Melanocortin 5 receptor (MC₅R) is a

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metab ...

that in humans is encoded by the

gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei ...

. It is located on the chromosome 18 in the human

genome A genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as ...

. When the MC₅R was disrupted in

transgenic mice A genetically modified mouse, genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) or transgenic mouse is a mouse (''Mus musculus'') that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques. Genetically modified mice are commonly use ...

, it induced disruption of their

exocrine gland Exocrine glands are glands that secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct. Examples of exocrine glands include sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, prostate and mucous. Exocrine glands are one of ...

s and resulted in decreased production of

sebum A sebaceous gland or oil gland is a microscopic exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle to secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin of mammals. In humans, sebaceous glands occur ...

Physiology

MC₅R is necessary for normal

production. Stimulation of MC₅R promotes

fatty acid oxidation In biochemistry and metabolism, beta oxidation (also β-oxidation) is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA enters ...

skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle (commonly referred to as muscle) is one of the three types of vertebrate muscle tissue, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. They are part of the somatic nervous system, voluntary muscular system and typically are a ...

and lipolysis in

adipocytes Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells which give rise to adipocytes through adipogenesis. ...

. MC₅R is essential for

erythrocyte Red blood cells (RBCs), referred to as erythrocytes (, with -''cyte'' translated as 'cell' in modern usage) in academia and medical publishing, also known as red cells, erythroid cells, and rarely haematids, are the most common type of blood ce ...

differentiation. MC₅R is involved in

inflammation Inflammation (from ) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. The five cardinal signs are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function (Latin ''calor'', '' ...

. MC₅R helps maintain thermal homeostasis. Stimulation of the MC5R in skeletal muscle causes glucose uptake. In vitro, MC5R agonism is cardioprotective and kidney protective. MC₅R is expressed in the brain at different levels depending on

physical activity Physical activity is defined as any voluntary movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, 2009. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Accessed 13/07/2018 ...

Pheromones

MC₅R is heavily expressed in the

preputial gland Preputial glands are exocrine glands in the prepuce in front of the penis. They occur in many mammals, including canids, mice, ferrets, rhinoceroses, and even-toed ungulates and produce pheromones. The preputial glands of female animals are somet ...

in mice (a modified

sebaceous gland A sebaceous gland or oil gland is a microscopic exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle to secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin of mammals. In humans, sebaceous glands occur in ...

involved in

pheromone A pheromone () is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavio ...

production). MC₅R deficiency in male mice decreases aggressive behavior, promotes defensive behavior and encourages other male mice to attack MC₅R-deficient males through pheromonal signals.

MRAP

Melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) traps MC₅R protein inside cells.

Evolution

Paralogues Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a speci ...

Source: * MC4R * MC3R *

MC1R The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), also known as melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MSHR), melanin-activating peptide receptor, or melanotropin receptor, is a G protein–coupled receptor that binds to a class of pituitary peptide hormon ...

* MC2R *

S1PR1 Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P receptor 1 or S1PR1), also known as endothelial differentiation gene 1 (EDG1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''S1PR1'' gene. S1PR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor which binds the bioactive s ...

LPAR1 Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 also known as LPA1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LPAR1'' gene. LPA1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the lipid signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Function The integral ...

S1PR3 Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 also known as ''S1PR3'' is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Hence this receptor is also known as S1P3. Function ...

GPR12 Probable G-protein coupled receptor 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR12'' gene. The gene product of GPR12 is an orphan receptor, meaning that its endogenous ligand is currently unknown. Gene disruption of GPR12 in mice resul ...

LPAR2 Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2 also known as LPA2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LPAR2'' gene. LPA2 is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the lipid signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Function This gene enc ...

GPR3 G-protein coupled receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family of transmembrane receptors and is involved in signal transduction. GPR ...

S1PR2 Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2, also known as S1PR2 or S1P2, is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Function This protein participates in sphingos ...

GPR6 G protein-coupled receptor 6, also known as GPR6, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''GPR6'' gene. Function GPR6 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family of transmembrane receptors. It has been reported that GPR6 is b ...

GPR119 G protein-coupled receptor 119 also known as GPR119 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR119'' gene. GPR119, along with GPR55 and GPR18, have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacology GPR ...

LPAR3 Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 also known as LPA3 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the ''LPAR3'' gene. LPA3 is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the lipid signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Function This gene enc ...

* CNR1 *

S1PR5 Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 5 also known as S1PR5 is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Hence this receptor is also known as S1P5. Agonists * A ...

S1PR4 Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4 also known as S1PR4 is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Hence this receptor is also known as S1P4. Function This ...

* CNR2

References

External links

* {{Melanocortin receptor modulators G protein-coupled receptors Human proteins