A ''meshulach'' (; plural: ''meshulachim''), also known as a ''shaliach'' () or SHaDaR (, acronym for ), was an emissary sent to the

Diaspora A diaspora ( ) is a population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of birth, place of origin. The word is used in reference to people who identify with a specific geographic location, but currently resi ...

to raise funds ('' ḥalukka'') for the existence of the Jewish settlement in the

Land of Israel The Land of Israel () is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant. Related biblical, religious and historical English terms include the Land of Canaan, the Promised Land, the Holy Land, and Palestine. The definition ...

. The institution of the Emissaries of the Land of Israel, which began in ancient times, developed and contributed greatly to the connection between Diaspora Judaism and the Jews in the Land of Israel, and to the cultural life of the Jewish communities.

Role of the ''meshulach''

Often an individual ''meshulach'' may operate as an independent contractor for several different organizations, taking a portion of the proceeds as profit.

Notable ''meshulachim''

* 1441. Esrim ve-Arba‘ah: Europe * 1587. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder (or di Ṭrani, 1569–1639): Egypt * 1598–1599. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder (or di Ṭrani, 1569–1639): Istanbul (first mission) * 1600. Judah de Leon: Italy * 1600s–1606. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder (or di Ṭrani, 1569–1639): Istanbul (second mission) * 1650. Nathan ben Reuben David Spiro: Italy and Germany * 1659. Benjamin ha-Levi: the Levant and Italy * 1670s. Judah Sharaf:

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, Italy * 1676. Joseph ben Eliezer: Italy and Germany * 1676. Joseph Shalit Riqueti: Italy and Germany (with the preceding, author of ''Iggeret Mesapperet'') * 1688–1692. Ḥezekiah ben David da Silva (1656–1697): Western Europe (including Amsterdam) * 1690. Judah Sharaf: the Levant and Italy * 1695. Avraham Yitzchaḳi: Italy * 1695. Shmuel ha-Kohen: Italy, etc. * 1695. Abraham ben Levi Conque: Italy, Germany, and Poland * 1700. Hayyim Asael ben Benjamin: Smyrna * 1705. Gedaliah Hayyim: Italy * 1709. Nathan Mannheim: Germany and Poland * 1709. Jacob of Vilna: Germany and Poland (with the preceding, author of ''Me’orot Natan'') * 1710. David Melammed * 1712. Hayyim Hazzan * 1712. Abraham Rovigo * 1718. Hayyim Jacob ben Jacob David: the Levant and Europe * 1720. Ephraim ben Aaron Nabon: Italy * 1730. David Capsoto: Holland * 1730. Moses Hagiz: the Levant and Europe for a period of 50 years * 1740. Baruch Gad: Media and Persia * 1740s–1749. Ḥayyim ben Elias Moda‘i * 1750. Baruch of Austria * 1750. Hayyim Joseph David Azulai (1724–1806): the Levant and Europe (including Egypt, Amsterdam, England, and Livorno, for 56 years. His ''Ma‘agal Yashar'' contains part of his itinerary) * 1750. Hayyim Abraham Tzebi: Italy * 1750. Hayyim Mordecai Tzebi: Italy, etc. * 1750. Rahmim Nissim Mizrahi: the Levant and Italy * 1759. Moses Malki: America * 1760. Hayyim Nissim Jeroham of Vilna: Germany * 1760. Yom-Ṭob al-Ghazi: the Levant and Italy * 1760s. Ḥayyim ben Elias Moda‘i (1720–1794): Holland (wrote approbation to ''Pe’er ha-Dor'') and elsewhere in Europe * 1765. Jacob al-Yashar: Persia * 1767. Issachar Abulafia: Italy (wrote approbation to ''Yad Mal’akhi'') * 1770. Abraham Solomon Zalmon: Europe * 1772. Abraham Segre: Germany * 1773. Raphael Chayyim Isaac Carregal: West Indies and the British Colonies of North America * 1776. Jacob Raphael Saraval: Holland and England * 1780. Judah Samuel Ashkenazi * 1783. Abraham ha-Kohen of Lask: Germany and Poland * 1790. David Hayyim Hazzan: Italy * 1793. Yosef Maimon: Bukhara * 1796. Joseph Aben Samon: Tripoli (wrote approbation to ''Ḥayyey Abraham'') * 1800. Israel of Shklov: Lithuania and Belarus * 1804. Israel Raphael Segre * 1807. Hayyim Baruch of Austria: Germany (wrote approbation to ''Otsar ha-Ḥayyim'') * 1810. Solomon David Hazzan: the Levant and Italy * 1830. Joseph Edels Ashkenazi: Italy * 1848. Isaac Kovo: Egypt * 1848. Jacob Saphir: Southern countries (''first mission'') * 1850. Isaac Farhi: Italy * 1850. Levi Nehemias: Italy * 1850. Joseph Schwarz: the United States (author of ''Ṭevu’at ha-Arets'') * 1854. Jacob Saphir:

Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ...

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Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

, and

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

(''Second mission'') * 1856. Moses Hazzan: the Levant (author of ''Naḥalah le-Yisra’el'') * 1865. Raphael Meir Panigel: Europe ( haham başı and author of ''Lev Marpe’'') * 1870. Moses Pardo: North Africa * 1885. Moses Riwlin: Australia * 1885. Nathan Natkin: the United States (d. 1888, in New York) * 1890. Abraham ibn Ephraim: Persia (Sephardic) * 1894. Yosef Haim HaCohen: Saudi Arabia, Uzbekistan and Caucasus Mountains * 1899. Yosef Haim HaCohen: Bukhara. * 1903 (then serving): ** Shalom Hamadi: Yemen (Sephardic) ** Benjamin ha-Kohen: Caucasus, Russia (Sephardic) ** J. Meynhas: India (Sephardic) ** Eliezer Zalman Grajewski: the United States ** Joshua Loeb Suessenwein: the United States (author of ''Tsir Ne’eman'', Jerusalem, 1898) ** Solomon Joseph Eliach ** Yosef Haim HaCohen: Algiers, Constantine, Algeria * 1934. Amram Aburbeh: Morocco.

Notes

References

Bibliography

*Avraham Yaari - Emissaries of the Land of Israel - The History of Missions from the Land to the Diaspora, from the destruction of the Second Temple to the Nineteenth Century, Hebrew, Jerusalem (1871. Reprinted in 1977; and in 1977, in two volumes).

External links

{{Commons category
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.
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