for the latter would, otherwise, always remain a prisoner. When a chief was taken captive, or committed adultery or murder, all his relatives contributed toward his ransom, each according to the degree of his kinship; and if the relatives had not means to do this the chief remained a slave."

Decline

The conversion of the Philippines to Christianity during the Spanish conquest of the Philippines, led to the eventual demise of the ''timawa'' class, along with the ''tumao''. The sea raids, the traditional method of maintaining allegiance and gaining captives and loot ceased. With its loss, the ''timawa'' lost their place in society as a warrior class and were now forced to pay taxes to the Spanish colonial government. The ''datu'', themselves being forced to pay tribute, started fining their ''timawa'' harshly for arbitrary reasons or else lent them money at usurious interest rates. The ''timawa'' who could not pay were reduced to ''uripon'' status.

By the 17th century, Spanish dictionaries were now erroneously defining ''timawa'' as ''libres'' (freemen) and ''libertos'' (freedmen), and were equating them with ''plebeyos'' ("commoners") and ''tungan tawo'' (literally "people in-between", the middle class)—descriptions that used to refer to the serf and peasant class, the ''tuhay'' or ''mamahay'' (the Visayan equivalent of the Tagalog '' aliping namamahay'') and not the ''timawa''. The 17th century Spanish Jesuit Francisco Ignacio Alcina notes that the populace still wistfully remember the pre-Hispanic ''timawa'' as "the third rank of nobility" (''nobleza'') but lamented that "Today they call everybody ''timawa'' who are not slaves".William Henry Scott, ''Cracks in the Parchment Curtain'', Quezon City: 1998, pp. 112- 118. During this time period, the word also entered Tagalog vocabulary, incorrectly referring to freed ''uripon'', thus aggravating the confusion.Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, p. 125.

In archaic and modern poetic Tagalog, ''timawa'' eventually came to mean "free" or "tranquil", synonymous to ''malayà'' and ''tiwasay'' respectively; while as a verb it means to "set someone free rom bondage. In stark contrast, the word ''timawa'' in modern Visayan languages has been reduced to meaning "destitute", "impoverished", "wretched", "miserable" and "poverty-stricken".

See also

*Pintados
* Filipino martial arts
*Arnis (also Eskrima or Kali)
*Suntukan
* Kinamutay
*Sikaran
* Eskrima in popular culture
*Bolo knife
* Bagani
*Maharlika
*Juramentado
* Viking raid warfare and tactics, similar seasonal naval raids among Norse societies in Scandinavia
*Samurai, similar warrior classes in Japan
*Kshatriya, similar warrior classes in India

References

{{reflist, 2

History of the Philippines (900–1565)
Social class in the Philippines
Filipino nobility