Lophotrochozoa (, "crest/wheel animals") is a
clade of
protostome
Protostomia () is the clade of animals once thought to be characterized by the formation of the organism's mouth before its anus during embryonic development. This nature has since been discovered to be extremely variable among Protostomia's me ...
animals within the
Spiralia. The taxon was established as a monophyletic group based on molecular evidence.
The clade includes animals like
annelids,
molluscs,
bryozoans,
brachiopods, and
platyhelminthes
The flatworms, flat worms, Platyhelminthes, or platyhelminths (from the Greek πλατύ, ''platy'', meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root: ἑλμινθ-), ''helminth-'', meaning "worm") are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegm ...
.
Groups
Lophotrochozoa was defined in 1995 as the "last common ancestor of the three traditional
lophophorate taxa (
brachiopods,
bryozoans, and
phoronid worms), the
mollusks and the
annelids, and all of the descendants of that common ancestor".
It is a
cladistic definition (a node-based name), so the affiliation to Lophotrochozoa of spiralian groups not mentioned directly in the definition depends on the topology of the
spiralian tree of life, and in some phylogenetic hypotheses, Lophotrochozoa may even be synonymous to Spiralia.
Nemertea and
Orthonectida (if not directly considered as part of
Annelida) are probably lophotrochozoan phyla;
Dicyemida
Dicyemida, also known as Rhombozoa, is a phylum of tiny parasites that live in the renal appendages of cephalopods.
Taxonomy
Classification is controversial. Traditionally, dicyemids have been grouped with the Orthonectida in the Mesozoa, ...
,
Gastrotricha, and
Platyhelminthes
The flatworms, flat worms, Platyhelminthes, or platyhelminths (from the Greek πλατύ, ''platy'', meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root: ἑλμινθ-), ''helminth-'', meaning "worm") are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegm ...
may be lophotrochozoans or placed in the
Rouphozoa clade outside Lophotrochozoa;
Chaetognatha
The Chaetognatha or chaetognaths (meaning ''bristle-jaws'') are a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of plankton worldwide. Commonly known as arrow worms, about 20% of the known Chaetognatha species are benthic, and ca ...
,
Gnathostomulida,
Micrognathozoa
''Limnognathia maerski'' is a microscopic freshwater animal, discovered living in warm springs on Disko Island, Greenland, in 1994. Since then, it was also found in Crozet Islands of Antarctica.).
With an average length of 100 micrometers ...
, and
Syndermata are probably
gnathiferans and so placed as a basal spiralian clade outside Lophotrochozoa;
Cycliophora
''Symbion'' is a genus of commensal aquatic animals, less than 0.5 mm wide, found living attached to the mouthparts of cold-water lobsters. They have sac-like bodies, and three distinctly different forms in different parts of their two-sta ...
could be a gnathiferan or a lophotrochozoan phylum. One of the candidate hypotheses is presented below.
The Lophotrochozoa has basal
Cycliophora
''Symbion'' is a genus of commensal aquatic animals, less than 0.5 mm wide, found living attached to the mouthparts of cold-water lobsters. They have sac-like bodies, and three distinctly different forms in different parts of their two-sta ...
and
Mollusca groups, and more derived
Lophophorate,
Nemertea and
Annelida groups.
With the introduction of
Platytrochozoa and
Rouphozoa, one candidate phylogeny is pictured below – though other studies recover a range of alternative possibilities:
In the most recent research, the three phyla Cycliophora, Entoprocta and bryozoans makes up a single clade and the first to branch off from the other lophotrochozoans. The second split is the molluscs, and the third the two sister phyla annelids and nemerteans. And lastly the clade that consist of the phoronids and the brachiopods.
A number of fossil taxa can be identified as early Lophotrochozoans, even if their precise affinity remains contested. However, relevant Cambrian fossils are debated.
Characteristics
The clade Lophotrochozoa is named after the two distinct characteristics of its members; the feeding structure
lophophore, which is a ciliated crown of tentacles surrounding a mouth, and the developmental stage
trochophore larvae.
Lophophorata such as
Brachiozoa
Brachiozoa is a grouping of lophophorate animals including Brachiopoda and Phoronida. It also includes their ancestors, the extinct tommotiids.
References
Lophophorata
Protostome unranked clades
{{Protostome-stub ...
and
Bryozoa have lophophores, while members of
Trochozoa such as
molluscs and
annelids have trochophores, although some may have none.
References
Further reading
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{{Taxonbar, from=Q321481
Extant Cambrian first appearances
Superphyla