Molisan

Molisan is a group of dialects of the Neapolitan language spoken in Molise, a region of Southern Italy.

Distribution

For centuries, the area of Molise was part of the Kingdom of Naples, and later part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
It is not spoken in a large area (over Isernia, Termoli and Riccia), but within this area there are many linguistic variations due to diverging historical events. Before the Italian unification some eastern parts of Molise were part of the Province of Foggia (Capitanata), whilst some western areas, in particular Venafro, were part of the Terra di Lavoro (literally "Land of Work"), and Upper Molise was part of Abruzzo.

For this very reason, the dialect spoken in Venafro may well be likened to the dialects of Campania and Naples. Some areas have also experienced an upsurge of minority languages such as Serbo-Croatian and Albanian, whereas other areas of Molise represent isolated communities with little outside contact, who consequently appear to be more conservative. The Frentana area (Termoli, Larino, Trivento) and Upper Molise has dialects that are more closely related to Southern Abruzzese.

Similarly to Naples Neapolitan, Molisan contains words and sounds that are similar to those in Spanish but are not necessarily of Spanish origin. These include ("frypan", similar to Spanish ), ''sctreppiàte'' ("broken", similar to Spanish ''estropeado''), and ''petacce'' ("piece", similar to Spanish ''pedazo''). The Roccamandolfi dialect of Isernia, a province in Molise, shares many phonetic characteristics with Spanish.

With the exception of loan words from Italian and Neapolitan, it has no palatal ''gl'' sound (, similar to the second syllable of ''million'' in the Received Pronunciation accent of British English) and instead employs the intervocalic . Roccamandolfi also maintains diphthongisation in metaphony through ''ue'', rather than Standard Italian ''uo'', such as in ''fuéche'' (Italian , "fire"), ''cuéche'' (Italian ''cuoco'', "cook") and ''uéve'' (Italian ''uovo'', "egg"). Molisan also contains lexis derived from a substratum of Oscan, a language spoken by the Samnites. For example, ''pjéskje'' ("rocks" or "stones") is related to Oscan .

Characteristics

As typical in the Neapolitan language, the Molisan dialect group employs vowel reduction. In all unstressed positions, vowels (often with the exception of ''a'') are presented by schwa , whilst vowels in a stressed position are fully pronounced. This is in line with Standard Italian phonology, in that the schwa never appears in a stressed position. Any vowel following a stressed syllable in a certain word is pronounced as a schwa. A final unstressed vowel, when followed by a pause, may be used for emphasis and is only mandatory when the word is immediately followed by a word with an initial consonant. Note that the schwa is a phoneme in itself, and distinguishes words of different meanings such as ''I səparə'' ("I separate myself") and ''I sparə'' ("I shoot").
The Molisan dialect group also displays the following phonological features:
* short pronunciation of single voiceless ''z'' compared to the more elongated Italian pronunciation, e.g. Italian ''situazione'' ("situation"): ; Molisan: ;
* all voiceless consonants following nasals become voiced, a phenomenon particularly common in many Central Italian dialects, e.g. Italian ''ancora'' ("still") is pronounced in Molisan as ''angora'');
* pronunciation of as (as in ''she'') when it immediately precedes , in direct opposition with the Neapolitan phenomenon in which is pronounced as ''sh'' except when immediately preceding ;
In the western area of the region (the Province of Isernia) spoken dialects share some common features:
* rhotacism of masculine definite articles, e.g. Italian ''il cane'' ("the dog") becomes ''re cuàne'' in Roccamandolfi, and ''l'uccellino'' ("little bird") becomes ''ru cellùcce'';
* rhotacism of , although this is applied inconsistently;
* palatalization of Italian ''ll'' to ''gl'', e.g. Italian ''cappello'' ("hat") becomes ''cappiégle'';
* displacement of the central stressed ''a'' when it appears between , or in past participles, e.g. Italian ''mangiato'' ("eaten") becomes ''magnæt''.
The eastern and Adriatic Sea areas of Molise (the Province of Campobasso) hosts yet more linguistic variation, with some features nonhomogeneously distributed across the region:
* closure of stressed ''e'' when not appearing at the beginning of a word, e.g. Italian ''bène'' ("well", "good") becomes ''béne'', in the regional capital;
* closure of stressed ''o'' when in the middle of the word, e.g. Italian ''vòlta'' ("time") becomes ''vóte'' in the regional capital;
* palatalisation of the central ''a'' when immediately preceding the word's stressed syllable, e.g. Italian ''Madonna'' becomes ''Medonne'', and ''pallone'' ("ball") becomes ''pellone'', in the area of Ripalimosani.

References

{{Romance languages

Dialects of Neapolitan
Languages of Molise