The following purported languages of South America are listed as unclassified in Campbell (2012), Loukotka (1968), ''

Ethnologue ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages. It w ...

'', and ''

Glottolog ''Glottolog'' is an open-access online bibliographic database of the world's languages. In addition to listing linguistic materials ( grammars, articles, dictionaries) describing individual languages, the database also contains the most up-to-d ...

''. Nearly all are extinct. It is likely that many of them were not actually distinct languages, only an ethnic or regional name.

Campbell & Grondona (2012)

Campbell & Grondona (2012:116–130) lists the following 395 languages of South America as unclassified. Most are extinct.Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). 2012. ''The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Many were drawn from Loukotka (1968)Loukotka, Čestmír. 1968. ''Classification of South American Indian Languages'' Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, UCLA. and Adelaar & Muysken (2004). The majority are not listed in ''

''. The list is arranged in alphabetical order. *Aarufi – Colombia *Aburuñe – Bolivia *Acarapi – Brazil * Aconipa (Tabancal, Tabancara) – Ecuador; only 5 words known * Aguano (Awano, Ahuano, Uguano, Aguanu, Santa Crucino) – Peru *Alarua – Brazil *Alon – Peru *Amasifuin – Peru * Amikoana (Amikuân) – Brazil *Amoeca – Brazil *Amuimo – Brazil *Anetine – Bolivia *Angara – Peru *Anicun – Brazil * Anserma (including Caramanta, Cartama) – Colombia, likely Choco *Aparea – Argentina *Apitupá – Brazil *Apiyipán – Bolivia *Aracadaini – Brazil *Arae – Brazil *Aramayu – Brazil *Aramurú – Brazil *Arapoá – Brazil * Arara do Beiradão (Arara do Rio Branco, Arara do Aripuanã) – Brazil *Ararau – Brazil * – Peru, Colombia (a purported language isolate called "Arda" has no relation, but was a misidentified vocabulary of the West African language Popo (Gen)) *Arma-Pozo (

Arma Arma, ARMA or variants, may refer to: Places * Arma, Kansas, United States * Arma, Nepal * Arma District, Peru * Arma District, Yemen * Arma Mountains, Afghanistan People * Arma people, an ethnic group of the middle Niger River valley * Arma lan ...

) – Colombia *Aroásene – Brazil *Artane – Bolivia *Atavila – Peru * Aticum (Araticum) – Brazil *Atunceta – Colombia *Aueiko – Brazil *Avis – Brazil *Axata Darpa – Paraguay *Ayacore – Peru *

Bagua The ''bagua'' ( zh, c=八卦, p=bāguà, l=eight trigrams) is a set of symbols from China intended to illustrate the nature of reality as being composed of mutually opposing forces reinforcing one another. ''Bagua'' is a group of trigrams—co ...

– Peru; only 3 words known, possibly Cariban *Baixóta – Brazil *Bakurönchichi – Brazil *Bauá – Brazil *Bikutiakap – Brazil *Bixarenren – Brazil *Boimé (Poyme) – Brazil *Bolona – Ecuador *Bracamoro (Papamuru) – Peru *Buritiguara – Brazil *Caapina – Brazil *Cachipuna – Peru *Cafuana – Brazil * Cagua – Colombia; ISO 639 code retired for being spurious *Caguan (Kaguan) – Argentina *Cahan – Brazil *Cajamarca – Peru *Cajatambo – Peru *Camana (Maje) – Peru *Camaraxo – Brazil *Camaré – Brazil *Campaces – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan, with Tsafiki, but unconfirmed *Canelo – Ecuador *Cañacure – Bolivia *Capueni – Brazil *Capua – Brazil * Cara (Scyri, Caranqui, Otavalo) – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan *

Carabayo The Carabayo (who perhaps call themselves Yacumo) are an uncontacted people of Colombia living in at least three long houses, known as '' malokas'', along the Rio Puré (now the Río Puré National Park) in the southeastern corner of the cou ...

(Yuri, "Amazonas Macusa"), grouped in the

Ticuna–Yuri languages Ticuna–Yuri is a small family, perhaps even a dialect continuum, consisting of at least two, and perhaps three, known languages of South America: the major western Amazonian language Ticuna, the poorly attested and extinct Yurí, and the scar ...

*Caraguata – Brazil *Carapacho – Peru *Carára – Brazil *Carari – Brazil, Amazonas; a short word-list recorded by

Johann Natterer Johann Natterer (9 November 1787 – 17 June 1843) was an Austrian natural history, naturalist and List of explorers, explorer. He was the son of royal falconer Joseph Natterer and along with his brother Joseph Natterer (1786–1852) took a keen i ...

which shows no resemblance to known languages *Cararú (Cajurú) – Brazil *Caripó (Curupeche) – Brazil *Cascoasoa – Peru *Casigara – Brazil *Casota – Argentina *Cauacaua (Kawakawa) – Brazil *Cauauri – Brazil *Caucahue – southern Chile *Cauni – Brazil *Caupuna – Brazil *Cavana (Maje) – Peru *Caxago – Brazil *Cayú – Brazil *Ceococe – Brazil * Chachapoya (Chacha) – Peru *Chancay – Brazil *Chechehet ("Pampa") – Argentina; Loukotka (1968) gives the words ''chivil'' 'two', ''chu'' 'earth', and ''hati'' 'great'. May be the same as Gününa Küne *Chedua – Peru *Chicha – Bolivia *Chincha – Peru *Chinchipe – Peru * Chipiajes – Colombia *Chitarero – Colombia *Cholto – Peru *Chongo – Peru * Chono – Chile; considered language isolate. *Chumbivilca – Peru; possibly a variety of Puquina; might be Aymaran *Chunanawa – Peru; possibly Panoan based on suffix *Churima – Bolivia *Chusco – Peru *Ciaman – Colombia *Cognomona – Peru *Colima – Ecuador; possibly Cariban, linked with Pijao *Comanahua – Peru *Comaní – Brazil *

Comechingón Comechingón (plural Comechingones) is the common name for a group of people indigenous to the Argentina, Argentine Provinces of Argentina, provinces of Córdoba Province (Argentina), Córdoba and San Luis Province, San Luis. By the end of the ...

– near Córdoba, Argentina; possibly Huarpean * Copallén (Copallín) – Peru; only 4 words known *Coritananhó – Brazil * Coxima (Koxima) – Colombia *Culaycha – Argentina *Cumayari – Brazil *Cumbazá (Belsano) – Peru *Curanave – Brazil *Curi – Brazil *Curiane – northeastern South America; precise location unknown *Curierano – Brazil *Curizeta – Peru *Curubianan – Brazil *Curumiá – Brazil *Curumro (Kurumro) – Paraguay *Curuzirari – Brazil *Cutaguá – Brazil *Cutría – Brazil *Cuximiraíba – Brazil *Cuxiuára – Brazil *Damanivá – Brazil *Dawainomol – Paraguay *Demacuri – Brazil *

Diaguita The Diaguita people are a group of South American Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous people native to the Chilean Norte Chico, Chile, Norte Chico and the Argentine Northwest. Western or Chilean Diaguitas lived mainly in the Transvers ...

(Cacan, Kakán) – northwest Argentina; subdivisions are Calchaquí, Capayán, Catamarcano, Hualfín, Paccioca azioca Pular, Quilme, Yacampis *Divihet – Argentina; considered a synonym of Gününa Küne *Dokoro – Brazil *Duri – Brazil *Egualo – Argentina *Eimi – Peru *Emischata – Argentina *Envuelo – Colombia *Erema – Brazil * Ewarhuyana – Brazil; possibly 12 speakers in Pará State, synonym of Tiriyó *Foklása – Brazil; the ethnic group speaks Fulniô according to the Fulni-ô ethnic group *Gadio – Brazil *Galache – Brazil *Gambéla – Brazil * Gorgotoqui – Bolivia *Goyana – Brazil *Guaca (and Nori) – Colombia *Guacará – Argentina *Guadaxo – Brazil *Guaimute – Brazil *Guajarapo (Guasaroca) – Bolivia * Guanaca – Colombia; possibly a relative of Guambiano (Barbacoan) *Guane – Colombia; possibly Chibchan *Guanarú – Brazil *Guanavena – Brazil *Guarino – Brazil *Guenta – Colombia *Guyarabe – Brazil *Hacaritama – Colombia *Harritiahan – Brazil *Hiauahim (Javaim) – Brazil * Himarimã – Brazil; uncontacted group, apparently Arawan based off of lost wordlist *Huancavilca – Ecuador; extinct *Huambuco – Peru; might be a misspelling of Huánuco *Huayana – Peru *Huayla – Peru * Humahuaca (Omaguaca) – Argentina; apparent subdivisions are Fiscara, Jujuy, Ocloya, Osa, Purmamarca, Tiliar; Mason (1950:302) proposed an "Ataguitan" grouping that includes Humahuaca, Diaguita, and Atacameño * Iapama – Brazil *Ibabi Aniji – Peru * Idabaez – Colombia; only 1 word ( 'medicine man') and a chief's name are known; Pacific coast, Bahía Solano to Cape Marzo in Colombia (Loukotka 1968) *Imaré – Brazil *Ina – Brazil *Iñajurupé – Brazil *Irra – Colombia *Iruri – Brazil *Isolados do Massaco (?) – Brazil *Isolados do Tanarú (?) – Brazil ( Man of the Hole) *Itipuna – Brazil *Itucá (Cuacá) – Brazil *Jacariá – Brazil *Jaguanai – Brazil *Jaguanan – Brazil *Jamundi – Colombia; may be Yurimangui, but no data *Jeticó (Jiripancó) – Brazil *Jitirijiti – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data *Jurema – Brazil *Juruena – Brazil *Jururu – Brazil * Kaimbé (Caimbé, Caimbe) – Brazil; extinct *

Kamba Kamba may refer to: *Kamba African Rainforest Experiences, a collection of eco-luxury lodges in the Republic of Congo *Kamba people of Kenya *Bena-Kamba, a community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo *Khampa, also spelled Kamba, Tibetan peop ...

(Camba) – Brazil; possibly Tupian, extinct * Kambiwá (Cambiuá, Cambioá) – Brazil; extinct *Kantaruré – Brazil *

Kapinawá The Kapinawâ are an indigenous people of Buíque, Pernambuco in eastern Brazil. In addition to their primary residence in Buíque, they are also found in Tupanatinga and Ibimirim municipalities.Fabre A. Diccionario etnolingüıstico y guıa bib ...

– Brazil; extinct * Karahawyana – Brazil (now classified as a dialect of the

Waiwai language Waiwai (Uaiuai, Uaieue, Ouayeone) is a Cariban language of northern Brazil, with a couple hundred speakers across the border in southern Guyana and Suriname Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country in northern South Ame ...

) * Katembri (Kariri de Mirandela) – Brazil *Kiapüre (Quiapyre) – Brazil * Kohoroxitari – possibly Tucanoan; may be the same as Baniwa *Kokakôre – Brazil *Komokare – Brazil * Korubo (Caceteiros) – Brazil; known to be Panoan; may be the same as Marúbo, or related to Yanomámi ( Yanomaman) *Koshurái – Brazil *Kururu – Brazil *Lache – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data *Lambi – Brazil *Lili – Colombia; may be Yurumangui, but no data *Llamish – Peru *Macamasu – Brazil *Macarú – Brazil *Macuani – Brazil *Macuaré – Brazil *Macuja – Brazil *Macuruné – Brazil *Mairajiqui – Brazil *Malaba – Ecuador; may be Barbacoa (Chibchan), but no data * Malibú – Colombia; formerly considered Chibchan *Malquesi – Paraguay *Manesono (Mopeseano) – Bolivia *Manta – Ecuador; possibly Chimú, but only a few patronyms are known *Maracano – Brazil *Marapaña – Brazil *Maricoxi – Brazil *Maricupi – Brazil *Maripá – Brazil *Maruquevene – Brazil *Masa – Argentina *Masarari – Brazil *Masaya – Colombia *Mashco – Peru; uncontacted, possibly related to Piro (Arawakan), or "Preandine" (Arawakan) *Matará – Argentina * Maynas (Mayna, Maina, Rimachu) – Peru; past attempts to link it to Jivaroan, Cahuapanan, Zaparoan, and Candoshi * Maxiena (Ticomeri) – Bolivia *Mayu – Brazil; possibly the same as Mayo (Panoan) or Morike (Arawakan); ''mayu'' is the Quechuan word for 'river, water' *Menejou – Brazil *Minhahá – Brazil * Miarrã – Brazil * Mocana – Brazil; may be related to Malibú, but only 2 words known *Moheyana – Brazil *Morcote – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data *Moriquito – Brazil *Morua – Brazil *Moyobamba (Moyo-Pampa) – Peru *Muriva – Brazil *Muzapa – Peru *Muzo – Colombia; may be Pijao (Cariban), but only 3 words known * Natagaimas – Colombia; extinct *Nacai – Brazil *Nambu – Bolivia *Nauna – Brazil *Nindaso – Peru *Nocadeth – Brazil *Nomona – Peru *Ñumasiara – Brazil *Ocra – Peru *Ocren – Brazil *Ohoma – Argentina; may be the same as Hohoma or Mahoma *Oivaneca – Brazil * Olmos – Peru; possibly connected with Sechura *Onicoré – Brazil *Onoyóro – Brazil *Orí – Brazil *Ortue – Bolivia *Otecua – Peru *Otegua – Colombia * Otí (Eochavante, Chavante) – Brazil; Greenberg classifies it as Macro-Gé, though this is unlikely according to Ribeiro (2006:422), otherwise considered isolate, only around 100 words known * Pacabuey – Colombia; may be Malibú (Chibchan), but no data *Pacarará (Pakarara) – Brazil *Pacimonari – Venezuela *Paguara – Brazil *Panatagua (Pantahua) – Peru; extinct, possibly Arawakan * Panche – Colombia; possibly Cariban * Pankararé (Pankaré) – Bahía, Brazil; extinct and unattested, cannot be assumed to be a dialect of Pankararú * Pantágora (Palenque) – Colombia *Pao – Venezuela *Papamiän – Brazil; may be the same as the "Isolados do Massaco" *Papana – Brazil * Papavô – Brazil; uncontacted, may be Arawakan or Panoan (?), according to Glottolog refers to groups of Harákmbut, Kulina, Amawaka and Yawanawa *Paragoaru – Brazil? *Paraparixana – Brazil *Parapicó – Brazil * Patagón – Peru; possibly Cariban, only 4 known words *Patiti – Brazil *Payacú – Brazil *Payanso – Peru *

Pehuenche Pehuenche (or Pewenche) are an Indigenous people of South America. They live in the Andes, primarily in present-day south central Chile and adjacent Argentina. Their name derives from their dependence for food on the seeds of the ''Araucaria ar ...

(Peguenche) – Argentina; distinct from Pehuenche dialect of Mapudungun *Peria (Poria) – Brazil *Perovosan – Bolivia *Piapia – Brazil * Pijao (Piajao, Pixao, Pinao) – Colombia; sometimes grouped with Cariban * (Pipipã) – Brazil *Pocoana – Brazil *Porcá – Brazil *Porú (Procáze) – Brazil *Pubenza ( Popayan) – Colombia *Puná (Puná Island) – Ecuador * Puquina – Peru, Bolivia, Chile *Quelosi – Argentina *

Querandí The Querandí were one of the Het peoples, indigenous South Americans who lived in the Pampas area of Argentina; specifically, they were the eastern Didiuhet (Diuihet). The name Querandí was given by the Guaraní people, as they would consume ...

(Carendie) – Argentina, near Buenos Aires; may be related to Gününa Küne. Loukotka (1968) gives the words ''zobá'' 'moon' and ''afia'' 'bow' *Quiquidcana (Quidquidcana, Kikidkana) – Peru *Quijo (Kijo) – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Chibchan), but only 3 words are known *Quillacinga (Quillasinga) – Ecuador; may be Sebondoy; Fabre (1998:676) reports that the Kamsa ( Camsá, speakers of a language isolate) are descended, at least in part, from the Quillasinga * Quimbaya – Colombia; may be Chocó, but only 8 words are known *Quimbioá – Brazil; likely synonym for Kambiwá *Quindío (Quindio) – Colombia * Quingnam – Peru; extinct, possibly the same as and geographcally related to Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora of colonial sources; according to Quilter et al. (2010), a list of numbers was recently found *Qurigmã (Quirigmã) – Brazil * Rabona – Ecuador; possibly Candoshi (Murato), but there are similarities with Aguaruna (Jivaroan) *Roramí (Oramí) – Brazil * Sácata (Sacata, Zácata, Chillao) – Peru; extinct; may be Candoshi or Arawakan, but only 3 words known *Sacosi – Bolivia *Sacracrinha (Sequaquirihen) – Brazil * Sanavirón – Argentina, near Córdova. Loukotka classified it as an isolate, but there is insufficient data (only 6 or 7 words) to justify this. *Sapeiné – Peru *Seden – Brazil *Siberi – Bolivia *Sintó (Assek, Upsuksinta) – Paraguay * Sinú (Zenú) – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data *Sipisipi – Peru *Socorino – Bolivia *Stanatevogyet – Paraguay *Supuselo – Argentina *Surucosi – Bolivia *Suruim – Brazil *Tacunbiacu – Bolivia *Taguaylen – Argentina *Tacarúba (Tacarua) – Brazil *Taluhet – Argentina *Tamacosi – Bolivia *Tamaní – Colombia *Tamaquéu – Brazil *Tamararé – Brazil *Tambaruré – Brazil *Taminani – Brazil *Tanquihua – Peru *Tapacurá – Brazil * Tapeba – Brazil *Tapuisú – Brazil * Tarairiú (Tarairiu, Ochucuyana) – Brazil *Tarimoxi – Brazil *Taripio – Brazil, Suriname *Tavúri – Brazil *Tchagoyána – Brazil *Tchicoyna – Brazil *Tegua – Colombia *Tepqui – Peru *Tevircacap – Brazil *Tiboi – Bolivia *Timaná – Colombia; may be Andaquí (isolate) *Tingán – Peru * Tingui-Boto – Brazil; extinct; also known as Tingui, Tingui-Botó, Carapató, Karapató, Tingui-Botó people were also called Wakoná *Tobachana – Brazil *Tohazana – Venezuela *Tomata – Bolivia *Tomina – Bolivia * Tonocoté – Argentina, Chaco region *Tororí – Brazil * Truká – Brazil; unattested *

Tremembé Tremembé is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte. The population is 47,714 (2020 est.) in an area of 191.09 km². The elevation is 560 m. A s ...

(Teremembé, Taramembé) – Brazil; unattested *Tubichaminí – Argentina; grouped by Loukotka with

and Chechehet *Tucumanduba – Brazil *Tulumayo – Peru *Tupijó – Brazil *Tupiokón – Brazil *Tutura – Bolivia *Uairua – Brazil *Uauarate – Brazil *Uranaju – Brazil *Urucuai – Brazil *Uruma – Brazil * Uru-Pa-In – Brazil; Tupian language of isolated group *Urupuca – Brazil *Ururi – Brazil, Mato Grosso *Vanherei – Brazil *Vouve – Brazil * Waitaká (Guaitacá, Goyatacá, Goytacaz) – Brazil; subdivisions: Mopi, Yacorito, Wasu, Miri, possibly Purian * Wakoná (Wacona, Acona) – Brazil; unattested *Walêcoxô – Brazil * Wasu (Waçu, Wassu) – Brazil; unattested *Wau – Peru *Xaquese – Bolivia *Xaray – Bolivia *Xibata – Brazil *Xipará – Brazil *Xiroa – Ecuador; mentioned in early sources, and may be a variant spelling of Jívaro * Xokó – Brazil; only 4 words are known; also known as Chocó, Shoco, Shokó, Chocaz *Yalcón – Colombia; may be Andaquí (isolate), but no data *Yamesí – Colombia; may be Antioquian (Chibchan), but only 1 word known *Yampará – Bolivia *Yaperú (Naperú, Apirú) – Paraguay * Yarí – Colombia; may be a Carijona (Cariban dialect), West Tucanoan, or Huitoto(an) *Yariguí (Yarigüí) – Colombia; may be Opone (Karaib), but no data ( Yarigui people) *Yauei – Brazil *Yenmu – Colombia *Yoemanai – Brazil *Yufiua – Brazil *Yumbo – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Barbacoan), but no data *Zapazo – Peru *Zuana – Brazil *Yurimagua (Zurimagua, Jurimagua) – Peru *Zurina – Brazil

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following languages of South America as unclassified. They are extinct unless otherwise noted.

Southern South America and Chacos Region

Divisions A (South) and B (Chaco) (Loukotka 1968: 63): *Aperea – unknown language of the old mission of

Santiago Sánchez Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile (), is the capital city, capital and largest city of Chile and one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is located in the country's Chilean Central Valley, central valley and is the center ...

in the province of Corrientes, Argentina. *Axata Darpa – unknown language of an unknown tribe of the

Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco or simply Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid lowland tropical dry broadleaf forest natural region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, northern Argentina, and a portion o ...

of Paraguay. *Casota – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina. *Culaycha – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina. *Dawainomol – unknown language from the

of Paraguay. *Divihet –

Colorado River The Colorado River () is one of the principal rivers (along with the Rio Grande) in the Southwestern United States and in northern Mexico. The river, the List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem), 5th longest in the United St ...

and Sauce Chico River, province of La Pampa, Argentina. *Egualo – unknown language of the old mission of

, province of Corrientes, Argentina. *Emischata – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina. *Jaguanan –

Iguape Iguape is a municipality located into the Ribeira Valley in the southern portion of the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 30,989 (2020 estimate) in an area of , making it the largest municipality area in São Paulo ...

, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. *Kaguan – mission of

, Corrientes, Argentina. *Kurumro – language of an unknown tribe of the Paraguayan

. *Malquesi – western shore of Laguna Porongos, province of Córdoba, Argentina. *Masa – unknown language of the old mission of

. *Ohoma – extinct and unknown language near the old mission of Homa or Ohoma, province of Corrientes, Argentina. *Peguenche non-araucano – a lost language of the Neuquén province, Argentina. *Quelosi – unknown language east of the Mar Chiquita, province of Córdoba, Argentina. *Sintó or Assek or Upsuksinta – language of an unknown tribe in the interior of the

of Paraguay, north of the Choroti tribe. *Stanatevogyet – unknown language of the Paraguayan

. *Supeselb – lost language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes province. *Taguaylen – lost language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes province.

Central Brazil

Division C (Central Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 86–87): *Arae – unknown language left bank of the

Araguaia River The Araguaia River ( , Karajá language, Karajá: ♂ ''Berohokỹ'' eɾohoˈkə̃ ♀ ''Bèrakuhukỹ'' ɛɾakuhuˈkə̃ is one of the major rivers of Brazil, and a tributary of the Tocantins River. Geography The Araguaia River comes from ...

south of

Bananal Island Bananal Island (, ) is a large river island formed from the bisection of the Araguaia River, in southwestern Tocantins, Brazil. The island is formed by a fork in a very flat section of the Araguaia; the western stream of the fork retains the n ...

. *Buritiguara – unknown language state of Mato Grosso near the confluence of the

and Manso River. *Cahan – Iguatimí River ( Iguatemi River) and Espocil River, state of Mato Grosso. *Curumiá – sources of the Brilhante River, Mato Grosso. *Cutaguá – state of Mato Grosso on the Dourados River. *Gaelio – state of Espirito Santo, exact locality unknown. *Guadaxo – upper course of the Anhandui River, Mato Grosso. *Guaimute – near the falls of Salto Grande, Espirito Santo. *Guariteré – Mato Grosso, exact locality unknown. *Imaré –

Taquari River The Taquari River () is a river in the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil. It is a left tributary of the Paraguay River. The town of Coxim is situated on the Taquari. The Taquari River is considered the most degraded river in ...

, state of Mato Grosso. *Ina – unknown language,

Paranaíba River The Paranaíba River is a Brazilian river whose source lies in the state of Minas Gerais in the Mata da Corda mountains, municipality of Rio Paranaíba, at an altitude of 1,148 meters; on the other face of this mountain chain are the sources of t ...

, Mato Grosso. *Iñajurupé – lost language of the old mission of Gracioso, Goiás state. *Jurema – unknown language of Piauí state, exact locality unknown. *Kokakôre – Mato Grosso state along the

Tocantins River The Tocantins River ( , Parkatêjê dialect, Parkatêjê: ''Pyti'' ɨˈti is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means "toucan's beak" (''Tukã'' for "toucan" and ''Ti'' for "beak"). It ...

. *Komokare – unknown language of Goiás state, exact locality unknown. *Koróge – Pogúbe River ( Poguba River), Mato Grosso. *Kururu – state of Mato Grosso on the Carinhanha River. *Macuruné – Mucunis River (

Mucuri River The Mucuri River is a river of Bahia and Minas Gerais states in eastern Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth ...

?), state of Minas Gerais. *Papana – between the

Doce River The Doce River ( , "Sweet River") is a river in southeast Brazil with a length of . The river basin is economically important. In 2015, the collapse of a dam released highly contaminated water from mining into the river, causing an ecological d ...

and Jequitinhonha River, Minas Gerais. *Urupuca – Urupuca River ( Urupaça River), Minas Gerais. *Ururi – state of Mato Grosso, exact location unknown. *Vanherei – sources of the Piquiri River, state of Mato Grosso. *Yaperú or Naperú or Apirú – Paraguay near Asunción.

Northeast Brazil

Division D (Northeast Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 92–95): *Aconan or Wakoná – originally spoken around Lagoa Comprida and in Penedo; now survivors of the original tribe who speak only Portuguese are found in the city of Porto Real do Colégio. *Anicun – source of the Uruhu River ( Uru River) and Dos Bois River. *Apitupá – unknown language, Aquitipi River, Bahia state. *Aramurú – state of Sergipe on the

São Francisco River The São Francisco River (, ) is a large Rivers of Brazil, river in Brazil. With a length of , it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in South America and overall in Brazil (after the Amazon R ...

. *Arapoá – around Jaboatão in the state of Pernambuco. *Arariú – unknown language near Meruoca on the Acatajú River, state of Ceará. *Aticum or Araticum – Pernambuco, near Carnaubeira. The survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Avis – unknown language of the state of Pernambuco, valley of the Pajeú River. *Baixóta – now speak Portuguese in the Serra Catolé, Pernambuco. *Boime or Poyme – state of Sergipe near Aracajú on the

. *Caimbé – village of Masacara near

Mirandela Mirandela (), officially the City of Mirandela (), is a city and a municipality in northeastern Portugal. The city itself is contained by the Mirandela parish, which had a population of 11,397. The population of the municipality in 2021 was 21,38 ...

, state of Bahia. The survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Camaraxo – between

Ilhéus Ilhéus () is a major city located in the southern coastal region of Bahia, Brazil, 211 km south of Salvador, Brazil, Salvador, the state's capital. The city was founded in 1534 as Vila de São Jorge dos Ilhéus and is known as one of the mos ...

and Serra dos Aimorés, state of Bahia. *Cambioá – Serra Negra, Pernambuco state. *Cararú or Cajurú – Soroabé Island in the

, Pernambuco state. *Caripó or Curupehe –

near Boa Vista, Pernambuco. *Caxago – state of Sergipe on the

. *Ceococe – São Pedro, Pernambuco and Serra Pão de Açúcar, Pernambuco. *Foklása – state of Pernambuco in the Serra dos Cavalos. *Galache – near Macaubas, state of Bahia. *Gambéla – unknown language near

Ourém Ourém (, ), formerly known as Vila Nova de Ourém, is a municipality in the district of Santarém in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 45,932, in an area of 416.68 km2. The municipality of Ourém contains two cities: Ourém (about 12,000 ...

and São José, Maranhão state. *Guarino – middle course of the Tijuco River, Mato Grosso. *Itucá or Cuacá – originally spoken in the Serra Negra, Pernambuco state. The last survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Jeriticó or Jiripancó – village of Pindaé near Brejo dos Padres in Tacaratu, Pernambuco. Survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Jururu – state of Ceará, but exact location is unknown. *Macamasu – the exact location of which is unknown. *Macarú – village of Brejo dos Padres, Tacaratu. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Mairajiqui – Bahia de Todos os Santos, state of Bahia. *Moriquito – Alagoas state on the lower course of the

. *Nacai – Aquitipi River, Bahia. *Ocren – Bahia on the

near Salitre. *Orí – Bahia, between the

Itapicuru River The Itapicuru River is a river in Bahia state of eastern Brazil. The Itapicuru rises in the northern part of the state, and flows east to empty into the Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five borders o ...

and

Vaza-Barris River The Vaza-Barris River () is a river in northeastern Brazil. The Vaza-Barris originates in northeastern Bahia state, and flows east through Bahia and Sergipe states to empty into the Atlantic Ocean near São Cristóvão. Course The Vaza-Barris ...

. *Pacarará – state of Pernambuco in the Serra Cacaréa and Serra Arapuá. *Parapicó – Serra Comonati, Pernambuco. *Peria or Poria – village of Rodelas, Bahia. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Pipipan – lower course of the Moxotó River, Pernambuco. *Porcá – on Várgea Island in the

, Pernambuco. *Porú or Procáze – originally spoken in the Serra Nhumarana and Serra Cassuca, later on the Várgea Islands and Nossa Senhora de O Islands in the

. Now probably extinct. *Quiambioá – Serra Negra, Pernambuco. *Qurigmã – the first inhabitants of São Salvador Bay (

Salvador, Bahia Salvador () is a Municipalities of Brazil, Brazilian municipality and capital city of the Federative units of Brazil, state of Bahia. Situated in the Zona da Mata in the Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast Region of Brazil, Salvador is recognize ...

), state of Bahia. *Romarí or Omarí – originally spoken in the Serra de Pao de Açúcar, state of Pernambuco. Now there are a few survivors with an unknown language in the village of Propriá, Sergipe state. *Sacracrinha or Sequaquirihen – state of Bahia near the mouth of the Salitre River in the

. *Tacarúba or Tacarua – island of Soroabé in the

, state of Pernambuco. *Tamaquéu –

in the state of Pernambuco, at the confluence with the Salitre River. *Tchili – city of Cimbres, Pernambuco. *Teremembe or Tremembé or Taramembé – originally spoken by a tribe on the coast between the mouth of the Monim River and the mouth of the Chorro River ( Choró River), state of Ceará. *Tupijó – state of Bahia by the neighbors of the Maracá tribe. *Uruma – state of Sergipe on the

. *Vouve – Piancó River, Pernambuco state. *Walêcoxô – unknown language from the city of Cimbres, Pernambuco. *Xibata – unknown language of a tribe in the state of Ceará. Exact location is unknown.

North Central South America

Tropical North Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 165–168): *Aburuñe – Xarayes Lagoon (

Pantanal The Pantanal () is a natural region encompassing the world's largest tropical wetland area, and the world's largest Flooded grasslands and savannas, flooded grasslands. It is located mostly within the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, but i ...

), Bolivia. *Anetine – near Mojos, Bolivia. *Apiyipán – language of an unknown tribe of the

Aripuanã River Aripuanã River () is a river in the Mato Grosso and Amazonas states in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. The town of Novo Aripuanã is located on its banks where it merges into the Madeira River. ...

, Amazonas. *Artane – unknown language of Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Aueiko –

, Mato Grosso. *Bakurönchichi – language of an unknown tribe of the

Branco River The Branco River (; Engl: ''White River'') is the principal affluent of the Rio Negro from the north. Basin The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. It is enriched by many streams from the Tepui highlands which separat ...

, Rondônia. *Bikutiakap – unknown language from Brazil, spoken on the right bank of the

Pimenta Bueno River The Pimenta Bueno River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia List of rivers in Rondônia (States of Brazil, Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries ...

. *Bixarenren – Tiucunti River, a tributary of the Jamachiua River, Rondônia. *Cabixi – Steinen River, Mato Grosso. *Cañacure – Mamoré River, Bolivia. *Capua – spoken on the Rolim de Moura River, Rondônia. *Cayú – spoken on the left bank of the

, Rondônia. *Churima – old mission of San José de Maharenos, Beni province, Bolivia. *Cutriá – spoken on the middle course of the

, Rondônia. *Cuximiraíba – spoken at the mouth of the

, Amazonas. *Djupá – spoken on the

Ji-Paraná River The Ji-Paraná River (Machado River), sometimes spelled Jiparaná, is a river in Rondônia state in western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. For much of its length it runs roughly parallel with the northeastern ...

, Rondônia. *Dokoro –

, Mato Grosso. *Duri –

, Mato Grosso. *Erema –

, Mato Grosso. *Guajarapo or Guasaroca – around Villa María and Santa Ana de Chiquitos, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. *Hiauahim or Javaim – "a tribe of cannibals" on the middle course of the

Tapajós River The Tapajós ( ) is a river in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. When combined with the Juruena River, the Tapajós is approximately long. Prior to a drastic increase in illegal gold mi ...

, Pará state, Brazil. *Iruri – right bank of the

Madeira River The Madeira River ( ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is the biggest tributary of ...

, between the Maici River and

, Amazonas. *Juruena – spoken on the

Juruena River The Juruena River () is a long river in west-central Brazil, in the state of Mato Grosso. Course The Juruena originates in the Parecis plateau. Within Mato Grosso the river defines the eastern boundary of the Igarapés do Juruena State Park, ...

, Mato Grosso. *Kiapüre or Quiapyre – Mequéns River, Rondônia. *Koshurái – language of an unknown tribe on the lower course of the

, Amazonas. *Lambi – extinct language between the

and São Miguel River, Rondônia. *Macuarê – spoken on the left bank of the

, Rondônia. *Manesono or Mopeseano – old mission of San Francisco Borja, Beni province, Bolivia. *Marapanã – spoken by an unknown tribe on the right bank of the Uaimberê River ( Uimeerê River), a tributary of the

, Rondônia. *Maricoxi – sources of the

, Rondônia. *Maxiena or Ticomeri – Mojos Plains west of the mission of

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger, more populous island of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the country. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is the southernmost island in ...

, Beni province, Bolivia. *Minhahá –

, Mato Grosso. *Muriva – mouth of the Jamachim River ( Jamanxim River) to the

, Pará state, Brazil. *Nambu – Guapay River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. *Nocadeth – spoken on the

, state of Amazonas. *Onicoré – between the mouths of the

Manicoré River Manicoré River () is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary A tributary, or an ''affluent'', is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream (''main stem'' or ''"parent"''), river, or a lake. A tributary doe ...

and

Marmelos River Dos Marmelos River () is a river of Amazonas (Brazilian state), Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River, and merges into this river about upstream from the town of Manicoré. The headwaters of the river are ...

, state of Amazonas. *Onoyóro –

, Mato Grosso. *Ortue – on Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Papamiän – spoken on the

São Simão River The São Simão River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia List of rivers in Rondônia (States of Brazil, Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries i ...

, Rondônia. *Paraparixami – between the

and Aninde River, Amazonas. *Patiti – Rondônia territory on the Mequéns River. *Perovosan – south of the Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Piapai – between the Jamachim River ( Jamanxim River) and

Iriri River The Iriri River ( ; ) is a large tributary of the Xingu River in Brazil, in the state of Pará. It is long making it the 116th longest river in the world (with Krishna River, India) and the 15th longest in the Amazon basin. The headwaters are th ...

, state of Pará. *Sacosi – ancient Puerto de los Reyes, Bolivia. *Siberi – on Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Socorino – Bolivia. *Surucosi – Bolivia. *Suruim – spoken on the right bank of the Machado River, Rondônia. *Tacunbiacu – between the Guapay River and the Chiquitos Plains, Bolivia. *Tamacosi – Guapay River near La Barranca, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. *Tamararé – sources of the

and Galera River, Mato Grosso. *Tambaruré – Rondônia at the mouth of the Apaxoná River. *Tapacurá – Tapacurá-assú River, state of Pará. *Tarimoxi – language of an unknown tribe to the north of the Guratégaja tribe, Rondônia. *Tavúri –

, Mato Grosso. *Tevircacap – spoken on the right bank of the

, Rondônia. *Tiboi – unknown language, exact location unknown, Bolivia. *Ticaõ or Tonore or Chikaõ – language of an unknown tribe on the right bank of the Culiseú River, a tributary of the Xingú River, Mato Grosso. *Tororí – right bank of the

north of the Parintintin tribe, state of Amazonas. *Tupiokón – unknown language spoken on the Paxiúba River, Mato Grosso. *Urucuai – Corumbiara River, Rondônia. *Xacuruina – Sangue River, Mato Grosso. *Xaquese – Puerto de los Reyes, Bolivia. *Xaray – Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Yauei – left bank of the

across from the mouth of the

, state of Amazonas. *Zurina – mouth of the Mamoriá River, Amazonas.

South Central South America

Tropical South Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 178–179): *Alon –

Huambo Huambo, formerly Nova Lisboa (English language, English: ''New Lisbon''), is the third-most populous List of cities and towns in Angola, city in Angola, after the capital city Luanda and Lubango, with a population of 595,304 in the city and a pop ...

River, department of San Martín, Peru. *Amasifuin – right bank of the Huallaga River, Peru. *Ayacore –

Curaray River The Curaray River (also called the Ewenguno River or Rio Curaray) is a river in eastern Ecuador and Peru. It is a tributary of the Napo River, which is part of the Amazon basin. The land along the river is home to several indigenous people groups ...

, Loreto, Peru. *Becaba – department of Loreto near San Miguel, on the

Putumayo River The Putumayo River or Içá River (, ) is one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, southwest of and parallel to the Japurá River. Course The Putumayo River forms part of Colombia's border with Ecuador, as well as most of the border with Per ...

. *Bracamoro or Papamuru – near the city of Jaén, department of Cajamarca, Peru. *Chedua – department of San Martín on the

River. *Chinchipe – department of Cajamarca on the Chinchipe River. *Chupacho – Monzón River and Chinchao River, department of Huánuco. *Cognomona – Cognomona region on the upper course of the Huallaga River. *Comanahua – department of Huánuco by the neighbors of the Tepqui tribe. *Cumbazá or Belsano – between Santa Catalina and Yanayacu, department of San Martín. *Curizeta – Cosanga River, Loreto, Peru. *Eimi – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the

Napo River The Napo River () is a tributary to the Amazon River that rises in Ecuador on the flanks of the east Andean volcanoes of Antisana, Sincholagua and Cotopaxi. The total length is . The river drains an area of ca 103,000 km2. The mean annual dis ...

, department of Loreto. *Ibabi Aniji – language of an unknown tribe of Peru. (Alvarez 1938) *Muzapa – by the neighbors of the Cognomona tribe in the department of San Martín. *Otecua – spoken on the Sucumbío River, Loreto. *Payanso – Chipurana River, Loreto. *Quidquidcana – department of Huánuco in the Magdalena Valley. *Sapeiné – language of an unknown tribe of the

, Loreto. *Tepqui – Santa María River, Huánuco, Peru. *Tingán – spoken at the mouth of the Monzón River, Huánuco. *Tulumayo – Muna River, Azul River, and Aguaytia River, Huánuco. *Wau – language of an unknown tribe on the Coca River, Loreto.

Central South America

Tropical Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 196–198): *Aarufi – unknown language from the Quebrada de Oksikgnaná, territory of Caquetá, Colombia. *Acarapi – Parime River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil. *Alarua – between the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas state. *Amoeca – language of an unknown tribe living on the Morarô River, state of Amazonas. *Aracadaini – Corodoá River and Aroá River ( Arauã River), tributaries of the Cunhuá River ( Cuniuá River), state of Amazonas. *Arda – between the

Nanay River The Nanay River is a river in northern Peru. It is a tributary of the Amazon River, merging into this river at the city of Iquitos. The lower part of the Nanay flows to the north and west of the city, while the Itaya River flows to the south a ...

and the upper course of the Mazán River, Loreto, Peru. *Bauá – Motum River and Corneg River, Amazonas. *Cafuana – Japurá River south of the Wariwa tribe. *Capueni – between the Amazon River and Ixié River, Amazonas. *Caraguara – between the Amazon River and Lake Anama. *Carari – mouth of the Mucoin River ( Mucum River ?), Amazonas. *Casigara – mouth of the

Juruá River The Juruá River ( ; ) is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River. The Juruá emerges from highlands in east-central Peru, then winds its way through lowlands in Brazil, sharing with this the bottom of the immense in ...

. *Cauacaua or Kawakawa – Japurá River. *Cauni – between the

and Jutaí River, Amazonas. *Caupuna – mouth of the

Purus River The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park a ...

. *Cumayari – spoken by an unknown tribe of the Cumayari region. *Curi – Curi region south of the

Pariana ''Pariana'' is a genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV class ...

tribe. *Curuzirari – between the mouths of the

and Tefé River. *Cuxiuára – right bank of the

near the mouth. *Envuelto – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Quebrada de Jirijirima, Caquetá territory, Colombia. *Guanarú –

, north of the Marawa tribe, Amazonas, Brazil. *Guyarabe – between the Amazon River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas. *Itipuna – between the

and Jutaí River. *Jacariá – Abuna River, territory of Rondônia, Brazil. *Jaguanai – between the mouth of the Japurá River and the Zuana tribe, Rondônia. *Jarauára – unknown language of a tribe living on the Apituán River and Curiá River, tributaries of the Cataichi River, Amazonas. *Macuja – spoken by an unknown tribe on the Poré River, Amazonas. *Mamori – language of an unknown tribe on the Cunhuá River. *Mariman – spoken on the Riozinho River, tributary of the Cunhuá River. *Maripá – Tonantins River, Amazonas. *Maruquevene – between the mouths of the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River. *Masarari – south of the Jutaí River, Amazonas. *Mayu – unknown language spoken on the Jaquirana River, tributary of the Javari River, Amazonas. *Morua – Japurá River south of the Maruquevene tribe. *Nauna – Jutaí River south of the Marawa tribe. *Ñumasiara – unknown language spoken on the Giraparaná River and Canamari River. *Paguara – Tefé River. *Pariana – mouth of the Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas. *Pauana – Cafua River, Amazonas. *Pocoana – between the Amazon River and Lake Maracaparu. *Taiguana – unknown language spoken in the Sierra Araracuára, Caquetá territory, Colombia. *Tamaní – unknown language spoken on the Quebrada de Tamaní in Caquetá territory, Colombia. *Tobachana – between the

and Juri River south of the Itipuna tribe, state of Amazonas. *Tucumanduba – spoken on the upper course of the Canacau River, a tributary of the Cunhuá River, Amazonas. *Uaia – Içá River west of the

Passé Obsolescence is the process of becoming antiquated, out of date, old-fashioned, no longer in general use, or no longer useful, or the condition of being in such a state. When used in a biological sense, it means imperfect or rudimentary when comp ...

tribe. *Uairua – between the

and Jaracui River. *Uauarate – Jutaí River north of the Catuquina tribe. *Yenmu – unknown language spoken on the Cure River, Amazonas territory, Colombia. *Yoemanai – right bank and at the mouth of the

, Amazonas state, Brazil. *Yufiua – south of the Coeruna tribe on the Japurá River. *Zuana – Amazon River south of the mouth of the Cafua River, state of Amazonas.

Northeast South America

Tropical Northeast South America (Loukotka 1968: 228–230): *Amuimo – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Nhamundá River, state of Amazonas. *Aramayu –

Oiapoque River The Oyapock or Oiapoque ( ; ; ) is a long river in South America that forms most of the border between the French overseas department of French Guiana and the Brazilian state of Amapá. Course The Oyapock runs through the Guianan moist for ...

, Amapá territory, Brazil. *Ararau – unknown language spoken on the Jatapu River, state of Amazonas. *Aroasene – unknown language spoken at the sources of the Nhamundá River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas. *Caapina – between the Maicuru River and

Jari River The Jari River, or Jary River (), is a northern tributary of the Amazon River on the border between the states of Pará and Amapá in northeastern Brazil. It is in the most downstream regions of the Amazon Basin and borders the Guiana Highlands ...

, state of Pará. *Camare – Camoó River ( Camaiú River), a tributary of the

Trombetas River The Trombetas is a large river on the northern side of the Amazon River. Course The Trombetas is long, and is navigable by 500 ton vessels for a stretch of . The Trombetas river gives birth to very many rivers, including the Anamu river. It is ...

, Amazonas. *Carara – sources of the Jatapu River, Amazonas. *Cauauri – south of the Curanave tribe, Amazonas. *Comanl – area north of Lake Saracó, state of Pará. *Coritanaho – Ajubacabo River, a tributary of the

, state of Pará. *Curanave – west of the Negro River, Amazonas. *Curiane – language of a tribe the location of which is not known exactly. *Curierano – south of the sources of the

Orinoco River The Orinoco () is one of the longest rivers in South America at . Its drainage basin, sometimes known as the Orinoquia, covers approximately 1 million km2, with 65% of it in Venezuela and 35% in Colombia. It is the List of rivers by discharge, f ...

, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela. *Curubianan – Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas *Damanivá – spoken on the Igarapé do Pacú; a tributary of the Caratirimani River and in the Serra do Urubu, Rio Branco territory. *Demacuri – spoken on the Caburi River ( Cauaburi River) near São Pedro, state of Amazonas. *Goyana – lower course of the

, territory of Rio Branco. *Guanavena – between the Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas. *Harritiahan – middle course of the Matapi River, Amapá territory. *Macuani –

, Amapá territory. *Maniba – unknown language spoken on the Inirida River and Pupunagua River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. *Maracano – unknown language spoken on the central part of Maracá Island, Rio Branco territory, Brazil. *Maricupi – lower course of the Montoura River, Amapá territory. *Menejou – middle course of the Jarí River, Amapá territory. *Mepuri – middle course of the Negro River, south of the Baré tribe, state of Amazonas. *Moheyana – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the Erepecurú River and Acapú River, state of Pará. *Oivaneca – Tartarugal River, Amapá territory, Brazil. *Pacimonari – lower course of the Siapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. *Pao – Pao River, state of Monagas, Venezuela. *Paragoaru – Capó River. *Seden – between the Negro River and Uatumã River, Amazonas. *Taminani –

Uaçá River Uaçá River is a river of Amapá state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Oiapoque River. The area is inhabited by the Galibi Marworno, also called the Uaçá Galibi. They are a mixture of Galibi who fled from French Guiana, and Aruã who fled ...

and Curupi River ( Curapi River), Amapá territory. All of the last survivors now speak only a French creole dialect. *Tapuisú – mouth of the Maicurú River, Amapá territory. *Taripio – unknown language of an unknown tribe that lived to the north of the Rangú tribe in the frontier area of the Brazilian state of Pará and Dutch Guiana. *Tchagoyána – unknown language spoken between the Erepecurú River and Acapú River, state of Pará. *Tchicoyna – unknown language spoken in the state of Pará, on the Cuátari River. *Tohazana – Venezuela. *Uranaju – middle course of the Araguari River, Amapá. *Waruwádu – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the

Ventuari River The Ventuari River is the largest tributary of the Orinoco in southern Venezuela. The Ventuari flows from south-central Venezuela in the Guiana Highlands southwest into the Orinoco River. It is long and its major tributary is the Manapiare River ...

and Erebato River, state of Bolívar; Venezuela. *Xipará – between the Urubu River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.

Northern Andes

Northern Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 259): *Chirú – southwest of the

Coiba Coiba () is the largest island in Central America, with an area of , off the Pacific coast of the Panamanian province of Veraguas. It is part of the Montijo District of that province. History Coiba separated from continental Panama between 1 ...

tribe, Panama. *Escoria – around the city of Santiago, Panama. *Guenta – department of Huila, Colombia. *Masaya – sources of the Caguán River, north of the Guaque tribe. *Natá – on Parita Bay, Panama. *Otegua – department of Huila, Colombia. *Urraca or Esquegua – north of the modern city of Cañazas, Panama. *Yeral – unknown language of Colombia, exact location unknown.

Former
Inca Empire The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The History of the Incas, Inca ...
region

South Central Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 272–273): *Angara – ancient Inca province of

Angara The Angara (; ) or Angar ( мүрэн) is a major river in Siberia, which traces a course through Russia's Irkutsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai. It drains out of Lake Baikal and is the headwater tributary of the Yenisey. It is long, and has ...

, department of Ayacucho, Peru. *Arequipa – department of

Arequipa Arequipa (; Aymara language, Aymara and ), also known by its nicknames of ''Ciudad Blanca'' (Spanish for "White City") and ''León del Sur'' (Spanish for "South's Lion"), is a city in Peru and the capital of the eponymous Arequipa (province), ...

. *Atavila – ancient province of

Canta Canta is a town in the Lima Region, in western Peru. The town is located on the Chillón River and is the capital of the Canta Province. With a population of 2,385 ( 2017 census), it is also the capital of Canta District. It is frequently visit ...

, department of Lima. *Cachipuna – Puna de Quillpaco, department of Lima. *Cajamarca – around the city of

Cajamarca Cajamarca (), also known by the Quechua name, ''Kashamarka'', is the capital and largest city of the Cajamarca Region as well as an important cultural and commercial center in the northern Andes. It is located in the northern highlands of Per ...

. *Cajatambo – around the city of Cajatambo, department of Lima. *Camana or Maje – Majes River, Arequipa department. *Cavana – middle course of the Majes River, department of Arequipa. *Chachapoya – around the city of Chachapoya, Amazonas department, Peru. (Bandelier 1940, only a few toponyms.) *Chancay – Chancay River, department of Lima. *Chicha – Cordillera de Chorolque, Potosí province, Bolivia. *Chincha – Chincha River in the department of Ica. *Chongo – near the city of Jauja, Junín department. *Chucurpu or Chocorvo – spoken in the Conquest days at the sources of the Churchinga River, Huancavelica department. *Conchuco – around the city of Pomabamba, department of Ancash. *Cutervo or Huambo – sources of the Chancay River, department of Junín. *Huacho – around the city of

Huacho Huacho () is a city in Peru, capital of the Huaura Province and capital of the Lima Region. Also is the most populated city of the Lima Region and Norte Chico civilization, Norte Chico. It is located 223 feet (68 metres) above sea level and 148&nbs ...

, Lima department. *Huamachi – on Chongos Alto, department of Junín. *Huamachuco – Condebamba River, department of Libertad. *Huamalí – Panao River, Huánuco department. *Huamanga – Peru. *Huambuco – Chinchipe River, Amazonas department. *Huanca or Wanka –

Mantaro River The Mantaro River (, ) is a long river running through the central region of Peru. Its Quechua name means "great river". The word "Mantaro" may be a word originally from the Asháninka language, who live downstream along the Ene River. The Mantar ...

, Junín department, now Quechuanized. *Huayla – middle course of the

Santa River The Santa River () is a river in the South American Andes mountain range in the Ancash Region of northwest central Peru. River course Lake Conococha, at an altitude of 4,050 m above sea level and at , is considered the headwaters of the Santa R ...

, Ancash department, now Quechuanized. *Hunacabamba – Chamaya River, Piura department. *Ica – Ica River, Ica department. *Lampa – Pativilca River, Ancash department. *Llamish – department of Lima in the Cordillera de Huantán. *Mizque – Mizque River, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized. *Moquegua – department of

Moquegua Moquegua (, founded by the Spanish colonists as Villa de Santa Catalina de Guadalcázar del Valle de Moquegua) is a city in southern Peru, located in the Department of Moquegua, of which it is the capital. It is also capital of Mariscal Nieto Prov ...

, Peru; possibly a dialect of Aymara. *Moyobamba – around the city of

Moyobamba Moyobamba () or Muyupampa ( Quechua ''muyu'' circle, ''pampa'' large plain, "circle plain") is the capital city of the San Martín Region in northern Peru. Called "Santiago of eight valleys of Moyobamba" or "Maynas capital". There are 50,073 inh ...

, San Martín department; now Quechuanized. *Nazca – mouth of the Grande River, Ica department. *Ocro – sources of the

, Ancash department. *Pocra – Peru. *Rimac – spoken in the Conquest days around the capital of Peru, Lima. *Rucana – near Andamarca, Ayacucho department. *Sipisipi – Peru. *Sora – Pampas River, Apurimac department. *Supe – Huaura River, department of Lima. *Tanquihua – around the city of

Ayacucho Ayacucho (, , derived from the words ''aya'' ("death" or "soul") and ''k'uchu'' ("corner") in honour of the battle of Ayacucho), founded in 1540 as San Juan de la Frontera de Huamanga and known simply as Huamanga (Quechua: Wamanga) until 1825, i ...

, department of Ayacucho. *Tarapaca – province of Tarapacá, Chile. *Tomata – near the city of

Tupiza Tupiza is a city in Potosí Department, Bolivia. It is located at an elevation of about 2850 m. The population is 25,709 (2012 estimate). Tupiza and its environs are characterized by dramatic red escarpments which jut ruggedly skyward from the coa ...

, Potosí province, Bolivia. *Tomina – between the Mizque River and

Pilcomayo River Pilcomayo (in Hispanicized spelling) ( Quechua Pillkumayu or Pillku Mayu, ''pillku'' red, ''mayu'' river, "red river", Guarani Ysyry Araguay ) is a river in central South America. At long, it is the longest western tributary of the Paraguay Riv ...

, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized. *Tutura – around the city of Totora, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized. *Yampará – middle course of the

, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia. *Yauyo – department of Lima, Peru, on the Mala River and Huaco River.

Ethnologue

'' 26 lists the following languages of South America as unclassified: * Awishira (Peru) * ~~Agavotaguerra~~ (Brazil – unattested, apparently a dialect of Yawalapití) * Aguano (Peru) *

(Colombia) * Himarimã (Brazil) * Kaimbé (Brazil) * Kambiwá (Brazil) *

(Brazil) * Lule (Argentina) * Mato Grosso Arára (Brazil) * Pankararé (Brazil) * Pijao (Colombia) * Pumé (Yaruro, Venezuela) * Shenenawa (Brazil) * Tingui-Boto (Brazil) *

(Brazil) * Truká (Brazil) * Wakoná (Brazil) * Wasu (Brazil) However, ''Glottolog'' states that Agavotaguerra is not unclassified, but unattested; the only reports are that the Agavotaguerra speak Yawalapiti. In addition, ''Ethnologue'' classifies Aikanã, Uamué and Xukurú, all of Brazil as isolates, but they are too poorly attested to classify.

Additional languages at Glottolog

In addition to many of the languages above, Glottolog lists the following: *Apoto - lower Amazon, unattested *Cálenche (Cálen) = Fayjatases - Chile, 10 words *Envuelto - Colombia, 9 words *Guachipa(s) - Guachipas, Argentina, 3 words, Viegas Barros (2009) * Guaicaro (Guaïcaro) - Chile, possibly Alacalufan *Hoxa - Colombia *Pacahuaras-Castillo - Pacaguara, collected by Castillo *Pitaguary - Ceará, Brazil *Quepo(s) - Quepos, Costa Rica, 1 word, Lehmann (1920:238) * Tapajó - 3 words *Tembey - upper Paraná, 2 words, Ambrosetti (1896:332) *Unainuman - Içá River basin, short word list, Adelaar & Brijnen 2014 *Urucucú(s) - Tapajós River, unattested (see under Tapajó language) * Yanacona - name is the Quechua word for 'serf'; perhaps early Colombian Quechua

Other

Some additional languages have not made in into the lists above. *Boreal Pehuelche - Argentina, 1 word (apparently not the same as Puelche) * (Cabixi-Natterer) - Mato Grosso, Brazil, a short word-list. The name ' Kabixí' is a generic name for any hostile group, and has been used for a number of unattested languages. An ISO code for it (xbx) has been retired. It may be tonal. *Enoo - Chile, a few words (a neighbor of the Alacalufe) *Gamela of Viana - Maranhão, Brazil, 19 words (Nimendajú 1937:64) - the same as Gamela

References

{{South American languages Languages of South America Unclassified, South America