A ''meshulach'' (; plural: ''meshulachim''), also known as a ''shaliach'' () or SHaDaR (, acronym for ), was an emissary sent to the

Diaspora A diaspora ( ) is a population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of birth, place of origin. The word is used in reference to people who identify with a specific geographic location, but currently resi ...

to raise funds ('' ḥalukka'') for the existence of the Jewish settlement in the

Land of Israel The Land of Israel () is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant. Related biblical, religious and historical English terms include the Land of Canaan, the Promised Land, the Holy Land, and Palestine. The definition ...

. The institution of the Emissaries of the Land of Israel, which began in ancient times, developed and contributed greatly to the connection between Diaspora Judaism and the Jews in the Land of Israel, and to the cultural life of the Jewish communities.

Role of the ''meshulach''

Often an individual ''meshulach'' may operate as an independent contractor for several different organizations, taking a portion of the proceeds as profit.

Notable ''meshulachim''

* 1441. Esrim ve-Arba‘ah: Europe * 1587. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder (or di Ṭrani, 1569–1639): Egypt * 1598–1599. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder (or di Ṭrani, 1569–1639): Istanbul (first mission) * 1600.

Judah de Leon Judah or Yehuda is the name of a biblical patriarch, Judah (son of Jacob). It may also refer to: Historical ethnic, political and geographic terms * Tribe of Judah, one of the twelve Tribes of Israel; their allotment corresponds to Judah or Jud ...

: Italy * 1600s–1606. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder (or di Ṭrani, 1569–1639): Istanbul (second mission) * 1650. Nathan ben Reuben David Spiro: Italy and Germany * 1659. Benjamin ha-Levi: the Levant and Italy * 1670s. Judah Sharaf:

Livorno Livorno () is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of 152,916 residents as of 2025. It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn ...

, Italy * 1676. Joseph ben Eliezer: Italy and Germany * 1676.

Joseph Shalit Riqueti Joseph Shalit ben Eliezer Riqueti (Richetti) was a Jewish-Italian scholar born at Safed, and who lived in the second half of the 17th century at Verona, where he directed a Talmud, Talmudic school. He was the author of ''Ḥokmat ha-Mishkan'' or '' ...

: Italy and Germany (with the preceding, author of ''Iggeret Mesapperet'') * 1688–1692. Ḥezekiah ben David da Silva (1656–1697): Western Europe (including Amsterdam) * 1690. Judah Sharaf: the Levant and Italy * 1695.

Avraham Yitzchaḳi Abraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father who began the covenantal relationship between the Jewish people and God; ...

: Italy * 1695. Shmuel ha-Kohen: Italy, etc. * 1695.

Abraham ben Levi Conque Abraham ben Levi Conque,() also spelt Konki and Cuenque, (born 1648) was a 17th-century rabbi and kabbalist in Hebron. Life Swayed by his cabalistic studies, Conque threw himself into the Sabbatean movement around Sabbatai Zevi, and became one o ...

: Italy, Germany, and Poland * 1700. Hayyim Asael ben Benjamin: Smyrna * 1705. Gedaliah Hayyim: Italy * 1709. Nathan Mannheim: Germany and Poland * 1709.

Jacob of Vilna Jacob, later known as Israel, is a Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions. He first appears in the Torah, where he is described in the Book of Genesis as a son of Isaac and Rebecca. Accordingly, alongside his older fraternal twin brother E ...

: Germany and Poland (with the preceding, author of ''Me’orot Natan'') * 1710.

David Melammed David (; , "beloved one") was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. The Tel Dan stele, an Aramaic-inscribed stone erected by a king of Aram-Damas ...

* 1712.

Hayyim Hazzan Haim can be a first name or surname originating in Hebrew or derived from the Old German name Haimo. Etymology Hebrew Chayyim ( ', Classical Hebrew: , Israeli Hebrew: ), also transcribed ''Haim, Hayim, Chayim'', or ''Chaim'' (English pronunciati ...

* 1712.

Abraham Rovigo Abraham Rovigo (born ca. 1650 in Modena, died 1713 in Mantua) was a Jewish scholar, rabbi and kabbalist. Biography Rovigo studied in Venice in the ''yeshiva'' of Moses Zacuto and devoted himself to study the Kabbalah. He was one of the main sup ...

* 1718.

Hayyim Jacob ben Jacob David Haim can be a first name or surname originating in Hebrew or derived from the Old German name Haimo. Etymology Hebrew Chayyim ( ', Classical Hebrew: , Israeli Hebrew: ), also transcribed ''Haim, Hayim, Chayim'', or ''Chaim'' (English pronunciati ...

: the Levant and Europe * 1720.

Ephraim ben Aaron Nabon Ephraim (; , in pausa: ''ʾEp̄rāyīm'') was, according to the Book of Genesis, the second son of Joseph ben Jacob and Asenath, as well as the adopted son of his biological grandfather Jacob, making him the progenitor of the Tribe of Ephraim ...

: Italy * 1730.

David Capsoto David (; , "beloved one") was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. The Tel Dan stele, an Aramaic-inscribed stone erected by a king of Aram-Damas ...

: Holland * 1730.

Moses Hagiz Moses Hagiz (1671 – c. 1750) (Hebrew: משה חגיז) was a Talmudic scholar, rabbi and writer born in Jerusalem during the time of the Old Yishuv. He was also one of the most prominent and influential Jewish leaders in 17th-century Amsterdam. ...

: the Levant and Europe for a period of 50 years * 1740.

Baruch Gad Baruch may refer to: People * Baruch (given name), a given name of Hebrew origin * Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), Dutch philosopher *Baruch (surname) Other uses * Book of Baruch, also called 1 Baruch, a deuterocanonical book of the Bible * 2 B ...

: Media and Persia * 1740s–1749. Ḥayyim ben Elias Moda‘i * 1750. Baruch of Austria * 1750.

Hayyim Joseph David Azulai Haim Yosef David Azulai ben Yitzhak Zerachia (; 1724 – 1 March 1806), commonly known as the Hida (also spelled Chida, the acronym of his name, ), was a Jerusalem born rabbinical scholar, a noted bibliophile, and a pioneer in the publication o ...

(1724–1806): the Levant and Europe (including Egypt, Amsterdam, England, and Livorno, for 56 years. His ''Ma‘agal Yashar'' contains part of his itinerary) * 1750. Hayyim Abraham Tzebi: Italy * 1750. Hayyim Mordecai Tzebi: Italy, etc. * 1750. Rahmim Nissim Mizrahi: the Levant and Italy * 1759. Moses Malki: America * 1760. Hayyim Nissim Jeroham of Vilna: Germany * 1760. Yom-Ṭob al-Ghazi: the Levant and Italy * 1760s. Ḥayyim ben Elias Moda‘i (1720–1794): Holland (wrote approbation to ''Pe’er ha-Dor'') and elsewhere in Europe * 1765. Jacob al-Yashar: Persia * 1767. Issachar Abulafia: Italy (wrote approbation to ''Yad Mal’akhi'') * 1770. Abraham Solomon Zalmon: Europe * 1772. Abraham Segre: Germany * 1773. Raphael Chayyim Isaac Carregal: West Indies and the British Colonies of North America * 1776. Jacob Raphael Saraval: Holland and England * 1780. Judah Samuel Ashkenazi * 1783. Abraham ha-Kohen of Lask: Germany and Poland * 1790. David Hayyim Hazzan: Italy * 1793. Yosef Maimon: Bukhara * 1796. Joseph Aben Samon:

Tripoli Tripoli or Tripolis (from , meaning "three cities") may refer to: Places Greece *Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece * Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in the Pelasgiotis district, Thessaly, near Larissa ...

(wrote approbation to ''Ḥayyey Abraham'') * 1800. Israel of Shklov: Lithuania and Belarus * 1804. Israel Raphael Segre * 1807. Hayyim Baruch of Austria: Germany (wrote approbation to ''Otsar ha-Ḥayyim'') * 1810. Solomon David Hazzan: the Levant and Italy * 1830. Joseph Edels Ashkenazi: Italy * 1848. Isaac Kovo: Egypt * 1848.

Jacob Saphir Jacob Saphir (; 1822–1886), often pronounced Yaakov Sapir, was a 19th-century writer, ethnographer, researcher of Hebrew manuscripts, a traveler and Meshulach, emissary of the rabbis of Eastern European Jewry, Eastern European Jewish descent wh ...

: Southern countries (''first mission'') * 1850. Isaac Farhi: Italy * 1850. Levi Nehemias: Italy * 1850. Joseph Schwarz: the United States (author of ''Ṭevu’at ha-Arets'') * 1854.

Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ...

British India The provinces of India, earlier presidencies of British India and still earlier, presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in South Asia. Collectively, they have been called British India. In one form or another ...

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

, and

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

(''Second mission'') * 1856.

Moses Hazzan In Abrahamic religions, Moses was the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites out of slavery in the Exodus from Egypt. He is considered the most important prophet in Judaism and Samaritanism, and one of the most important prophets in Christian ...

: the Levant (author of ''Naḥalah le-Yisra’el'') * 1865. Raphael Meir Panigel: Europe ( haham başı and author of ''Lev Marpe’'') * 1870. Moses Pardo: North Africa * 1885. Moses Riwlin: Australia * 1885. Nathan Natkin: the United States (d. 1888, in New York) * 1890. Abraham ibn Ephraim: Persia (Sephardic) * 1894. Yosef Haim HaCohen: Saudi Arabia, Uzbekistan and Caucasus Mountains * 1899. Yosef Haim HaCohen: Bukhara. * 1903 (then serving): ** Shalom Hamadi: Yemen (Sephardic) ** Benjamin ha-Kohen: Caucasus, Russia (Sephardic) ** J. Meynhas: India (Sephardic) ** Eliezer Zalman Grajewski: the United States ** Joshua Loeb Suessenwein: the United States (author of ''Tsir Ne’eman'', Jerusalem, 1898) ** Solomon Joseph Eliach ** Yosef Haim HaCohen: Algiers, Constantine, Algeria * 1934. Amram Aburbeh: Morocco.

Notes

References

Bibliography

*Avraham Yaari - Emissaries of the Land of Israel - The History of Missions from the Land to the Diaspora, from the destruction of the Second Temple to the Nineteenth Century, Hebrew, Jerusalem (1871. Reprinted in 1977; and in 1977, in two volumes).

External links

{{Commons category
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National Library of Israel The National Library of Israel (NLI; ; ), formerly Jewish National and University Library (JNUL; ), is the library dedicated to collecting the cultural treasures of Israel and of Judaism, Jewish Cultural heritage, heritage. The library holds more ...

.
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