HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Malang (; ) is a landlocked
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
in the
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...
n
province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions out ...
of
East Java East Java ( id, Jawa Timur) is a province of Indonesia located in the easternmost hemisphere of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and ...
. It has a history dating back to the age of Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of 820,043 at the 2010 Census and 843,810 at the 2020 Census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. Its surrounding (the
metropolitan area A metropolitan area or metro is a region that consists of a densely populated urban agglomeration and its surrounding territories sharing industries, commercial areas, transport network, infrastructures and housing. A metro area usually ...
) is home to 3,663,691 inhabitants in 2010, spread across two cities and 22 districts (21 in Malang Regency and one in Pasuruan Regency). Malang is the third largest city by economy in East Java, after
Surabaya Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of East Java and the second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern border of Java island, on the M ...
and Kediri, with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp. 44.30 trillion. The city is well known for its mild climate. During Dutch colonization, it was a popular destination for European residents. Even now, Malang still holds its position as a popular destination for international tourists. Malang keeps various historical relics. This city keeps relics of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan period until the Dutch period. The existence of Dutch heritage in general is in the form of ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan church and Ijen cathedral which has
gothic architecture Gothic architecture (or pointed architecture) is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It ...
. Malang also holds various events to preserve its cultural heritage, one of them is Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. There's also a lot of historical heritage which has become a landmark like Tugu Malang (''Alun-alun Bundar''). This city is also well known because of its label as an educational city. It has one of the best universities in Indonesia such as Brawijaya University and Malang State University. Malang has various ethnic groups and cultures from all over Indonesia and the world. The population of Malang reaches 895,387 people with a majority of Javanese, followed by the Madurese, and Chinese or '' Peranakan''. Malang extended urban area or notable known as ''Malang Raya'', is the second largest in East Java after
Gerbangkertosusila The Surabaya metropolitan area, or known locally as Gerbangkertosusila ( jv, ꦒꦼꦂꦧꦁ​ꦏꦼꦂꦠꦱꦸꦱꦶꦭ, Gerbangkertasusila, from ''Gresik-Bangkalan-Mojokerto-Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Lamongan''), is a metropolitan area in East Java, ...
(Surabaya Metropolitan Area). From Javanese culture point of view, the majority of Malang people belongs to Arekan Javanese culture. Malang was spared many of the effects of the Asian financial crisis and since that time it has been marked by steady economic and population growth.


Etymology

The etymology of the name ''Malang'' is uncertain. One of the theory said that the name Malang is derived from the words ''Malangkuçeçwara'' which means "God has destroyed the false and enforced the right". The words was taken from an ancient term which mention a legendary temple called ''Malangkuçeçwara'' supposedly located near the city Malang. The word ''Malangkuçeçwara'' was applied as the motto of the city of Malang. The name "Malang" first appeared on the Pamotoh / Ukirnegara Inscription (1120 Saka / 1198 AD) which was discovered on 11 January 1975 by a Bantaran plantation administrator in Wlingi, Blitar Regency. In the copper inscription, one part is written (with the following translation) as follows. Malang here refers to an eastern of
Mount Kawi Mount Kawi or Gunung Kawi is a stratovolcano in East Java on Java island, Indonesia. It is a massive volcano, adjacent to Mount Butak. There is no historical record of its eruptions. See also * List of volcanoes in Indonesia The geograp ...
. Although it is known that the use of Malang has at least been going on since the 12th century, it cannot be ascertained the etymology of its territory. The first hypothesis refers to the name of a holy building called Malangkuçeçwara (). The sacred building is referred to in two Balitung King inscriptions from Ancient Mataram, namely the Mantyasih Inscription in 907 AD and the Inscription of 908 AD.M. A. Mihaballo, H. Susanto, & Sriyana (2013). ''The Miracle of Language'', Jakarta: Elex Media Computindo. pp. 201–202 Experts still have not obtained an agreement where the building is located. On the one hand, there are a number of experts who say that the Malangkuçeçwara building is located in the Mount Buring area, a mountain that stretches east of Malang where there is one of its peaks named "Malang". Others on the other hand suspect that the actual location of the sacred building is in the Tumpang area, Malang Regency. In the area, there is a village called Malangsuka, which according to historians comes from the word Malangkuça () which is pronounced upside down. This opinion is reinforced by the existence of ancient relics around Tumpang such as Jago Temple and Kidal Temple which is the territory of the Kingdom of Singhasari. The Malangkuçeçwara name consists of 3 words, namely mala which means falsehood, cheating, falsehood, and evil, angkuça ( which means to destroy or destroy, and içwara () which means God. Therefore, Malangkuçeçwara means "God has destroyed the vanity".Makna Lambang – Pemerintah Kota Malang,' ''Pemerintah Kota Malang'' (daring), https://malangkota.go.id/sekilas-malang/makna-lambang/ diakses pada 21 September 2017 The second hypothesis refers to the story of the assault of the Mataram Sultanate forces to Malang in 1614 led by Tumenggung Alap-Alap. According to folklore, there was a conversation between Tumenggung Alap-Alap and one of his assistants regarding the condition of Malang before the attack began. The assistant from Tumenggung Alap-Alap mentioned residents and soldiers from the area as residents who "blocked the halangi" ("Malang" in Javanese) from the arrival of Mataram troops. After the conquest, the Mataram forces named the area of conquest as Malang.


History


Early history

The Malang area in the
Pleistocene era The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...
was still a deep basin flanked by volcanic activity from mountains such as the Karst Mountains in the South, Kawi, Butak, and Kelud in the West, Anjasmoro, and
Arjuno-Welirang Mount Arjuno-Welirang is a stratovolcano in the province of East Java on Java, Indonesia. Mount Arjuno-Welirang lies about 50 kilometers (31 mi) south of Surabaya, and 20 kilometers (12 mi) north of Malang. It is a twin volcano, with the 'twins' ...
complex in the Northeast and North, and the Tengger Mountains Complex in East. The basin has not been inhabited by humans because the condition is still in the form of lava and hot lava flows from the surrounding mountains. Towards the rainy season, the Malang basin is filled with water flowing through the mountain slopes leading to a number of rivers and forming an ancient
swamp A swamp is a forested wetland.Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Swamps are considered to be transition zones because both land and water play a role in ...
. The swamps spread to create ancient lakes. When the ancient lake had not dried up, early human civilization was still in the early to advanced stages of
Hunting Hunting is the human activity, human practice of seeking, pursuing, capturing, or killing wildlife or feral animals. The most common reasons for humans to hunt are to harvest food (i.e. meat) and useful animal products (fur/hide (skin), hide, ...
and Collecting Food. The settlements are still on the slopes of mountains and mountains that surround Malang in the form of natural caves. Therefore, it is understandable that the discovery of artifacts in the
paleolithic The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (), also called the Old Stone Age (from Greek: παλαιός '' palaios'', "old" and λίθος ''lithos'', "stone"), is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone too ...
and mesolithic period is found in mountainous areas, such as on the slopes of Mount Kawi, Arjuno-Welirang, Tengger, Semeru and the Southern Karst Mountains.Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Malang (2013). ''Wanwacarita, Kesejarahan Desa-Desa Kuno di Kota Malang''. Malang : Penerbit Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Malang. pp. 34–36 Malang ancient lake gradually dried up in the
Holocene era The Holocene calendar, also known as the Holocene Era or Human Era (HE), is a year numbering system that adds exactly 10,000 years to the currently dominant ( AD/ BC or CE/BCE) numbering scheme, placing its first year near the beginning of the ...
and caused the Malang region to become a plateau in Malang. When it began to enter the Planting Period, early humans began to descend from the mountains and make a number of settlements and agricultural areas. The discovery of a number of artifacts in the form of two square pickaxes, chalcedony stone tools and hand-held andesite axes on the east side of Mount Kawi in the Kacuk area around the Metro and
Brantas The Brantas is the longest river in East Java, Indonesia. It has a length of 320 km, and drains an area over 11,000 km2 from the southern slope of Mount Kawi-Kelud-Butak, Mount Wilis, and the northern slopes of Mount Liman-Limas, Mou ...
streams reinforced this assumption. In addition, the study estimates that the forms of occupancy in the transitional period were in the form of a
stilt house Stilt houses (also called pile dwellings or lake dwellings) are houses raised on stilts (or piles) over the surface of the soil or a body of water. Stilt houses are built primarily as a protection against flooding; they also keep out vermin. ...
, where the body of the house was supported by the legs of the house and was several meters above the ground. This is reinforced by the discovery of artifacts in the form of "Watu Gong" or "Watu Kenong" in Dinoyo, Lowokwaru, Malang, whose forms are similar to traditional musical instruments, namely gong, which are actually swear or foundation of a stilt house. The growth of settlements around the river flowing in Malang became the forerunner of the ancient civilizations of the
Homo sapiens Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture ...
.


Hindu and Islamic Kingdoms


Kanjuruhan Kingdom

The history of Malang Regency could be revealed through the Dinoyo inscription at year of 760 as the primary official document to support the birth of Malang before a new inscription was discovered in 1986, which is yet to be deciphered. According to the inscription, it was concluded that the 8th century was the beginning of the existence of Malang Regency's government due to the birth of King Gajayana's ruling of his Indianized
Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
kingdom in Malang. From the Dinoyo inscription, it is noted that the inscription used the "''Candra Sengkala''" or Cronogram Calendar, and stated that the birth date of Malang Regency was on Jum'at Legi (sweet Friday) of 28 November 760.


Mataram Kingdom

Kanjuruhan Kingdom power is estimated to not last long. The kingdom was finally under the rule of ''Mataram'' ( Ancient Mataram Kingdom) during the leadership of King Dyah Balitung (899–911 AD). In the Balingawan Inscription (813 Saka / 891 AD), it is mentioned Pu Huntu as ''Rakryan Kanuruhan'' (ruler of Kanuruhan character) in the reign of King Mpu Daksa (911–919 AD). The area that used to be an autonomous kingdom has dropped one level to a ''watak'' (region) that is on a level with the
duchy A duchy, also called a dukedom, is a medieval country, territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess, a ruler hierarchically second to the king or queen in Western European tradition. There once existed an important difference between ...
or
district A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivision ...
(one level under the authority of the
king King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen regnant, queen, which title is also given to the queen consort, consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contempora ...
). ''Watak Kanuruhan'' which covers the center of Malang today is an entity that stands side by side with ''Watak Hujung'' (in Ngujung, Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency) and ''Watak Tugaran'' (in Tegaron, Lesanpuro, Kedungkandang, Malang Regency) which each oversees several ''wanua'' ( village level). When the capital Mataram was moved to the Tamwlang and Watugaluh ( Jombang) areas during the reign of King Mpu Sindok (929–948 AD), several inscriptions such as Sangguran, Turyyan, Gulung-Gulung, Linggasutan, Jeru-Jeru, Tija, Kanuruhan, Muncang, and Wurandungan describes a number of tax liability policies for ''sima'' (civil villages) in Malang and a number of land grant processes to build temples.


Kahuripan, Janggala, and Kediri Kingdom

There is no record that explains in detail the status and role of the area around Malang during King Airlangga's leadership in addition to the fact that Malang entered the territory of the Kingdom of Kahuripan. Because the Malang area is no longer the center of government of the Kingdom which is centered around Mount Penanggungan and
Sidoarjo Sidoarjo Regency ( jv, ꦑꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦢꦲꦂꦗ, Kabupatèn Sidaharja) is a regency in East Java, Indonesia. It is bordered by Surabaya city and Gresik Regency to the north, by Pasuruan Regency to the south, by Mojokerto Rege ...
with its capital Kahuripan. Even when Raja Airlangga divided Kahuripan into Panjalu which was centered in Daha ( Kadiri) and Jenggala which remained centered in Kahuripan, the Malang region was included as a peripheral of the powers of both kingdoms. However, it can be ascertained that the Malang region entered the Jenggala region at the time of this division. The division of Kahuripan shows that
Mount Kawi Mount Kawi or Gunung Kawi is a stratovolcano in East Java on Java island, Indonesia. It is a massive volcano, adjacent to Mount Butak. There is no historical record of its eruptions. See also * List of volcanoes in Indonesia The geograp ...
was used as the boundary of the two new kingdoms with the eastern side obtained by Jenggala. Malang again became an important area in the history of Panjalu or Jenggala when King Jayabhaya of Panjalu conquered Jenggala. In the Hantang Inscription (1057 Saka / 1135 AD), it is written Panjalu Jayati ("''Panjalu Menang''"), signifying Panjalu's victory over Jenggala. The inscription also included the granting of special privileges to several villages in Hantang (Ngantang, Malang Regency) and its surroundings for their services in favor of Panjalu during the war. This inscription also shows that the Malang region is under the authority of Panjalu. The Kamulan Inscription (1116 Saka / 1194 AD) records the events of the attack of an area from the east of Daha (Kadiri) against King Kertajaya (in the Pararaton called Dandang Gendhis) who resided in the Katang-Katang Kedaton. There is no further research on whether the attack was a rebellion or attempted conquest. However, the existence of the Kamulan Inscription shows that there was a new political force that emerged to oppose Panjalu's power. This argument is reinforced by the existence of the Sukun Inscription (1083 Saka / 1161 AD) which mentions a king named Jayamerta who gave special rights to Sukun Village (allegedly in Sukun Sub-District, District Sukun, Malang) for fighting enemies. Jayamerta has never been stated explicitly or implicitly in various records that refer to information regarding both the list of rulers of Kadiri and Jenggala. Some historians such as Agus Sunyoto mention that the area of origin of the resistance was named Purwa or Purwwa. This was supported by Sunyoto's argument when referring to all Majapahit rulers as descendants of Ken Arok who " ..drained his seed into the world through teja which emanated from" secrets "Ken Dedes, naraiswari ..Purwa Kingdom." "Naraiswari (or nareswari / Ardanareswari) himself in
Sanskrit Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion ...
means "the main woman" and Ken Dedes himself is the daughter of Mpu Purwa, a brahmana from Panawijyan (Kelurahan Polowijen, Kecamatan Blimbing, Malang). In the end the resistance effort from the area which was said to be named Purwa / Purwwa was successfully crushed by Panjalu. Some historians attribute the series of events of resistance and crackdown to the socio-political context of the two conflicts involving King Kertajaya and the Brahmin class. The first is the policy of King Kertajaya who tried to reduce a number of rights from the Brahmana class. Some folklore shows that King Kertajaya wanted to be "worshiped" by the Brahmins so that it was contrary to the religious teachings of the Brahmins. The second is the kidnapping of Ken Dedes by Tunggul Ametung, akuwu (equivalent to sub-district head) for the Tumapel region. According to Blasius Suprapto, the location of Tumapel itself was in an area formerly called Kutobedah (now called Kotalama, Kedungkandang, Malang). The implication of the two conflicts was the withdrawal of political support from the Brahmana class against Raja Kertajaya.


Singhasari Empire

The collapse of Panjalu / Kadiri and the birth of the Tumapel Kingdom in Malang originated from the Brahmana class from Panjalu who tried to save himself from political persecution by King Kertajaya. They fled eastward and joined the political forces in Tumapel, led by Ken Angrok or Ken Arok. He then rebelled against Akuwu Tunggul Ametung and took control of Tumapel. Ken Arok's victory was at the same time a statement of war to separate himself from Panjalu/Kadiri. The power struggle between Kertajaya and Ken Arok towards the Malang region and its surroundings led to the Battle of Ganter in Ngantang (now a sub-district in Malang Regency) (1144 Saka / 1222 AD) which was won by Ken Arok. He also ordained himself as the first king of the Kingdom of Tumapel with the title Rajasa Sang Amurwabhumi. The capital itself remained in Tumapel but changed its name to Kutaraja. During the period of the transfer of the royal capital during the reign of King Wisnuwardhana from Kutaraja to Singhasari (Singosari District, Malang Regency) in 1176 Saka / 1254 AD, there was no comprehensive record of the strategic status of the Malang region in the Tumapel era. There was no explanation for the reasons for the move but starting in this era Singhasari became the name of this kingdom. The remaining data only shows a number of historical places in Malang such as the Gunung Katu area in Genengan (Prangargo, Wagir, Malang Regency) which according to historian Dwi Cahyono is a dharma site, Kidjo Rejo area (Kidal Village, District Tumpang, Malang Regency), where Raja Anusapati was worshiped in Candi Kidal, and the Tumpang area where Raja Wisnuwardhana was dharma in Jago Temple. Another legacy is the spring of Watugede in Watugede Village, Singosari District, Malang Regency. According to Agus Irianto, the bathing staff of Watugede, Pararaton wrote that this place was often used by Ken Dedes and other prospective women to clean the body. The village elders also believe that in this place Ken Arok also saw the light emanating from the body of Ken Dedes as a sign that he was a nareswari.D. A. Pitaloka, 'Jejak Singosari dan Majapahit di Malang.' ''Historia'' (daring), 23 Maret 2016 https://historia.id/kuno/articles/jejak-singosari-dan-majapahit-di-malang-vxGOL diakses pada 22 Januari 2019 During the leadership of Raja Kertanegara, the Kingdom of Singhasari faced a rebellion by Jayakatwang from the bracelet area (around Madiun). Jayakatwang himself is the great-grandson of Raja Kertajaya according to Negarakertagama and nephew of Raja Wisnuwardhana (from the lineage of women) according to the Mula Malurung Inscription. The rebellion killed Raja Kertanegara, the last king of Singhasari, due to his territory having no defense when most of his military was sent for the Pamalayu Expedition. Jayakatwang easily occupied the capital, took power and moved the center of government to his ancestral land, Kadiri.


Majapahit Empire

Malang was not the center of the power struggle between Jayakatwang,
Raden Wijaya Raden Wijaya or Raden Vijaya (also known as Nararya Sangramawijaya, regnal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (reigned 1293–1309) was a Javanese emperor, and the founder and first monarch of the Majapahit Empire.Slamet Muljana, 2005, ''Runtu ...
, and Kublai Khan's army from
Mongol The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...
. After winning the succession of power, Raden Wijaya, who held the title of ''Kertarajasa Jayawardhana'' moved the center of power to the area he had built in the ''Tarik'' Forest (now around Mojokerto and District Tarik,
Sidoarjo Sidoarjo Regency ( jv, ꦑꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦢꦲꦂꦗ, Kabupatèn Sidaharja) is a regency in East Java, Indonesia. It is bordered by Surabaya city and Gresik Regency to the north, by Pasuruan Regency to the south, by Mojokerto Rege ...
). However, the Malang region witnessed history from the fate of Jayakatwang who was exiled to another spring in Polaman (now Kalirejo Village, Lawang District, Malang Regency). According to Pararaton and Kidung Harsyawijaya, this was where Jayakatwang was inspired to write Wukir Polaman, his last literary work before being executed by Raden Wijaya. In the Majapahit government structure according to the Waringin Pitu Inscription (AD 1447), the Malang region is included in the ''Bhumi'' or the
capital Capital may refer to: Common uses * Capital city, a municipality of primary status ** List of national capital cities * Capital letter, an upper-case letter Economics and social sciences * Capital (economics), the durable produced goods used fo ...
of empire. He is a ''nagara'' (provincial equivalent) named Tumapel which is led by a ''rajya'' (governor) or ''natha'' (master) or ''bhre'' (nobleman / prince) —such as
duke Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they are r ...
s. Negarakertagama also recorded King Hayam Wuruk's visit to several places in the Malang region in 1359 AD. According to Yudi Anugrah Nugroho, the tour was part of a series of trips by King Hayam Wuruk to review the development around
Lumajang Lumajang Regency is a Regency (''kabupaten'') located in the East Java province of Indonesia. It covers an area of 1,790.90 sq. km, and had a population of 1,006,458 at the 2010 Census and 1,119,251 at the 2020 Census. It shares its land bo ...
. This visit is usually done when the harvest period is over. There are at least two contexts of the tour, namely recreation and pilgrimage. For the recreational context, the first place was Kasuranggan Park in the Sumberawan area (Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency). It was here that King Hayam Wuruk built a stupa as a place of worship for
Buddhists Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
so that it became the Sumberawan Temple as it is now. The second is Kedung Biru. Some historians connect Kedung Biru with the location now called ''Dusun Biru'', Gunungrejo Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency. It is called ''kedung'' (meaning: ravine) because it is on the edge of a cliff near the Klampok River. In addition to the recreational place of Raja Hayam Wuruk, it is said that this place is a sanctuary for kris made by Mpu Gandring and other royal weapons. The third is the Bureng area identified as the Wendit natural bath in Mangliawan Village, District Pakis, Malang Regency. For the context of
pilgrimage A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, aft ...
, King Hayam Wuruk visited several heritage temples of the Singhasari Kingdom which aimed to dharma the ancestors ( Wangsa Rajasa). Some of the temples visited include Kidal Temple (in honor of King Anusapati), Jago Temple (in honor of King Wisnuwardhana), and Candi Singasari (in honor of Raja Kertanegara). Especially for Singasari Temple, there is debate about whether it was built during the reign of Singhasari or Majapahit Kingdom. Because, according to the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia, Singosari Temple was built around 1300 AD (the reign of King Raden Wijaya) as a temple of respect, if not dharma, Raja Kertanegara along with Jawi Temple.Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia, 'Candi Singosari,' ''Kepustakaan Candi'' (daring), http://candi.perpusnas.go.id/temples/deskripsi-jawa_timur-candi_singasari, diakses pada 22 Januari 2019 However, there is an argument which states that this temple was being built during the reign of King Kertanegara itself as a public worship temple. The consequence of this last argument is that the construction of the temple was not completed due to the occupation of Singhasari by Jayakatwang. The Malang region (Tumapel) became one of the objects of political conflict when the Regreg war erupted (1404–1406). This area is claimed by Aji Rajanata, Bhre Wirabhumi II (Blambangan, Banyuwangi). However, the claim was opposed by Manggalawardhana, Bhre Tumapel II, who was still the son of King Hayam Wuruk. Therefore, this area is considered as the frontline of the battle involving Majapahit (West) and Blambangan ('East Majapahit). However, because Regreg war was won by King Wikramawardhana, Tumapel returned to Majapahit power. When the Majapahit Kingdom arrived Admiral Cheng Ho from China (
Ming Dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
) in 1421 AD, he agreed with King
Wikramawardhana Wikramawardhana was a Javanese emperor and succeeded Hayam Wuruk Hayam Wuruk (Sanskrit: हयम् वुरुक्, Kawi: ꦲꦪꦩ꧀ꦮꦸꦫꦸꦏ꧀) (1334–1389), also called Rajasanagara, Pa-ta-na-pa-na-wu, or Bhatara Prabhu after ...
(1389–1429 AD) to place Ma Hong Fu and Ma Yung Long as ambassadors of the Ming Dynasty at Tumapel.D. Mashad (2014). ''Muslim Bali: Mencari Kembali Harmoni yang Hilang''. Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar This can be attributed to Admiral Cheng Ho's diplomatic efforts to ensure the security of ethnic Chinese in the Majapahit region. During the War of Regreg (1406), around 170 delegates from the Ming Dynasty were sent by Admiral Cheng Ho to re-establish diplomatic relations between
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
and Majapahit after the conflict of the Jayakatwang-Raden Wijaya-Kublai Khan in the era of transition from
Singhasari Singhasari ( jv, ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦲꦱꦫꦶ, translit=Karaton Singhasari or , id, Kerajaan Singasari) was a Javanese Hindu kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as ...
to Majapahit. However, all the envoys were massacred by King Wikramawardhana who could not distinguish their arrival status as an enemy or not. The role of Admiral Cheng Ho was also significant for the Malang region (Tumapel) in 1432 when he was with his subordinates, Gan Eng Cu and (Duke (''Bhre'') of Arya Teja I of Tuban) and his younger brother, Gan Eng Wan, helped Ratu Maharani Sri Suhita (1429–1447 AD ) to unite Daha (Kadiri) and Tumapel after internal conflict. For his services, Bro Eng Wan was given the title Raden Arya Suganda was appointed as an official at Tumapel.


Sengguruh Kingdom

Sengguruh is the last Hindu kingdom and the rest of the heritage of Majapahit sympathizers in Malang. He was an independent kingdom after the fall of Majapahit. Hermanus Johannes de Graff argued that the son of the Brawijaya VII, Raden Pramana fled to the remote mountain region in the south due to the occupation of Daha (Kadiri) (capital of Majapahit since Girindrawardhana – Brawijaya VI) by Sultan Trenggana from Demak in 1527. The leader of this region is Arya Terung with the title Adipati Sengguruh. The name Sengguruh is said to be related to the existence of an education center and the residence of the knights or banner (commonly called Kepanjian or Kepanjen area). The banners who want to study in Kepanjen are said to be saying "Let's go to the Teacher" which refers to the place where they study. These words gradually became Sengguruh. According to ''Babad ing Gresik'' (Chronicles of Gresik), the kingdom had tried to attack the Lamongan and Giri (Gresik) areas in 1535. However, the efforts of Arya Terung were unsuccessful, if not failed to maintain their occupation of the two regions.'Kerajaan Sengguruh,' ''Ngalam.id'' (daring), 20 November 2012, http://ngalam.id/read/152/kerajaan-sengguruh/ diakses pada 23 Januari 2019 In fact, according to the records in Tedhak Dermayudan, after the failure of the conquest, Arya Terung adopted
Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the ...
and spread Islamic teachings throughout Sengguruh. As a result, the Majapahit sympathizers led by Raden Pramana rebelled and made the Arya Terung flee north around the lower reaches of the Brantas River. With the help of Sultan Trenggana who had conquered the former capital of the Singhasari Empire in 1545. Sengguruh succeeded in quelling the rebellion. Raden Pramana fled towards Blambangan. In Serat Kanda, Sultan Trenggana once again appointed Arya Terung as Duke of Sengguruh which was under the Demak Sultanate. In addition, the Malang area after the conquest of Sultan Trenggana changed to Kutho Bedah ("The Destructed City"). Sengguruh Kingdom remains in the form of ruins in Sumedang Hamlet, Jenggala Village (on the west side of Sengguruh Village), District Kepanjen, Malang Regency.


Dutch East Indies

The city was capital city of
Singhasari Singhasari ( jv, ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦲꦱꦫꦶ, translit=Karaton Singhasari or , id, Kerajaan Singasari) was a Javanese Hindu kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as ...
in 1222, then transferred to Dutch colony. Malang was modernized under the Dutch; its mild climate which results from its elevation, along with its proximity to the major port of
Surabaya Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of East Java and the second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern border of Java island, on the M ...
, made it a popular destination for the Dutch and other Europeans. Malang began to grow and develop rapidly and various economic sectors of the community were increasing, especially the need for space to carry out various activities. As a result, there was a change in land use which was marked by a built up area that appeared uncontrollably. Changes in land functions undergo rapid changes, such as from functioning land agriculture becomes a functioning land of housing and industry. In 1879, Malang was connected to Java's railroad network, further increasing development and leading to increased industrialization. On 1 April 1914, Malang was designated '' gemeente'' (city).


Japanese occupation

During the Japanese population in Nusantara, Malang was also occupied by Japan.
Imperial Japanese Army The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emper ...
began occupying Malang on 7 March 1942. During the Japanese occupation there was a shift in the function of local buildings. The houses where the Dutch lived were transferred to Japanese use. The Dutch building on Jalan Semeru (which was used as an office or the headquarters of the Dutch troops,) was converted into a Kempetai building.


Independence of Indonesia

After
Independence of Indonesia The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence ( id, Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia, or simply ''Proklamasi'') was read at 10:00 on Friday, 17 August 1945 in Jakarta. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of t ...
in 1945, Malang became part of the Republic of Indonesia on 21 September 1945 and re-entered on 2 March 1947 after being re-occupied by the
Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, whic ...
. The government was changed to Malang City Government on 1 January 2001 based on second amendments of Indonesia's Constitution. Along with growth came urbanization. The government could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along the rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing.


Geography

Malang is located in the middle of Malang Regency and south side of Java Island. The city has an area of . The city is bordered by Singosari and Karangploso Districts on the north side; Pakis and Tumpang Districts on the east side; Tajinan and Pakisaji Districts on the south side; and Wagir and Dau Districts on the west side which are all districts of Malang Regency. The parts of Malang have their own characteristics so that they are well-suited for various activities. The southern part of Malang is a large enough plateau that is suitable for industry, the northern part is a fertile highland that is suitable for
agriculture Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people ...
, the eastern part is a plateau with less fertile soil, and the western part is a vast plateau and is now an educational area. Malang City is passed by one of the longest rivers in Indonesia and the second longest in
Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
after Bengawan Solo, the Brantas River whose source is located on the slopes of Mount Arjuno in the northwest of the city. The second longest river in Malang is the Metro River through Malang in Karangbesuki village, Sukun subdistrict. The city of Malang is located at a
plateau In geology and physical geography, a plateau (; ; ), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side. Often one or more sides ...
. The city lies at an altitude between 440 and 667 metres above sea level. The city's highest point is in CitraGarden City Malang, a real estate development, while the lowest area of Malang is in the Dieng area. The city of Malang is surrounded by mountains and
mountain range A mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills arranged in a line and connected by high ground. A mountain system or mountain belt is a group of mountain ranges with similarity in form, structure, and alignment that have ari ...
s. The city is surrounded by Mount Arjuno in the north; Mount Semeru to the east;
Mount Kawi Mount Kawi or Gunung Kawi is a stratovolcano in East Java on Java island, Indonesia. It is a massive volcano, adjacent to Mount Butak. There is no historical record of its eruptions. See also * List of volcanoes in Indonesia The geograp ...
and
Mount Butak Mount Butak is a stratovolcano in East Java province on Java island, Indonesia. It is a massive volcano, adjacent to Mount Kawi. There are no historical records of its eruptions. See also * List of volcanoes in Indonesia The geography ...
in the west; Mount Kelud in the south. The popular active volcano Mount Bromo is about 25 km (16 miles) east of the city, and in November 2010, the airport was closed for nearly a week due to airborne ash from an eruption.


Cityscapes


Climate

The Climate in Malang city features
tropical monsoon climate An area of tropical monsoon climate (occasionally known as a sub-equatorial, tropical wet climate or a tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate) is a tropical climate sub-type that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification category ...
(''Am'') as the climate precipitation throughout the year is greatly influenced by the monsoon, bordering with subtropical highland climate (''Cwb''). The driest month is August with precipitation total 26 mm, while the wettest month is January with precipitation total 400 mm. The temperature is moderated by the altitude, as the city is located at 506 m above sea level. The hottest month is October with average 24.5 °C, while the coolest month is July with average 22.6 °C.


Administration

The city of Malang is currently led by Mayor
Sutiaji Sutiaji (born 13 May 1964) is an Indonesian politician who is the mayor of Malang, East Java. Previously, he was a member of the city's legislative council and later deputy mayor of the city between 2013 and 2018, and briefly served as acting mayo ...
, which will serve his term from 2018 to 2023. The city's legislative body, the Malang City Regional People's Representative Council, has 45 seats, dominated by
PDI Perjuangan The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle ( id, Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan, PDI-P) is an Indonesian political party, and the party of the current President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo. The PDI-P was founded and is currently led by ...
(11 seats),
PKB PKB is a three-letter abbreviation that may refer to: * Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa, WWII Polish underground police * Patients Know Best, a tool for allowing the patient to share medical records with clinicians * National Awakening Party ('' ...
(6 seats), and Golkar Party (5 seats). The members are elected every five years. Malang is divided into five districts (''kecamatan''), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census.


Demographics

Malang municipality had a population of 843,810 at the 2020 Census, with over 3 million clustering in the Malang Valley, making it the province's second most populous city. However, the population growth is not very high, at roughly 1 percent a year.


Ethnic backgrounds

The racial makeup of the city is mainly Javanese, with small percentages of Madurese, Chinese and
Arab The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, ...
descent. Compared with other Javanese people, the Javanese people of Malang have a hard and egalitarian character.


Religion

Up until the 14th century, Malang was part of an Indianized majority
Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
-
Buddhist Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
kingdom like most of Java. Now a large majority of Malang residents are Muslims. There are small minorities of Catholics, Protestants, Hindus, Buddhists and Confucians. Many buildings of worship still stand from their construction in the colonial era. For example, the City of Malang Grand Mosque (''Masjid Agung Jami Kota Malang'' — مسجد ملانغ الكبير) in Malang City Square (''Alun-alun Kota Malang''); the Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (''Gereja Katolik Hati Kudus Yesus'') in Kayutangan; Saint Mary from Mount Carmel Cathedral (''Gereja Ijen'' or ''Katedral Santa Maria dari Gunung Karmel'') on Jalan Ijen, which is the seat for the
Roman Catholic Diocese of Malang The Roman Catholic Diocese of Malang ( la, Malangen(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of Malang in the Ecclesiastical province of Semarang in Indonesia. History * April 27, 1927: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Malang, on territor ...
; the Immanuel Protestant Church in Alun-alun; and Eng An Kiong Confucian Temple (''Klenteng Eng An Kiong'' — 永安宮廟) in Jl. Laksamana Martadinata No. 1 Malang. Malang is famous for being a center of religious education. This is evident with the existence of many Islamic schools (madrasahs and ''pesantren'') and Christian bible seminaries. Malang has several convents and monasteries: Carmel Monastery, Ursuline Convent, Misericordia monastery, Monastery of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Brothers, Convent of the Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Monastery Mission Congregatio Brother, Brother Abbey Projo, Passionist Monastery, and several others. File:Candi Badut.JPG, Candi Badut File:Vihara Dharma Mitra Malang.jpg,
Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
Vihara Dharma Mitra File:Klenteng Tridharma Eng An Kiong Malang.jpg, Chinese Temple Klenteng Tridharma Eng An Kiong File:Kayutangan Street with Kayutangan Cathedral in the background, 2020.jpg, Kayutangan Cathedral seen from Kayutangan Street


Language

The Arekan dialect of the
Javanese language Javanese (, , ; , Aksara Jawa: , Pegon: , IPA: ) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, Indonesia. There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the nort ...
is the day-to-day language used in Malang. Like those of Surabaya, citizens of Malang adopt an egalitarian form of Javanese. As becomes a center of educational, there are many languages from outside Java spoken in Malang. Many native Malang youths adopt a dialect that is called ' ''Boso Walikan'''. This is a form of language game that consists of reversing the pronunciation of the words, e.g. "Malang" becomes "Ngalam".


Non-residents

Temporary residents in Malang are mostly there for educational reasons. They come from other islands, mainly in East and Central Indonesia, which includes Bali, Madura,
Sulawesi Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu ...
, Nusa Tenggara, Papua, and Maluku. There are also a large number of students originating from
Jakarta Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital city, capital and list of Indonesian cities by population, largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coa ...
, West Java,
Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
and
Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and e ...
.


Economy

Malang has a developed and diverse economy and is also an economic area highlighted by the East Java Provincial Government. The gross regional domestic product (GRDP) of Malang reached 57,171.60 billion rupiahs with economic contribution of 3.06% to the GRDP of East Java; Malang became the city with the third largest GRDP in East Java and second-level region (''daerah tingkat II'', includes regencies and cities) with the tenth largest GRDP in East Java. GRDP per capita of Malang City, which is 66,758,1 hundred thousand rupiahs is the sixth largest in East Java, after Pasuruan Regency. Malang has about 6,000 unemployed people with an open unemployment rate of 7.28%. The economy of Malang is supported by various sectors, including industry, services, trade, and tourism. Trade contributed the most, with 29.53% of the total GRDP of Malang City. Malang is also the home of one of the famous tobacco companies, namely Bentoel. Malang implements a system of creative economy. This can be proved by the high role of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the economy. The city government continues to encourage the development of MSMEs, among them by holding various expos and
festival A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival c ...
s. In addition to MSMEs, applications and digital games were made subsectors of the application of creative economy. Indirectly, this creative economy also increases the human development of Malang City. In 2016, the economy of Malang grew by 5.61%. This rapid economic growth is being boosted by tourism. In addition, rapid economic growth was contributed by MSMEs, industry and trade.
Inflation In economics, inflation is an increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation corresponds to a reduct ...
in Malang is very low. In September 2017, Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) noted that inflation in Malang was 0.05%. The underlying cause of inflation is the rise in the general consumer price index. Although low, Malang's inflation rate was once the highest in East Java, that is in July 2017 with inflation of 0.30%.


Transport


Road

There are 2,960 roads in Malang with a total length of . This count does not include provincial and state roads. In addition to being located at Indonesian National Route 23, which connects it to Gempol and Kepanjen, Malang is also connected to provincial roads linking regencies and cities in East Java. To increase connectivity in East Java,
toll road A toll road, also known as a turnpike or tollway, is a public or private road (almost always a controlled-access highway in the present day) for which a fee (or '' toll'') is assessed for passage. It is a form of road pricing typically implement ...
s are being built, one of them is the Pandaan-Malang Toll Road. This toll road will end in Madyopuro, Kedungkandang. Now the toll has entered the construction phase. On 28 May 2006, a blow-out occurred during drilling for an exploration of
natural gas Natural gas (also called fossil gas or simply gas) is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes. Low levels of trace gases like carbon d ...
in Porong, Sidoarjo Regency. The blow-out initially produced of mud flow per day. 18 months after the incident, the mudflow is estimated to be per day. This ongoing mudflow has forced the closure of the Porong- Gempol toll road in East Java, which effectively cut off the transport line from
Surabaya Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of East Java and the second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern border of Java island, on the M ...
to Malang. In mid-2015, a new highway — Gempol-Pandaan Toll Road — opened for the public to ease transport from Malang to Surabaya and Pasuruan to Surabaya, vice versa. The primary public transportation are
microvan A microvan is a van or minivan which is within the Japanese kei car classification or similar, and is smaller than a mini MPV. In China, these vehicles are nicknamed ''mian bao che'' ("bread-loaf vehicle") because of their shape.
s (most of them are Suzuki Carry), painted blue for legal public use. Those microvans are called ''Angkot'' both officially and casually (from ''Angkutan'' = transportation and ''Kota'' = city) but some locals prefer to call it by the name ''Mikrolet''. They are operated privately and cheap, around IDR 4,000 each boarding, but the angkots are usually cramped. The Department of Transportation of Malang operates angkots and school buses. Both services serve both the city centre and the suburbs. There are now 25 ''angkot'' routes in the city. The school buses began operating on 29 December 2014 and there are now six school buses with six routes. Malang has a large intercity bus terminal, Arjosari, located in Blimbing, North Malang. Gojek and Grab operate in Malang. A protest was held by angkot and taxi drivers opposing these companies on 20 February 2017, leading Gojek to close its office in Malang temporarily. According to INRIX, Malang is one of the most congested cities in the world with total time spent in a year in congestion of 39.3 hours (20% of total time). According to a Brawijaya University survey, 46.2% of city residents consider congestion in the city to be severe. This congestion also eliminates the convenience of the tourists. The city government has tried to overcome it by planning the development of monorail and underpasses. However, after conducting several comparative studies, the government stated that Malang is unable to build monorails and underpasses because it is very expensive.


Railway

The Malang Station, located in the centre of Malang, is the main railway station of the city and serves 832,181 passengers with the number reaching 5 thousand people per day on the mudik of 2017. The station is the largest railway station in Malang and connects Malang with other major cities in Indonesia such as
Surabaya Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of East Java and the second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern border of Java island, on the M ...
,
Bandung Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
, and
Jakarta Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital city, capital and list of Indonesian cities by population, largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coa ...
. It is near Malang City Hall and some other governmental and primary public services. The station is frequently called as the Malang Kotabaru Station to distinguish it from Malang Kotalama Station which is located in Sukun, South Malang. There is also a small train station, Blimbing located in Blimbing, North Malang which is strategically located near five and four-star hotels and the city's business and commercial district. To ease commuters from Yogyakarta to Malang vice versa, on 20 May 2012 Malioboro Express (Moleks) has been operated. Previously, there was a tram system in Malang, but now it is defunct.


Air

Malang is served by 2 airports in the region.
Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport is a small class 1 commercial airport serving Malang, the second largest city in East Java province of Indonesia. This airport is named after Abdoel Rachman Saleh (1909–1947), an Indonesian aviator and physiologis ...
is located closer to the city center. This airport connects the city to domestic cities to Jakarta and Denpasar. The other airport is
Juanda International Airport Juanda International Airport (JIA) ( id, Bandar Udara Internasional Juanda) , is an international airport located in Sedati, Sidoarjo. It is now the third busiest airport in Indonesia (after Soekarno-Hatta and Ngurah Rai airport). This airp ...
in Sidoarjo Regency which is located 96 km from the city center and serves both International and Domestic flights. Both airports can be accessed by bus, taxis and travel cabs.


Education

Malang has a strong reputation throughout Indonesia as a center for higher education and learning. The following higher education institutions are located in the city: Public institutions: * University of Brawijaya (UB) *
State University of Malang The State University of Malang ( id, Universitas Negeri Malang, abbreviated as UM), formerly the Institute of Teacher Education and Educational Sciences of Malang ( id, Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Malang, abbreviated as IKIP Malang), is ...
(UM) * State Polytechnic of Malang (POLINEMA) * Islamic State University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim (UIN MALIKI) Private institutions: * Muhammadiyah University of Malang (UMM) * Ma Chung University * Islamic University of Malang (UNISMA) * Catholic University of Widya Karya Malang (UKWK) * South East Asia Bible Seminary – SAAT * STIE Malangkucecwara * Widyagama University of Malang (UWG) * Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang (ITN) * Merdeka University (UNMER) * Vocational and Educational Development Center Malang (VEDC Malang) * IKIP Budi Utomo Malang * Gajayana University of Malang (UNIGA) * Universitas Kanjuruhan Malang (UNIKAMA) * Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis ASIA Malang (ITB Asia) Malang also has two elementary schools, high schools and two international schools, Wesley International School and Bina Bangsa School Malang.


Healthcare

Health services in the city are quite adequate. This is supported by the focus of the city budget carried out by the municipal government. In Malang, there are hundreds of hospitals, clinics, ''
Puskesmas Puskesmas ( id, Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat, ) are government-mandated community health clinics located across Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian an ...
'' (community health centres), '' Posyandu'' (integrated health posts), and other health services. Provincial and municipal governments have hospitals in this city. The provincial government has a hospital of type A, the Dr. Saiful Anwar Regional General Hospital, while the city government has a smaller hospital, the Malang Regional General Hospital. Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital is the largest hospital in the city. The hospital is a referral hospital in southern
East Java East Java ( id, Jawa Timur) is a province of Indonesia located in the easternmost hemisphere of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and ...
. Other public hospitals are the Malang City Hospital, Panti Nirmala Hospital, Lavalette Hospital, Hermina Tangkubanprahu Hospital, RSI Malang, and Persada Hospital. Malang has many teaching hospitals. Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital and University of Brawijaya Hospital accommodate by Faculty of Medicine of University of Brawijaya students. The University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital which accommodates Faculty of Medicine's students of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang.


Culture

As a center of tourism, Malang has various places of interest which can be classified into local, regional, national and international standards, including traditional dance performances such as '' Tari Topeng'' (Mask Dance), ''Jaranan Pegon'' (Divine Horse Dance), ''Tari Beskalan'' (Beskalan Dance), ''Tari Bedayan Malang'' (Welcome Guests Dance), and ''Tari Grebeg Wiratama'' (Soldier's Fame Dance). There is also Topeng''' or mask handicraft in the villages of Jabung and Kedungmonggo, which have become a familiar landmark in Malang Regency. Football is considered a second religion in Malang. The city is home to
Arema FC Arema Football Club is an Indonesian professional football club based in Malang, East Java. The club competes in the Liga 1, the top flight of Indonesian Football. They are considered one of the best and most successful football clubs in t ...
, a popular football club in Indonesia which is also known in the AFC for its internationally acclaimed achievements. Malang is also home to a thriving transgender (''waria'') community headed by Miss Waria Indonesia 2006, Merlyn Sopjan. Many warias work in entertainment industry, beauty salons or become
prostitute Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in Sex work, sexual activity in exchange for payment. The definition of "sexual activity" varies, and is often defined as an activity requiring physical contact (e.g., sexual intercourse, n ...
s. However, they still face prejudice and they can't get many employment options.


Historic landmarks

Because it has been inhabited since prehistoric, various prehistoric objects have been found in Malang. In Bakalankrajan, the people found mortar and dolmen. In addition, also found mortar and scratch stones in Tlogomas which are stored in the Mpu Purwa Museum. In addition, the relics of the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom did not lose. There has been found a Shiva sect of Hindu worship in the days of
Singhasari Singhasari ( jv, ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦲꦱꦫꦶ, translit=Karaton Singhasari or , id, Kerajaan Singasari) was a Javanese Hindu kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as ...
or Majapahit in the place near McDonald's restaurant in Dinoyo named the Ketawanggede Site. The most famous historical landmark is the relics of the Dutch era. There are historical objects such as ceramic paintings at Hotel Pelangi, Dutch heritage buildings on Jalan Ijen, and ancient buildings with colonial architecture style. The Jalan Ijen area is one of the legacies of architect Herman Thomas Karsten. The Dutch inherited utilities such as drainage. Small objects such as ancient Dutch guldier money were exhibited in 2013.


Monuments

As the main city in Indonesia, Malang is involved in various historical events that took place in Indonesia. To mark the event, various monuments and memorials were built that symbolized important historical events. Historic events, especially the struggle for independence which has the most monuments. These monuments include the Tugu Monument which signifies independence from the Dutch Empire; The TGP Monument (Army Genie Student) was built to commemorate the struggle of the TGP; Monument to the Heroes of the Army of the Republic of Indonesia Student (TRIP), monument to the triumph of the heroes of the TRIP; The Fighting Monument '45 which signifies the collapse of occupation; The Monument of Hamid Rusdi in memory of Hamid Rusdi; General Sudirman Monument that commemorates the struggle of Commander Sudirman; KNIP Malang Monument, the historical monument of the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP); and the Melati Monument (Suropati Cadet Monument), a monument to the awarding of emergency schools at the beginning of the formation of the People's Security Army (TKR). Malang symbolizes various things through its monuments. One of them is the historic heritage of Indonesia, namely the MiG-17 Aircraft Monument with the NATO code "Fresco" located on Jalan Soekarno-Hatta. This monument is a symbol of the strength of the Air Force. This aircraft was used during the Trikora and Confrontation Operations. There is also the Statue of Ken Dedes Monument located at the entrance to the northern side of Malang. In Malang there is also a national poet monument, Chairil Anwar, located on Jalan Basuki Rahmat. To symbolize Malang's contemporary history and identity, various monuments were built. Adipura Monument which is located on Jalan Semeru which signifies Adipura achievement by Malang. As ''Bhumi Arema'', there is the Singo Edan Monument located in Taman Bentoel Trunojoyo and the Arema Monument which is located on Jalan Lembang to symbolize the pride of Malang people to their football club,
Arema FC Arema Football Club is an Indonesian professional football club based in Malang, East Java. The club competes in the Liga 1, the top flight of Indonesian Football. They are considered one of the best and most successful football clubs in t ...
.


Museums

Malang, which is a center of settlements since ancient times, has many historical relics ranging from prehistoric relics to the relics of the 1990s. In this city, the museums already exists to the sub-district level. Museums that store these relics include the Mpu Purwa Museum, a museum containing Hindu-Buddhist relics, Malang Tempo Dooe Museum, Malang historical museum, and Brawijaya Museum, the independence war museum. There is also a museum that leaves the historical heritage of a giant Indonesian company, the Bentoel Museum which contains the history of Bentoel Group and its founders. As one of the most important educational cities since the Dutch East Indies, Malang also has a lot of scientific heritage left behind by European and Indonesian scientists. Among the many museums that leave these relics, there is the Brother Vianney Zoological Museum which contains hundreds of collections of conological specimens and herpetology specimens.


Dances

Malang is a city that has various types of traditional dance. According to the cultural area (''tlatah''), Malang belongs to the Arekan Culture. Thus, art dances in the city, especially dance art are more energetic, joyful, and straightforward. Malang dances vary, ranging from welcome dances, namely Beskalan dance, respect dance such as Bedayan dance, to Grebeg Wiratama dance which describes the spirit of war. Although there are many dances besides these dances, the famous Malang dance is the famous Mask Dance. The dance is a dance art performance where all characters use masks. In general, dances often use banner stories, stories of classical Javanese land. In addition to dance, the city also has art in the form of performances. The most famous show is the Banteng show. This art developed in villages rooted in the history of
Singhasari Singhasari ( jv, ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦲꦱꦫꦶ, translit=Karaton Singhasari or , id, Kerajaan Singasari) was a Javanese Hindu kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as ...
in the district. However, even some areas in the very modern city still have the Bantengan community. This art involves bull ancestors who were summoned by elders. Bantengan is considered unique, but there are local people who oppose it. Malangan Braiding Line is no less exciting. This show is an art performance that displays a group of people who are ready to act with a braid line (piggyback). Sometimes, Jaran Kapan dancers get tranced state.


Cuisine

Malang is a famous culinary city at affordable prices. The affordable culinary variety is among the major reasons why the city has become one of the best cities to study in Indonesia, especially for university students. Dishes typical of Malang, Javanese cuisine, domestically Indonesia cuisine,
Chinese cuisine Chinese cuisine encompasses the numerous cuisines originating from China, as well as overseas cuisines created by the Chinese diaspora. Because of the Chinese diaspora and historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has influenced many o ...
,
Indian cuisine Indian cuisine consists of a variety of regional and traditional cuisines native to India. Given the diversity in soil, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and occupations, these cuisines vary substantially and use locally available spices, her ...
, Arab cuisine and European cuisine in Malang. In regard to food, Malang is also known to have many '' warung'' that are quite legendary and have lasted for decades. These shops, among others, Toko Oen which was established in 1930; Warung Tahu Telur Lonceng which was established in the early 1900s until it was referred to as colonial-era food to millennials; and Gerai Putu Lanang Celaket which was established in 1935. Culinary tourism in the city was mixed with the Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. In the festival, a variety of ancient culinary offerings, ranging from cenil, putu, to grendul, were sold. Ancient snacks such as sugar cane, cotton candy, and miller crackers were also sold at the festival. Cotton candy is sold in various forms such as corn, dragons or flowers.


Sport

Arema F.C. is the city's most widely supported football team and plays in the Indonesian top league, the Liga 1. Its home is
Kanjuruhan Stadium Kanjuruhan Stadium (Indonesian: ''Stadion Kanjuruhan'') was a multi-purpose stadium in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. It was used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 42,449. It was the home ground of Arema, a football team in ...
, located in Kepanjen, Malang Regency. Arema FC has a loyal and large fanbase, those fans are called Aremania. There was also other football club, it goes by the name
Persema Malang Persema, an acronym for Persatuan Sepakbola Malang is an Indonesian football club based in Malang, East Java. They currently compete in the Liga 3. History The club was officially established in 1953, with primary funding from Malang's munic ...
and Sumbersari F.C., they play in Liga 3. Malang also has a stadium in Klojen, Central Malang, it is known officially as
Gajayana Stadium Gajayana Stadium (Stadion Gajayana) is a multi-purpose stadium in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Gajayana Stadium is the oldest stadium in Indonesia. This stadium began to become the center of the city in 1924 until 1926. Then in the early 1990s G ...
. Currently it is mostly used for major city events and
athletics Athletics may refer to: Sports * Sport of athletics, a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking ** Track and field, a sub-category of the above sport * Athletics (physical culture), competi ...
using its running track. There is also a swimming pool,
tennis Tennis is a racket sport that is played either individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball cov ...
,
basketball Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular Basketball court, court, compete with the primary objective of #Shooting, shooting a basketball (ball), basketball (appr ...
,
badminton Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may be played with larger teams, the most common forms of the game are "singles" (with one player per side) and "doubles" (with two players p ...
and
weightlifting Weightlifting generally refers to activities in which people lift weights, often in the form of dumbbells or barbells. People lift various kinds of weights for a variety of different reasons. These may include various types of competition; pro ...
facilities near the stadium area as Central Sports Center. Another large sports center which goes by the name Rampal Sports Center is located near a military base in Kedungkandang, East Malang. The city is also home to the professional basketball team Bimasakti Nikko Steel Malang, which plays in the
Indonesian Basketball League The Indonesian Basketball League (IBL; id, Liga Bola Basket Indonesia) is the preeminent men's professional basketball league in Indonesia, founded by Indonesian Basketball Association (Perbasi) in 2003. From 2010 to 2015 it was known as the ...
. On 1 October 2022 a fatal stampede occurred following a match between Arema F.C. and Persebaya Surabaya. More than 100 fans and two police officers were killed.


Environment


Parks

According to research by The Clean Cities Air Partnership Program (CCAP), Malang is one of the five cities with the cleanest air in Asia. This achievement is one of the results of the community's commitment to continue to cultivate and beautify the city parks. Parks in Malang are known to be clean and have playing facilities so that Malang is considered to be a child-friendly city. The city government also created thematic parks, which helps the city to achieve the Best City Park in Indonesia award. Thematic parks can be found on the green way on Jalan Jakarta, namely the ''Taman Kunang-Kunang'' (Firefly Park). The biggest parks in Malang are the Merdeka Square and Tugu Square (Tugu Malang Monument). Merdeka Square is located in front of the Malang Regent's Office and is the oldest square built in 1882. Not only that, Merdeka Square also provides a children playground and a fountain. Tugu Square which is located right in front of the Malang City Hall is decorated by the Tugu Malang, fountains, flowers, ponds with lotuses, typical flowers of Malang, palm trees, and plastic lamps shaped like sunflowers. Although intended for aesthetic elements, the sunflower lights were protested by the local residents because they were considered to be environmentally unfriendly and did not look good. Some parks are the result of development from CSR funds. One of these is the Slamet Park which was built with CSR funds from PT Bentoel Prima. Bentoel's CSR fund was also used to renovate that park and Taman Trunojoyo. One of the famous parks, the Singha Merjosari Park was also renovated with CSR funds. However, the CSR funds used are funds from telecommunications companies. CSR funds from educational institutions such as the Merdeka Education Foundation that manages the Merdeka Malang University have also provided CSR to revitalize the Dieng Canal Park.


Awards

In the environmental field, Malang has won several awards including Adipura (given to the cleanest cities in Indonesia), Adiwiyata, and others. In addition, Malang is the city with the highest number of Adiwiyata schools in Indonesia, namely 173 schools from elementary to junior high schools. The Department of Environment of Malang City also received the 2017 Water Supply and Environmental Health (''Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan'', AMPL) award from the Head of the National Development Planning Agency. AMPL was achieved by the city because the city was able to reduce solid waste in 2016 by 15.1% and the coverage of access to
waste management Waste management or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitorin ...
was 74.8%. In 2017, the city won the Wahana Tata Nugraha award because it was able to transform the slum environment into a tourist attraction such as the Jodipan Tourism Village. The many awards obtained by the city also had an impact on the increase in Regional Incentive Funds (''Dana Insentif Daerah'', DID) from 7.5 billion rupiahs in 2017 to 25.5 billion in 2018.


Conservation efforts

The government plays an active role in environmental conservation efforts. In achieving the Adipura Kencana, the education office held the Green School Festival (GSF) which was held annually in schools in the city. The method of implementing the GSF is considered good because it is forcing the participation of all schools. In addition, the Department of Housing and Settlements (Disperkim) also conducted a garden arrangement competition by realising the importance of green open space, and also actively built parks in the city. The city of Malang also seeks to utilise additional funds such as CSR funds to revitalise city parks.


Notable people


Twin towns – sister cities

*
Fuqing (; Foochow Romanized: Hók-chiăng; also romanized as Hokchia) is a county-level city of Fujian Province, China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Fuzhou. Geography Fuqing is located in the north-central par ...
, China


See also

*
Greater Malang Greater Malang ( id, Malang Raya) is a region in East Java, Indonesia, encompassing the municipality of Malang and its hinterland. Over 3 million people in East Java came from Greater Malang. The principal city, Malang is well-known as the home ...


References


External links

* * {{Authority control Populated places in East Java Cities in Indonesia