The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is a NASA
robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System and the largest and most massive relative to its parent planet, with a diameter about one-quarter that of Earth (comparable to the width of ...
in an eccentric
polar mapping orbit.
Data collected by LRO have been described as essential for planning NASA's future human and robotic missions to the Moon.
Its detailed mapping program is identifying safe landing sites, locating potential resources on the Moon, characterizing the radiation environment, and demonstrating new technologies.
Launched on June 18, 2009,
in conjunction with the
Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), as the vanguard of NASA's
Lunar Precursor Robotic Program, LRO was the first United States mission to the Moon in over ten years.
LRO and LCROSS were launched as part of the United States's
Vision for Space Exploration program.
The probe has made a 3-D map of the Moon's surface at 100-meter resolution and 98.2% coverage (excluding polar areas in deep shadow),
including 0.5-meter resolution images of Apollo landing sites.
The first images from LRO were published on July 2, 2009, showing a region in the lunar highlands south of
Mare Nubium (''Sea of Clouds'').
The total cost of the mission is reported as US$583 million, of which $504 million pertains to the main LRO probe and $79 million to the LCROSS satellite.
As of 2019, LRO has enough fuel to continue operations for at least seven more years, and NASA expects to continue utilizing LRO's reconnaissance capabilities to identify sites for lunar landers well into the 2020s.
Mission
Developed at NASA's
Goddard Space Flight Center, LRO is a large (
) and sophisticated spacecraft. Its mission duration was planned for one year,
but has since been extended numerous times after review by NASA.
After completing a preliminary design review in February 2006 and a critical design review in November 2006, the LRO was shipped from Goddard to
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on February 11, 2009. Launch was planned for October 2008, but this slid to April as the spacecraft underwent testing in a thermal vacuum chamber. Launch was rescheduled for June 17, 2009, because of the delay in a priority military launch, and happened one day later, on June 18. The one-day delay was to allow the
Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'' a chance to lift off for
mission STS-127 following a hydrogen fuel leak that canceled an earlier planned launch.
Areas of investigation include
selenodetic global
topography
Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps.
Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary sc ...
; the lunar
polar region
The polar regions, also called the frigid zones or polar zones, of Earth are the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles. These high latitudes are dominated by flo ...
s, including possible
water ice deposits and the lighting environment; characterization of deep space
radiation
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes:
* ''electromagnetic radiation'', such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visi ...
in lunar orbit; and high-resolution mapping, at a maximum resolution of , to assist in the selection and characterization of future landing sites.
In addition, LRO has provided images and precise locations of landers and equipment from previous American and Russian lunar missions, including the Apollo sites.
Instruments
The orbiter carries a complement of six instruments and one technology demonstration:
; Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) : The primary goal of the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation is to characterize the global lunar radiation environment and its biological impacts.
;
Diviner : The Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment measures lunar surface thermal emission to provide information for future surface operations and exploration.
; Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) : The Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project peers into permanently shadowed craters in search of water ice, using
ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm (with a corresponding frequency around 30 PHz) to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation ...
light generated by stars as well as the hydrogen atoms that are thinly spread throughout the
Solar System
The Solar System Capitalization of the name varies. The International Astronomical Union, the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature, specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects but uses mixed "Solar ...
.
; Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) : The Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector provides measurements, creates maps, and detects possible near-surface water ice deposits.
; Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) : The Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter investigation provides a precise global
lunar topographic model and geodetic grid.
; Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) : The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera addresses the measurement requirements of landing site certification and polar illumination. LROC comprises a pair of narrow-angle
push-broom imaging cameras (NAC) and a single wide-angle camera (WAC). LROC has flown several times over the historic
Apollo
Apollo, grc, Ἀπόλλωνος, Apóllōnos, label=genitive , ; , grc-dor, Ἀπέλλων, Apéllōn, ; grc, Ἀπείλων, Apeílōn, label=Arcadocypriot Greek, ; grc-aeo, Ἄπλουν, Áploun, la, Apollō, la, Apollinis, label= ...
lunar landing sites at altitude; with the camera's high resolution, the
Lunar Roving Vehicle
The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program ( 15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It is popularly called the Moon buggy, a play on the ...
s and
Lunar Module descent stages and their respective shadows are clearly visible, along with other equipment previously
left on the Moon. The mission is returning approximately of image data. It is expected that this photography will boost public acknowledgement of the validity of the landings, and further discredit
Apollo conspiracy theories.
;
Mini-RF : The Miniature Radio Frequency radar demonstrated new lightweight
SAR and communications technologies and located potential water-ice.
Names to the Moon
Prior to the LRO's launch,
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
NASA was established in 1958, succeedin ...
gave members of the public the opportunity to have their names placed in a microchip on the LRO. The deadline for this opportunity was July 31, 2008.
About 1.6 million names were submitted.
Mission progress
On June 23, 2009, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter entered into orbit around the Moon after a four-and-a-half-day journey from the Earth. When launched, the spacecraft was aimed at a point ahead of the Moon's position. A mid-course correction was required during the trip in order for the spacecraft to correctly enter Lunar orbit. Once the spacecraft reached the
far side of the Moon, its rocket motor was fired in order for it to be captured by the Moon's gravity into an elliptical lunar orbit.
A series of four rocket burns over the next four days put the satellite into its commissioning phase orbit where each
instrument was brought online and tested. On September 15, 2009, the spacecraft started its primary mission by orbiting the Moon at about for one year. After completing its one-year exploration phase, in September 2010, LRO was handed over to NASA's
Science Mission Directorate
The Science Mission Directorate (SMD) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) engages the United States’ science community, sponsors scientific research, and develops and deploys satellites and probes in collaboration with NA ...
to continue the science phase of the mission. It would continue in its 50 km circular orbit, but eventually would be transitioned into a fuel-conserving elliptical orbit for the remainder of the mission.
NASA's LCROSS mission culminated with two lunar impacts at 11:31 and 11:36 UTC on October 9. The goal of the impact was the search for water in the
Cabeus crater near the Moon's south pole, and preliminary results indicated the presence of both water and
hydroxyl
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydrox ...
, an ion related to water.
On January 4, 2011, the
Mini-RF instrument team for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) found that the Mini-RF radar transmitter had suffered an anomaly. Mini-RF has suspended normal operations. Despite being unable to transmit, the instrument is being used to collect
bistatic radar observations using radar transmissions from the Earth. The Mini-RF instrument has already met its science mission success criteria by collecting more than 400 strips of radar data since September 2010.
In January 2013, NASA tested one-way laser communication with LRO by sending an image of the ''
Mona Lisa
The ''Mona Lisa'' ( ; it, Gioconda or ; french: Joconde ) is a half-length portrait painting by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance, it has been described as "the best kno ...
'' to the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) instrument on LRO from the Next Generation Satellite Laser Ranging (NGSLR) station at NASA's
Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.
In May 2015, LRO's orbit was altered to fly above the Moon's south pole, allowing higher resolution data to be obtained from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) and Diviner instruments over the permanently shadowed craters there.
In 2019, LRO found the crash site of Indian moon lander
Vikram
Vikram may refer to:
* Vikram (name), a male name in the Hindu community
* ''Vikram'' (1986 Tamil film)
* ''Vikram'' (1986 Telugu film)
* ''Vikram'' (2022 Tamil film)
* Vikram (actor) (born 1966), Indian actor
* Vikram (spacecraft), an Indian M ...
.
In 2020, software was tested to use star trackers instead of the Miniature Inertial Measurement Unit that had been turned off in 2018 (as it was degrading).
LRO and
Chandrayaan-2 orbiter were expected to come dangerously close to each other on 20 October 2021 at 05:45 UTC over the Lunar North pole. Chandrayaan-2 orbiter performed a
collision avoidance manoeuvre at 14:52 UTC on 18 October 2021 to avert the possible conjunction event.
Results
On August 21, 2009, the spacecraft, along with the
Chandrayaan-1 orbiter, attempted to perform a
bistatic radar experiment to detect the presence of water ice on the lunar surface, but the test was unsuccessful.
On December 17, 2010, a topographic map of the Moon based on data gathered by the LOLA instrument was released to the public. This is the most accurate topographic map of the Moon to date. It will continue to be updated as more data is acquired.
On March 15, 2011, the final set of data from the exploration phase of the mission was released to the NASA
Planetary Data System. The spacecraft's seven instruments delivered more than 192 terabytes of data. LRO has already collected as much data as all other planetary missions combined. This volume of data is possible because the Moon is so close and because LRO has its own dedicated ground station and doesn't have to share time on the
Deep Space Network. Among the latest products is a global map with a resolution of from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC).
In March 2015, the LROC team reported having imaged the location of an impact whose flash was observed from Earth on March 17, 2013. The team found the crater by going back to images taken in the first year or two and comparing them to images taken after the impact, called temporal pairs. The images revealed splotches, small areas whose reflectance is markedly different from that of the surrounding terrain, presumably from disruption of the surface by recent impacts.
By September 2015, LROC had imaged nearly three-fourths of the lunar surface at high resolution, revealing more than 3,000
lobate scarps. Their global distribution and orientation suggests that the faults are created as the Moon shrinks, with influence by gravitational tidal forces from Earth.
In March 2016, the LROC team reported the use of 14,092 NAC temporal pairs to discover over 47,000 new splotches on the Moon.
The mission maintains a full list of publications with science results on its website.
Appearance on ISS SSTV
The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has appeared on ISS Amateur SSTV transmissions many times, especially when the theme was 'Lunar Exploration'.
Gallery
File:LRO FirstImage.jpg, First LRO image (June 30, 2009)
File:Apollo11-LRO-March2012.jpg, Apollo 11
Apollo 11 (July 16–24, 1969) was the American spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module ''Eagle'' on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, ...
landing site
File:Apollo 12 LRO.jpg, Apollo 12 and Surveyor 3 landing site
File:LRO Apollo14.jpg, Apollo 14 landing site
File:LRO Apollo15.jpg, Apollo 15
Apollo 15 (July 26August 7, 1971) was the ninth crewed mission in the United States' Apollo program and the fourth to land on the Moon. It was the first J mission, with a longer stay on the Moon and a greater focus on science than ear ...
landing site
File:LRO Apollo16.jpg, Apollo 16 landing site
File:LRO Apollo17.jpg, Apollo 17
Apollo 17 (December 7–19, 1972) was the final mission of NASA's Apollo program, the most recent time humans have set foot on the Moon or traveled beyond low Earth orbit. Commander Gene Cernan and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt walke ...
landing site
File:Apollo 17 LM Challenger LRO.png, Close up of Apollo 17
Apollo 17 (December 7–19, 1972) was the final mission of NASA's Apollo program, the most recent time humans have set foot on the Moon or traveled beyond low Earth orbit. Commander Gene Cernan and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt walke ...
''Challenger'' descent stage
File:390497main surveyor1 enlarged.jpg, Surveyor 1 landing site
File:LROviewsLADEEorbitingMOON-20140114.jpg, LRO views LADEE
The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE; ) was a NASA lunar exploration and technology demonstration mission. It was launched on a Minotaur V rocket from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on September 7, 2013. During its ...
at a distance of
File:LRO Chang'e 4, first look.png, Chang'e 4 landing site
File:14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg, LRO view of irregular mare patch, an extremely young terrain
File:Earthrise over Compton crater -LRO full res - edit1.jpg, Earthrise over Compton crater
The Moon" heights="150px" mode="packed">
LRO WAC Nearside Mosaic.jpg , Lunar near side
Moon Farside LRO.jpg , Lunar far side
LRO WAC North Pole Mosaic (PIA14024).jpg, Lunar north pole
LRO WAC South Pole Mosaic.jpg, Lunar south pole
See also
References
External links
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter websiteby NASA
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter websiteby NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission profileby NASA's Solar System Exploration
Diviner Instrument websiteby UCLA
LROC Instrument websiteby Arizona State University
LROC Web Map Serviceby Arizona State University
* Albums of images and high-resolution overflight videos by Seán Doran, based on LROC data, o
Flickran
YouTube
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Missions to the Moon
NASA space probes
Space probes launched in 2009
Satellites orbiting the Moon
Laser communication in space
2009 establishments in Florida
Space laser altimeters
Space synthetic aperture radar