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This is a list of states that paid tribute to the Central Plain dynasties of China under the
tributary system A tribute (; from Latin ''tributum'', "contribution") is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of submission, allegiance or respect. Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conqu ...
. It encompassed states in
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
,
East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea ...
,
South Asia South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.;;;;; ...
,
Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the fo ...
and
Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland ...
.


List of tributaries

In the 5th century, a status hierarchy was an explicit element of the tributary system in which
Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic ...
and
Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making ...
were ranked higher than others, including
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...
, the
Ryukyus The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yonaguni ...
,
Siam Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
and others.Kang, David C. (2010). All diplomatic and trade missions were construed in the context of a
tributary A tributary, or affluent, is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem (or parent) river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drai ...
relationship with
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
, including: *
Brunei Brunei ( , ), formally Brunei Darussalam ( ms, Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: , ), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its South China Sea coast, it is completely surrounded by th ...
(文萊) ** Borneo ** Poni (渤泥)Kerr, George. (2000). *
Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand ...
Shambaugh, David L. ''et al.'' (2008). citing the 1818 ''Collected Statutes of the Qing Dynasty'' (''DaQing hui-tien'') **
Kingdom of Funan Funan (; km, ហ៊្វូណន, ; vi, Phù Nam, Chữ Hán: ) was the name given by Chinese cartographers, geographers and writers to an ancient Indianized state—or, rather a loose network of states ''(Mandala)''—located in mainla ...
**
Zhenla Chenla or Zhenla (; km, ចេនឡា, ; vi, Chân Lạp) is the Chinese designation for the successor polity of the kingdom of Funan preceding the Khmer Empire that existed from around the late sixth to the early ninth century in Indoc ...
*
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...
**
Wa (Japan) is the oldest attested name of Japan in foreign sources (names such as Fusang or Penglai are mythological or legendary, thus are not considered). The Chinese and Korean scribes regularly wrote it in reference to the inhabitants of the Wa K ...
(16 tribute missions) ** Asuka Japan ( 5 tribute missions) Book of Sui, vol. 81 ** Nara/ Heian Japan ( 16 tribute missions) **
Ashikaga shogunate The , also known as the , was the feudal military government of Japan during the Muromachi period from 1336 to 1573.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Muromachi-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 669. The Ashikaga shogunate was establi ...
( 20 tribute missions) *
Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic ...
{{Cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vj8ShHzUxrYC&q=tribute+korea+china&pg=PA482, title=Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary, first1=Keith L., last1=Pratt, year=1999, isbn=9780700704637, page=482, access-date=2021-02-01, archive-date=2021-06-22, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622033524/https://books.google.com/books?id=vj8ShHzUxrYC&q=tribute+korea+china&pg=PA482, url-status=live **
Goguryeo Goguryeo (37 BC–668 AD) ( ) also called Goryeo (), was a Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of Northeast China. At its peak of power, Goguryeo controlled mos ...
(173 tribute missions) Korea Herald. (2004) ''Korea now,'' p. 31; excerpt, "The Chinese also insist that even though Goguryeo was part of Chinese domain, Silla and Baekje were states subjected to China's tributary system." **
Baekje Baekje or Paekche (, ) was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BC to 660 AD. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla. Baekje was founded by Onjo, the third son of Goguryeo's founder J ...
(45 tribute missions) **
Silla Silla or Shilla (57 BCE – 935 CE) ( , Old Korean: Syera, Old Japanese: Siraki2) was a Korean kingdom located on the southern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula. Silla, along with Baekje and Goguryeo, formed the Three Kingdoms o ...
(19 tribute missions) Korean History Project
Unified Silla
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120114645/http://koreanhistoryproject.org/Ket/C03/E0304.htm , date=2008-11-20 .
**
Unified Silla Unified Silla, or Late Silla (, ), is the name often applied to the Korean kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, after 668 CE. In the 7th century, a Silla–Tang alliance conquered Baekje and the southern part of Goguryeo in the ...
(63 tribute missions in 8th century) **
Goryeo Goryeo (; ) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unificat ...
( The envoy missions)Kwak, {{Google books, yIVXMjmKqHkC, p. 99., page=99; excerpt, "Korea's tributary relations with China began as early as the fifth century, were regularized during the ''Goryeo dynasty (918-1392), and became fully institutionalized during the Yi dynasty (1392-1910)." **
Joseon Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...
(391 envoy missions between 1392 and 1450,{{cite journal , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&q=391+envoys&pg=PA280 , page=280 , title=The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Part 2 , journal=The Cambridge History of China , volume=8 , first=Donald N. , last=Clark , isbn=0-521-24333-5 , year=1998 , quote=Between 1392 and 1450, the Choson court dispatched 391 envoys to China: on average, seven each year. , access-date=2020-10-18 , archive-date=2021-09-26 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085717/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&q=391+envoys&pg=PA280 , url-status=live 435 special embassy missions between 1637 and 1881.{{cite book , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydVymF_OrWEC&q=435&pg=PT75 , title=East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute , publisher=Columbia University Press , year=2010 , isbn=978-0-231-15318-8 , page=59 , first=David C. , last=Kang , quote=thus, between 1637 and 1881, Korea sent 435 special embassies to the Qing court, or an average of almost 1.5 embassies per year. , access-date=2020-10-18 , archive-date=2021-09-26 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085733/https://books.google.com/books?id=ydVymF_OrWEC&q=435&pg=PT75 , url-status=live ) *
Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Mal ...
** Tanah Merah Kingdom ** Kedah Kingdom **
Kelantan Kelantan (; Jawi: ; Kelantanese Malay: ''Klate'') is a state in Malaysia. The capital is Kota Bharu and royal seat is Kubang Kerian. The honorific name of the state is ''Darul Naim'' (Jawi: ; "The Blissful Abode"). Kelantan is located in t ...
**
Malacca Sultanate The Malacca Sultanate ( ms, Kesultanan Melaka; Jawi script: ) was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesis marks as the founding year of the sultanate by King of Singapura, Parames ...
*
Nepal Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne, सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is ma ...
*
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
{{Cite web , url=http://pascn.pids.gov.ph/DiscList/d99/s99-16.pdf , title=The Political Economy of Philippines- China Relations , access-date=2007-06-08 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621110647/http://pascn.pids.gov.ph/DiscList/d99/s99-16.pdf , archive-date=2007-06-21 , url-status=dead **
Sulu Sulu (), officially the Province of Sulu ( Tausūg: ''Wilāya sin Lupa' Sūg''; tl, Lalawigan ng Sulu), is a province of the Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago and part of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). Its cap ...
*
Ryūkyū Kingdom The Ryukyu Kingdom, Middle Chinese: , , Classical Chinese: (), Historical English names: ''Lew Chew'', ''Lewchew'', ''Luchu'', and ''Loochoo'', Historical French name: ''Liou-tchou'', Historical Dutch name: ''Lioe-kioe'' was a kingdom in t ...
( Ryukyuan missions to Imperial China){{Cite web , url=http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/002/003/e_min.html , title=The Ancient Ryukyus Period/The Sanzan Period , access-date=2007-06-08 , archive-date=2007-09-27 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010111/http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/002/003/e_min.html , url-status=live **
Hokuzan , also known as before the 18th century, located in the north of Okinawa Island, was one of three independent political entities which controlled Okinawa in the 14th century during Sanzan period. The political entity was identified as a tiny co ...
Kerr, George. (2000). {{Google books, vaAKJQyzpLkC, ''Okinawa: The History of an Island People,'' p. 74., page=74 **
Chūzan was one of three kingdoms which controlled Okinawa in the 14th century. Okinawa, previously controlled by a number of local chieftains or lords, loosely bound by a paramount chieftain or king of the entire island, split into these three more ...
**
Nanzan Nanzan (), also known as Sannan (山南) before the 18th century, located in the south of Okinawa Island, was one of three independent political entities which controlled Okinawa in the 14th century. The political entity was identified as a tiny ...
*
Siam Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
(Thailand) *
Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa people, ...
*
Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making ...
"Tribute and Trade"
{{webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190844/http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/Ket/C09/E0901.htm , date=2007-09-27 , KoreanHistoryProject.org. Retrieved on 30-01-2007.
*
Ceylon Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
(Sri Lanka)


By dynasty


Western Han

* Internal vassals (206 BC - ?) – Upon the founding of the dynasty, the first emperor awarded up to one-half of territory of Han as fiefdoms to various relatives, who ruled as princes. These fiefdoms collected their own taxes and established their own laws and were not directly administered by imperial government. Consolidation and centralization by succeeding emperors increased imperial controls, gradually dissolving the princedoms. During the period of Three kingdoms, Japan's king also sent tribute to Cao Rui stating about his status as a vassal to the Rui. *
Dayuan Dayuan (or Tayuan; ; Middle Chinese ''dâiC-jwɐn'' < : ''dɑh-ʔyɑn'') is the Chinese
Fergana Valley The Fergana Valley (; ; ) in Central Asia lies mainly in eastern Uzbekistan, but also extends into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan. Divided into three republics of the former Soviet Union, the valley is ethnically diverse and in the ...
. Hearing tales of their high-quality horses, which would be of great utility in combatting the Xiongnu,
Emperor Wu of Han Emperor Wu of Han (156 – 29 March 87BC), formally enshrined as Emperor Wu the Filial (), born Liu Che (劉徹) and courtesy name Tong (通), was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of ancient China, ruling from 141 to 87 BC. His reign last ...
dispatched an expedition to acquire their submission and the horses. The first expedition of 3,000 was woefully undermanned, but the second, numbering 100,000 besieged the capital, bringing them into submission after negotiations. The expedition returned with 10,000 horses along with a promise to pay an annual tribute in horses{{Citation needed, date=September 2007. *
Dian Kingdom Dian () was an ancient kingdom established by the Dian people, a non-Han Chinese metalworking civilization that inhabited around the Dian Lake plateau of central northern Yunnan, China from the late Spring and Autumn period until the Eastern Han d ...
(109 BC) – A kingdom located in modern-day
Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the ...
province. Brought into subjugation by
Emperor Wu of Han Emperor Wu of Han (156 – 29 March 87BC), formally enshrined as Emperor Wu the Filial (), born Liu Che (劉徹) and courtesy name Tong (通), was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of ancient China, ruling from 141 to 87 BC. His reign last ...
, who annexed the kingdom into an imperial commandary but allowed local rulers to remain in power. * Jushi (108 BC) – City-state in modern-day
Turpan Turpan (also known as Turfan or Tulufan, , ug, تۇرپان) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. It has an area of and a population of 632,000 (2015). Geonyms The original name of the cit ...
. Brought into submission by an imperial expedition dispatched by
Emperor Wu of Han Emperor Wu of Han (156 – 29 March 87BC), formally enshrined as Emperor Wu the Filial (), born Liu Che (劉徹) and courtesy name Tong (通), was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of ancient China, ruling from 141 to 87 BC. His reign last ...
. * Loulan (108 BC) – Located along the northeastern edge of the
Taklamakan Desert The Taklimakan or Taklamakan Desert (; zh, s=塔克拉玛干沙漠, p=Tǎkèlāmǎgān Shāmò, Xiao'erjing: , dng, Такәламаган Шамә; ug, تەكلىماكان قۇملۇقى, Täklimakan qumluqi; also spelled Taklimakan and T ...
in modern-day
Xinjiang Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwes ...
province. Brought into submission by an imperial expedition dispatched by
Emperor Wu of Han Emperor Wu of Han (156 – 29 March 87BC), formally enshrined as Emperor Wu the Filial (), born Liu Che (劉徹) and courtesy name Tong (通), was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of ancient China, ruling from 141 to 87 BC. His reign last ...
. *
Minyue Minyue () was an ancient kingdom in what is now the Fujian province in southern China. It was a contemporary of the Han dynasty, and was later annexed by the Han empire as the dynasty expanded southward. The kingdom existed approximately fro ...
(138 BC - ?) – A
Baiyue The Baiyue (, ), Hundred Yue, or simply Yue (; ), were various ethnic groups who inhabited the regions of East China, South China and Northern Vietnam during the 1st millennium BC and 1st millennium AD. They were known for their short hair, b ...
people situated in modern-day
Fujian Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its ...
province. After an attack by the Minyue people,
Emperor Wu of Han Emperor Wu of Han (156 – 29 March 87BC), formally enshrined as Emperor Wu the Filial (), born Liu Che (劉徹) and courtesy name Tong (通), was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of ancient China, ruling from 141 to 87 BC. His reign last ...
launched a massive expedition, and forced their entire population to relocate within imperial borders. *
Nanyue Nanyue (), was an ancient kingdom ruled by Chinese monarchs of the Zhao family that covered the modern Chinese subdivisions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macau, southern Fujian and central to northern Vietnam. Nanyue was establis ...
(211 BC - 111 BC) – A kingdom situated today's northern
Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making ...
, and the provinces of
Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020 ...
and
Guangxi Guangxi (; ; alternately romanized as Kwanghsi; ; za, Gvangjsih, italics=yes), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam ...
founded by a former Chinese general,
Zhao Tuo Zhao Tuo () or Triệu Đà (Chữ Hán: 趙佗); was a Qin dynasty Chinese general and first emperor of Nanyue. He participated in the conquest of the Baiyue peoples of Guangdong, Guangxi and Northern Vietnam. After the fall of the Qin, he ...
. Under Zhao Tuo it paid nominal tribute to Han but his successors lost more and more power. After a coup d'état against the king, Han directly conquered the kingdom and directly administered it from then on.page 63 of the book, "MAPPING HISTORY WORLD HISTORY, by Dr. Ian Barnes. {{ISBN, 978-1-84573-323-0 *
Xiongnu The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 20 ...
(53 BC - 10) – A nomadic confederation/empire in Central Asia and modern day Mongolia and extending their control to territories as far as
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part ...
, western
Manchuria Manchuria is an exonym (derived from the endo demonym " Manchu") for a historical and geographic region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China (Inner Manchuria) and parts of the Russian Far East (Outer M ...
, the areas along the
Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central A ...
, and modern day Chinese provinces of
Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...
,
Gansu Gansu (, ; alternately romanized as Kansu) is a province in Northwest China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeast part of the province. The seventh-largest administrative district by area at , Gansu lies between the Tibe ...
and
Xinjiang Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwes ...
. They entered tributary relations with the Han after several defeats, territorial losses, and internal conflicts{{Citation needed, date=September 2007. Tributary relationships terminated as a result of diplomatic fumblings during the reign of
Wang Mang Wang Mang () (c. 45 – 6 October 23 CE), courtesy name Jujun (), was the founder and the only emperor of the short-lived Chinese Xin dynasty. He was originally an official and consort kin of the Han dynasty and later seized the th ...
. Xinjiang passed to Chinese control after their defeat. *
Wusun The Wusun (; Eastern Han Chinese *''ʔɑ-suən'' < (140 BCE < 436 BCE): *''Ɂâ-sûn'') were an ancient semi-
(105 BC - ?) – Central Asian people. Bitter enemies with the Xiongnu, they entered a military alliance with the Han. In 53 BC, the kingdom split into two following a succession dispute. Both continued to recognize Han sovereignty and remained faithful vassals{{Citation needed, date=September 2007.


Xin

During
Wang Mang Wang Mang () (c. 45 – 6 October 23 CE), courtesy name Jujun (), was the founder and the only emperor of the short-lived Chinese Xin dynasty. He was originally an official and consort kin of the Han dynasty and later seized the th ...
's reign, relations with many of the empire's allies and tributaries deteriorated, due in large part to Wang Mang's arrogance and inept diplomacy.


Eastern Han

*
Khotan Hotan (also known as Gosthana, Gaustana, Godana, Godaniya, Khotan, Hetian, Hotien) is a major oasis town in southwestern Xinjiang, an autonomous region in Western China. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the larger Hotan County to become ...
– King Guangde of Khotan submitted to the
Han dynasty The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by th ...
in 73 AD. In 129: Fangqian, the king of Khotan, sent an envoy to offer tribute to Han. The Emperor pardoned the crime of the king of Khotan, ordering him to hand back the kingdom of Keriya. Fangqian refused. Two years later Fangqian send one of his sons to serve and offer tribute at the Chinese Imperial Palace. *
Southern Xiongnu The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209& ...
(50 - 220) – The Xiongnu split into northern and southern factions. The southern Xiongnu brought themselves into tributary relations with the Han. They were resettled along with large numbers of Chinese immigrants in frontier regions. Economically dependent on Han, they were obliged to provide military services under a tightened tributary system with greater direct imperial supervision.


Jin, Northern and Southern, Tang

In the 5th century the Wa (Japan during the
Kofun period The is an era in the history of Japan from about 300 to 538 AD (the date of the introduction of Buddhism), following the Yayoi period. The Kofun and the subsequent Asuka periods are sometimes collectively called the Yamato period. This period is ...
) sent five tributes to the Jin and to the
Liu Song dynasty Song, known as Liu Song (), Former Song (前宋) or Song of (the) Southern Dynasty (南朝宋) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties ...
and the emperors promoted the five kings to the title like ''Supreme Military Commander of the Six States of Wa, Silla, Mimana, Gaya, Jinhan and Mahan''. According to the ''Xīn Táng shū'' the kingdom of Zhēnlà had conquered different principalities in Northwestern Cambodia after the end of the Yǒnghuī (永徽) era (i.e. after 31 January 656), which previously (in 638/39) paid tribute to China. The Chinese retaliated against
Cham Cham or CHAM may refer to: Ethnicities and languages *Chams, people in Vietnam and Cambodia **Cham language, the language of the Cham people ***Cham script *** Cham (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters of the Cham script *Cham Albania ...
which was raiding the Rinan coast around 430s-440s by seizing Qusu, and then plundering the capital of the Cham around
Huế Huế () is the capital of Thừa Thiên Huế province in central Vietnam and was the capital of Đàng Trong from 1738 to 1775 and of Vietnam during the Nguyễn dynasty from 1802 to 1945. The city served as the old Imperial City and admi ...
. Around 100,000 jin in gold was the amount of plunder.
Lin Yi Lin Yi (, born January 11, 1999) is a Chinese actor and model. He gained popularity after starring in the 2019 romantic web drama '' Put Your Head on My Shoulder,'' which brought him wider recognition. Early life and education Lin Yi was bo ...
then paid 10,000 jin in gold, 100,000 jin in silver, and 300,000 jin in copper in 445 as tribute to China. The final tribute paid to China from Lin Yi was in 749, among the items were 100 strings of pearls, 30 jin gharuwood, baidi, and 20 elephants. Enslaved people from tributary countries were sent to Tang China by various groups, the Cambodians sent albinos, the Uyghurs sent Turkic
Karluks The Karluks (also Qarluqs, Qarluks, Karluqs, otk, 𐰴𐰺𐰞𐰸, Qarluq, Para-Mongol: Harluut, zh, s=葛逻禄, t=葛邏祿 ''Géluólù'' ; customary phonetic: ''Gelu, Khololo, Khorlo'', fa, خَلُّخ, ''Khallokh'', ar, قارلوق ...
, the Japanese sent
Ainu Ainu or Aynu may refer to: *Ainu people, an East Asian ethnic group of Japan and the Russian Far East *Ainu languages, a family of languages **Ainu language of Hokkaido **Kuril Ainu language, extinct language of the Kuril Islands **Sakhalin Ainu la ...
, and Göktürk (Tujue) and Tibetan girls were also sent to China. Prisoners captured from Liaodong, Korea, and Japan were sent as tribute to China from Balhae.{{cite book, author=Михаил Иосифович Сладковский, title=Тхе лонг роад: Сино-Руссиян экономик контактс фром анциент тимес то 1917, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHGGAAAAIAAJ&q=Z.+N.+Mat-+veyev+cites+Chinese+sources+which+show+that+Bohai+supplied+China+with+slaves+of+both+sexes+%28including+Japanese+dancing+girls%29+captured+during+raids+on+Japan,+Korea+and+Liaodong+ 38,+19,+20+Simultaneously,+as+N.+I.+Konrad+..., year=1981, publisher=Прогресс Публишерс, page=13, isbn=9780828521260, access-date=2016-04-07, archive-date=2021-09-26, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085718/https://books.google.com/books?id=bHGGAAAAIAAJ&q=Z.+N.+Mat-+veyev+cites+Chinese+sources+which+show+that+Bohai+supplied+China+with+slaves+of+both+sexes+%28including+Japanese+dancing+girls%29+captured+during+raids+on+Japan%2C+Korea+and+Liaodong+%5B138%2C+19%2C+20%5D.+Simultaneously%2C+as+N.+I.+Konrad+..., url-status=live
Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...
China received 11 Japanese girl dancers as tribute from
Balhae Balhae ( ko, 발해, zh, c=渤海, p=Bóhǎi, russian: Бохай, translit=Bokhay, ), also rendered as Bohai, was a multi-ethnic kingdom whose land extends to what is today Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far East. It ...
in 777.


Song

The Song dynasty received 302 tribute missions from other countries. Vietnamese missions consisted of 45 of them, another 56 were from Champa. More tribute was sent by Champa in order to curry favor from China against Vietnam. Champa brought as tribute Champa rice, a fast-growing rice strain, to China, which massively increased Chinese yields of rice. In 969 the son of King Li Shengtian named Zongchang sent a tribute mission to China. According to Chinese accounts, the King of Khotan offered to send in tribute to the Chinese court a dancing elephant captured from Kashgar in 970.


Yuan

The Mongols extracted tribute from throughout their empire.{{cite book , last1=Allsen , first1=Thomas T. , title=Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles , date=1997 , publisher=Cambridge University Press , isbn=9780521583015 , pages=28–29 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2IU99wzgrEC&pg=PA28 , accessdate=8 June 2019 , language=en , archive-date=5 August 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805010918/https://books.google.com/books?id=x2IU99wzgrEC&pg=PA28 , url-status=live From Goryeo, they received gold, silver, cloth, grain, ginseng, and falcons.{{cite book , last1=Kim , first1=Jinwung , title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict , date=2012 , publisher=Indiana University Press , isbn=9780253000248 , page=172 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC&pg=PA172 , accessdate=8 June 2019 , language=en , archive-date=5 August 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805012332/https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC&pg=PA172 , url-status=live {{cite book , last1=Lee , first1=Ki-Baik , title=A New History of Korea , date=1984 , publisher=Harvard University Press , isbn=9780674615762 , page=157 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA157 , accessdate=8 June 2019 , language=en , archive-date=5 August 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805024906/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA157 , url-status=live The tribute payments were a burden on Goryeo and subjugated polities in the empire. As with all parts of the Mongol Empire, Goryeo provided palace women, eunuchs, Buddhist monks, and other personnel to the Mongols. Just as Korean women entered the Yuan court, the Korean Koryo kingdom also saw the entry of Mongol women. Great power was attained by some of the Korean women who entered the Yuan court. One example is the Empress Ki (Qi) and her eunuch Bak Bulhwa when they attempted a major coup of Northern China and Koryo.{{cite book, author=Peter H. Lee, title=Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume One: From Early Times to the 16th Century, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU1uLvWyRJYC&pg=PA681, date=13 August 2013, publisher=Columbia University Press, isbn=978-0-231-51529-0, pages=681–, access-date=22 September 2016, archive-date=2 September 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902063744/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU1uLvWyRJYC&pg=PA681, url-status=live King Ch'ungson (1309–1313) married two Mongol women, Princess Botasirin and a non-royal woman named Yesujin. She gave birth to a son and had a posthumous title of "virtuous concubine". In addition 1324, the Yuan court sent a Mongol princess of Wei named Jintong to the Koryo King Ch'ungsug. Thus, the entry of Korean women into the Yuan court was reciprocated by the entry of Yuan princesses into the Goryeo court, and this affected relations between Korea and the Yuan. Marriages between the imperial family of Yuan existed between certain states. These included the Onggirat tribe, Idug-qut's Uighur tribe, the Oirat tribe, and the Koryo (Korean) royal family.


Ming

Under the Ming dynasty, countries that wanted to have any form of relationship with China, political, economic or otherwise, had to enter the tribute system. As a result, tribute was often paid for opportunistic reasons rather than as a serious gesture of allegiance to the Chinese emperor, and the mere fact that tribute was paid may not be understood in a way that China had political leverage over its tributary. Also some tribute missions may just have been up by ingenious traders. A number of countries only paid tribute once, as a result of
Zheng He Zheng He (; 1371–1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family and later adopted the surname Zheng conferr ...
's expeditions. As of 1587, in Chinese sources the following countries are listed to have paid tribute to the Ming emperors: The
Hongwu Emperor The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang (), courtesy name Guorui (), was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty of China, reigning from 1368 to 1398. As famine, plagues and peasant revolts i ...
started tributary relations in 1368, emissaries being sent to countries like Korea, Vietnam, Champa, Japan, of which Korea, Vietnam, and Champa sent back tribute in 1369. During Hongwu's rule, Liuch'iu sent 20, Korea sent 20, Champa sent 19, and Vietnam sent 14 tribute missions. The tribute system was an economically profitable form of government trade, and Korea requested and successfully increased the number of tributes sent to Ming from once every three years to three times each year starting in 1400, and eventually four times each year starting in 1531. The
1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa Year 1471 ( MCDLXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January – Portuguese navigators João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar reach the g ...
and
Ming Turpan Border Wars The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han peop ...
were either started by or marked by disruptions in the tribute system. *
Alania Alania was a medieval kingdom of the Iranian Alans (proto-Ossetians) that flourished in the Northern Caucasus, roughly in the location of latter-day Circassia, Chechnya, Ingushetia, and modern North Ossetia–Alania, from its independence from ...
{{citation needed, date=April 2017 * Almalik (?) *
Altan Khan Altan Khan of the Tümed (1507–1582; mn, ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ, Алтан хан; Chinese: 阿勒坦汗), whose given name was Anda ( Mongolian: ; Chinese: 俺答), was the leader of the Tümed Mongols and de facto ruler of the Right Win ...
(annually since 1570) *Anding (?) (beginning in 1374) *
Arabia The Arabian Peninsula, (; ar, شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, , "Arabian Peninsula" or , , "Island of the Arabs") or Arabia, is a peninsula of Western Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Pl ...
(Tienfang, identical to
Mecca Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow v ...
?) (somewhere between 1426 and 1435, 1517, sometimes between 1522 and 1566) * Aru (1407) * Ava (1408)Fernquest autumn 2006: 51–52 *
Badakhshan Badakhshan is a historical region comprising parts of modern-day north-eastern Afghanistan, eastern Tajikistan, and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in China. Badakhshan Province is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. Much of historic ...
*Bai(?) *Baihua (?) (1378) *Baiyin (?) *
Balkh ), named for its green-tiled ''Gonbad'' ( prs, گُنبَد, dome), in July 2001 , pushpin_map=Afghanistan#Bactria#West Asia , pushpin_relief=yes , pushpin_label_position=bottom , pushpin_mapsize=300 , pushpin_map_caption=Location in Afghanistan ...
*
Bengal Bengal ( ; bn, বাংলা/বঙ্গ, translit=Bānglā/Bôngô, ) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal, predom ...
(1408, 1414, 1438) *
Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and e ...
(Solo?) (1406) *
Brunei Brunei ( , ), formally Brunei Darussalam ( ms, Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: , ), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its South China Sea coast, it is completely surrounded by th ...
(1371, 1405, 1408, 1414, 1425) *
Bukhara Bukhara ( Uzbek: /, ; tg, Бухоро, ) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan, with a population of 280,187 , and the capital of Bukhara Region. People have inhabited the region around Bukhara for at least five millennia, and the city ...
(?) *
Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand ...
(Chenla, since 1371) * Cail, Djofar,
Maldives Maldives (, ; dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ, translit=Dhivehi Raajje, ), officially the Republic of Maldives ( dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ, translit=Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa, label=none, ), is an archipelag ...
, Burma (Yawa), Lambri (Nanwuli, on Sumatra),
Kelantan Kelantan (; Jawi: ; Kelantanese Malay: ''Klate'') is a state in Malaysia. The capital is Kota Bharu and royal seat is Kubang Kerian. The honorific name of the state is ''Darul Naim'' (Jawi: ; "The Blissful Abode"). Kelantan is located in t ...
, Qilani(?), Xialabi (
Arabia The Arabian Peninsula, (; ar, شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, , "Arabian Peninsula" or , , "Island of the Arabs") or Arabia, is a peninsula of Western Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Pl ...
?), Kuchani (?), Wushelatang(?),
Aden Aden ( ar, عدن ' Yemeni: ) is a city, and since 2015, the temporary capital of Yemen, near the eastern approach to the Red Sea (the Gulf of Aden), some east of the strait Bab-el-Mandeb. Its population is approximately 800,000 peopl ...
,
Rum Rum is a liquor made by fermenting and then distilling sugarcane molasses or sugarcane juice. The distillate, a clear liquid, is usually aged in oak barrels. Rum is produced in nearly every sugar-producing region of the world, such as the Ph ...
,
Bengal Bengal ( ; bn, বাংলা/বঙ্গ, translit=Bānglā/Bôngô, ) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal, predom ...
, Shelaqi(?), Bakoyi(?),
Coimbatore Coimbatore, also spelt as Koyamputhur (), sometimes shortened as Kovai (), is one of the major metropolitan cities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats. Coimbat ...
, Heigada(?), Lasa(?),
Barawa Barawa ( so, Baraawe, Maay: ''Barawy'', ar, ﺑﺮﺍﻭة ''Barāwa''), also known as Barawe and Brava, is the capital of the South West State of Somalia.Pelizzari, Elisa. "Guerre civile et question de genre en Somalie. Les événements et le ...
,
Mogadishu Mogadishu (, also ; so, Muqdisho or ; ar, مقديشو ; it, Mogadiscio ), locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and List of cities in Somalia by population, most populous city of Somalia. The city has served as an important port ...
, Qianlida(?),
Kannur Kannur (), formerly known in English as Cannanore, is a city and a municipal corporation in the state of Kerala, India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Kannur district and situated north of the major port city and commercial hu ...
(all somewhere between 1403 and 1425) *
Calicut Kozhikode (), also known in English as Calicut, is a city along the Malabar Coast in the state of Kerala in India. It has a corporation limit population of 609,224 and a metropolitan population of more than 2 million, making it the second ...
(1405, 1407, 1409) * Chalish *
Ceylon Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
(1411, 1412, 1445, 1459) *
Champa Champa ( Cham: ꨌꩌꨛꨩ; km, ចាម្ប៉ា; vi, Chiêm Thành or ) were a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is contemporary central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd ...
(every three years since 1369) *
Pangasinan Pangasinan, officially the Province of Pangasinan ( pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Pangasinan, ; ilo, Probinsia ti Pangasinan; tl, Lalawigan ng Pangasinan), is a coastal province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region of Luzon. Its cap ...
(since 1406) *Chijin (another group of Mongols?) (beginning in 1404, every five years since 1563) *
Chola The Chola dynasty was a Tamil thalassocratic empire of southern India and one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of the world. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated to the 3rd century BCE d ...
(1370, 1372, 1403) *
Cochin Kochi (), also known as Cochin ( ) ( the official name until 1996) is a major port city on the Malabar Coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea, which is a part of the Arabian Sea. It is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of ...
(1404, 1412) *
Coimbatore Coimbatore, also spelt as Koyamputhur (), sometimes shortened as Kovai (), is one of the major metropolitan cities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats. Coimbat ...
(1411) *Dahui (?) (1405) *Danba (?) (1377) *Doyan (?), Fuyü(?), Taining(?) (1388, twice a year from 1403) *Ejijie (?), Hashin(?) (somewhere between 1522 and 1566) *Ganshi (?) *Gumala (?) (1420) *Guosasü (?) *Gulibanzu (Pansur?) (1405) *Hadilan ( Khotelan?) *Halie'er (?) *
Hami Hami (Kumul) is a prefecture-level city in Eastern Xinjiang, China. It is well known as the home of sweet Hami melons. In early 2016, the former Hami county-level city was merged with Hami Prefecture to form the Hami prefecture-level city with t ...
(beginning in 1404, annually from 1465, every five years from 1475) *Handong (?) (?) *Hasan(?) *
Herat Herāt (; Persian: ) is an oasis city and the third-largest city of Afghanistan. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 574,276, and serves as the capital of Herat Province, situated south of the Paropamisus Mountains (''Selseleh-ye Safē ...
(1402, 1409, 1437) *
Hotan Hotan (also known as Gosthana, Gaustana, Godana, Godaniya, Khotan, Hetian, Hotien) is a major oasis town in southwestern Xinjiang, an autonomous region in Western China. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the larger Hotan County to become ...
(1408?) *Huotan (identical to Khujand?) * Ilbalik and
Beshbalik Beshbalik () is an ancient archaeological site, now located in Jimsar County, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. The ancient city was initially called Beiting () or Ting Prefecture (), and was the headquarters of the Beiting Protec ...
(1391, 1406, 1413, 1418(?), 1437, 1457ff) * Jaunpur (1420) *
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...
(every 10 years) *
Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
(1372, 1381, 1404, 1407, every three years for some time after 1443) *Jienzhou (?) (annually) *Jong (?) *
Joseon Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...
(Korea) *
Jurchens Jurchen (Manchu: ''Jušen'', ; zh, 女真, ''Nǚzhēn'', ) is a term used to collectively describe a number of East Asian Tungusic-speaking peoples, descended from the Donghu people. They lived in the northeast of China, later known as Manch ...
and other tribes in the northeast (irregularly) *Karakhodjo (1409, 1430, afterwards together with Turfan) *
Kashgar Kashgar ( ug, قەشقەر, Qeshqer) or Kashi ( zh, c=喀什) is an oasis city in the Tarim Basin region of Southern Xinjiang. It is one of the westernmost cities of China, near the border with Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Pakistan. ...
*
Kashmir Kashmir () is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. Today, the term encompas ...
*
Khorasan Khorasan may refer to: * Greater Khorasan, a historical region which lies mostly in modern-day northern/northwestern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan * Khorasan Province, a pre-2004 province of Ira ...
(1432) *
Khujand Khujand ( tg, Хуҷанд, Khujand; Uzbek: Хўжанд, romanized: Хo'jand; fa, خجند‌, Khojand), sometimes spelled Khodjent and known as Leninabad (russian: Ленинабад, Leninabad; tg, Ленинобод, Leninobod; fa, لنی ...
*
Kollam Kollam (), also known by its former name Quilon , is an ancient seaport and city on the Malabar Coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea, which is a part of the Arabian Sea. It is north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. The city ...
(1407) *Koqie (?) *
Kucha Kucha, or Kuche (also: ''Kuçar'', ''Kuchar''; ug, كۇچار, Кучар; zh, t= 龜茲, p=Qiūcí, zh, t= 庫車, p=Kùchē; sa, कूचीन, translit=Kūcīna), was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road ...
*Kuncheng (
Kunduz , native_name_lang = prs , other_name = , settlement_type = City , image_skyline = Kunduz River valley.jpg , imagesize = 300 , image_alt = , image_caption = , image_ ...
?) *Lanbang (?) (1376, 1403–1435) *Liuchen (?) (1430, afterwards together with Turfan) * Liuqiu (
Ryukyu Islands The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yon ...
, every two years since 1368) *
Malacca Malacca ( ms, Melaka) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Strait of Malacca. Its capital is Malacca City, dubbed the Historic City, which has bee ...
(1405, 1411, 1412, 1414, 1424, 1434, 1445ff, 1459) * Melinde (1414) *Niekoli (or Miekoli) (?) *
Medina Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the Holiest sites in Islam, second-holiest city in Islam, ...
(somewhere between 1426 and 1435) *
Nishapur Nishapur or officially Romanized as Neyshabur ( fa, ;Or also "نیشاپور" which is closer to its original and historic meaning though it is less commonly used by modern native Persian speakers. In Persian poetry, the name of this city is wri ...
*
Ormus The Kingdom of Ormus (also known as Hormoz; fa, هرمز; pt, Ormuz) was located in the eastern side of the Persian Gulf and extended as far as Bahrain in the west at its zenith. The Kingdom was established in 11th century initially as a dep ...
(1405) *
Pahang Pahang (; Jawi: , Pahang Hulu Malay: ''Paha'', Pahang Hilir Malay: ''Pahaeng'', Ulu Tembeling Malay: ''Pahaq)'' officially Pahang Darul Makmur with the Arabic honorific ''Darul Makmur'' (Jawi: , "The Abode of Tranquility") is a sultanate and ...
(1378, 1414) *Pala (?) *
Palembang Palembang () is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra. The city proper covers on both banks of the Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra. It had a population of 1,668,848 at the 2020 Census. Palembang ...
(1368, 1371, 1373, 1375, 1377) * Samudra (1383, 1405, 1407, 1431, 1435) *
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
(1372, 1405, 1576) *Quxian (1437) * Sairam *
Samarkand fa, سمرقند , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = City , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from the top:Registan square, Shah-i-Zinda necropolis, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, view inside Shah-i-Zinda, ...
(1387, 1389, 1391 etc., after 1523 every five years) *Saolan (identical to Sairam?) *Shadiman (?) *Shehei (?) *
Shiraz Shiraz (; fa, شیراز, Širâz ) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars Province, which has been historically known as Pars () and Persis. As of the 2016 national census, the population of the city was 1,565,572 p ...
* Sukhothai (every three years since 1371-1448) *
Sulu Sulu (), officially the Province of Sulu ( Tausūg: ''Wilāya sin Lupa' Sūg''; tl, Lalawigan ng Sulu), is a province of the Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago and part of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). Its cap ...
(1417, 1421) *
Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
(Fulin?, 1371) *
Tabriz Tabriz ( fa, تبریز ; ) is a city in northwestern Iran, serving as the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. It is the sixth-most-populous city in Iran. In the Quru River valley in Iran's historic Azerbaijan region between long ridges of vo ...
*
Tamerlane Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Kür ...
(1387, 1391){{Citation needed, date=September 2010 *
Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa people, ...
{{citation needed, date=November 2022 *Tieli (?), Zhiloxiashi (?),
Marinduque Marinduque (; ), officially the Province of Marinduque, is an island province in the Philippines located in Southwestern Tagalog Region or Mimaropa, formerly designated as Region IV-B. Its capital is the municipality of Boac. Marinduque lies b ...
(1405) *Togmak *
Turfan Turpan (also known as Turfan or Tulufan, , ug, تۇرپان) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. It has an area of and a population of 632,000 (2015). Geonyms The original name of the cit ...
(1430, 1497, 1509, 1510, every 5 years since 1523) *
Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making ...
(every three years since 1369) *Wala ( Oirads) (beginning in 1403, annually, with interruptions, since 1458) *Wulun (?) *
Yarkand Yarkant County,, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency also Shache County,, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency also transliterated from Uyghur as Yakan County, is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous ...
*Yaxi (?) *Yesücheng (?) *Zhilo (?),
Badakhshan Badakhshan is a historical region comprising parts of modern-day north-eastern Afghanistan, eastern Tajikistan, and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in China. Badakhshan Province is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. Much of historic ...
, Andkhui,
Isfahan Isfahan ( fa, اصفهان, Esfahân ), from its ancient designation ''Aspadana'' and, later, ''Spahan'' in middle Persian, rendered in English as ''Ispahan'', is a major city in the Greater Isfahan Region, Isfahan Province, Iran. It is lo ...
,
Shiraz Shiraz (; fa, شیراز, Širâz ) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars Province, which has been historically known as Pars () and Persis. As of the 2016 national census, the population of the city was 1,565,572 p ...
. (somewhere between 1403 and 1424) *A number of Tibetan temples and tribes from the Tibetan border or the southwest. Tribute in the form of servants,
eunuchs A eunuch ( ) is a male who has been castrated. Throughout history, castration often served a specific social function. The earliest records for intentional castration to produce eunuchs are from the Sumerian city of Lagash in the 2nd millennium ...
, and virgin girls came from: Ming's various ethnic-minority tribes, tribes on the Mongolian Plateau, Korea, Vietnam,{{cite book, author=Hugh Dyson Walker, title=East Asia: A New History, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA259, date=20 November 2012, publisher=AuthorHouse, isbn=978-1-4772-6517-8, pages=259–, access-date=26 January 2019, archive-date=25 December 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225150648/https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA259, url-status=live Cambodia, Central Asia, Siam, Champa, and Okinawa. There were Korean, Jurchen, Mongol, Central Asian, and Vietnamese eunuchs under the Yongle Emperor,{{cite book, author=John W. Dardess, title=Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA36, year=2012, publisher=Rowman & Littlefield, isbn=978-1-4422-0490-4, pages=36–, access-date=2019-01-26, archive-date=2019-12-28, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228133620/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA36, url-status=live{{cite book, author1=Frederick W. Mote, author2=Denis Twitchett, title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA212, date=26 February 1988, publisher=Cambridge University Press, isbn=978-0-521-24332-2, pages=212–, access-date=26 January 2019, archive-date=28 December 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228131051/https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA212, url-status=live including Mongol eunuchs who served him while he was the Prince of Yan.{{cite book, author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai, title=Perpetual happiness: the Ming emperor Yongle, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cUVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33, date=1 July 2011, publisher=University of Washington Press, isbn=978-0-295-80022-6, pages=33–, access-date=26 January 2019, archive-date=26 December 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226213407/https://books.google.com/books?id=5cUVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33, url-status=live In 1381, Muslim and Mongol eunuchs were captured from
Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the ...
, and possibly among them was the great Ming maritime explorer
Zheng He Zheng He (; 1371–1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family and later adopted the surname Zheng conferr ...
.{{cite book, author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai, title=The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA14, year=1996, publisher=SUNY Press, isbn=978-0-7914-2687-6, pages=14–, access-date=2019-01-26, archive-date=2020-08-05, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805075258/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA14, url-status=live Vietnamese eunuchs like Ruan Lang, Ruan An, Fan Hong, Chen Wu, and Wang Jin were sent by Zhang Fu to the Ming.{{cite book, author1=Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee, author2=Luther Carrington Goodrich, author3=房兆楹, title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1363, date=January 1976, publisher=Columbia University Press, isbn=978-0-231-03833-1, pages=1363–, access-date=2019-01-26, archive-date=2019-12-27, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227231635/https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1363, url-status=live During Ming's early contentious relations with Joseon, when there were disputes such as competition for influence over the Jurchens in Manchuria, Korean officials were even flogged by Korean-born Ming eunuch ambassadors when their demands were not met. Some of the ambassadors were arrogant, such as Sin Kwi-saeng who, in 1398, got drunk and brandished a knife at a dinner in the presence of the king. Sino-Korean relations later became amiable, and Korean envoys' seating arrangement in the Ming court was always the highest among the tributaries. A total of 198 eunuchs were sent from Korea to Ming. On 30 Jan 1406, the Ming
Yongle Emperor The Yongle Emperor (; pronounced ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (), was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424. Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dyn ...
expressed horror when the Ryukyuans castrated some of their own children to become eunuchs in order to give them to Yongle. Yongle said that the boys who were castrated were innocent and didn't deserve castration, and he returned the boys to Ryukyu and instructed them not to send eunuchs again. Joseon sent a total of 114 women to the Ming dynasty, consisting of 16 virgin girls (accompanied by 48 female servants), 42 cooks (執饌女), and 8 musical performers (歌舞女).{{cite book , last1=김운회 , title=몽골은 왜 고려를 멸망시키지 않았나 , trans-title=Why Did Mongolia Not Destroy Goryeo? , date=2015 , publisher=역사의아침 , isbn=9788993119916 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRxRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 , accessdate=12 March 2019 , language=ko , archive-date=5 August 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805105820/https://books.google.com/books?id=tRxRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 , url-status=live The women were sent to the Yongle and Xuande emperors in a total of 7 missions between 1408 and 1433. Xuande was the last Ming emperor to receive human tribute from Korea;{{cite book , last1=Wang , first1=Yuan-kang , title=Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics , date=2010 , publisher=Columbia University Press , isbn=9780231522403 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxVfTuKsaJQC&pg=PT244 , accessdate=1 July 2019 , language=en , archive-date=22 December 2019 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222022742/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxVfTuKsaJQC&pg=PT244 , url-status=live with his death in 1435, 53 Korean women were repatriated. There was much speculation that the
Yongle Emperor The Yongle Emperor (; pronounced ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (), was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424. Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dyn ...
's real mother was a Korean{{cite book, last1=Swope, first1=Kenneth M., title=A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598, publisher=University of Oklahoma Press, isbn=9780806185026, page=44, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6G50MaPJWMC&pg=PA44, accessdate=13 September 2016, language=en, date=2013-04-29, archive-date=2020-08-05, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805105200/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6G50MaPJWMC&pg=PA44, url-status=live or Mongolian concubine. Relations between Ming China and Joseon Korea improved dramatically and became much more amicable and mutually profitable during Yongle's reign. Yongle and Xuande were said to have a penchant for Korean cuisine and women. An anti pig slaughter edict led to speculation that the
Zhengde Emperor The Zhengde Emperor (; 26 October 149120 April 1521) was the 11th Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1505 to 1521. Born Zhu Houzhao, he was the Hongzhi Emperor's eldest son. Zhu Houzhao took the throne at only 14 with the era name Z ...
adopted Islam due to his use of Muslim eunuchs who commissioned the production of porcelain with Persian and Arabic inscriptions in white and blue color.{{cite book, author1=Jay A. Levenson, author2=National Gallery of Art (U.S.), title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA477, year=1991, publisher=Yale University Press, isbn=978-0-300-05167-4, pages=477–, access-date=2019-01-26, archive-date=2019-12-31, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231080336/https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA477, url-status=live{{cite book, author=Bernard O'Kane, title=The Civilization of the Islamic World, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7HMZ-flk9kC&pg=PA207, date=15 December 2012, publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, isbn=978-1-4488-8509-1, pages=207–, access-date=26 January 2019, archive-date=24 December 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224143622/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7HMZ-flk9kC&pg=PA207, url-status=live{{cite book, author=Britannica Educational Publishing, title=The Culture of China, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0pS_hjfKs8C&pg=PA176, year=2010, publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing, isbn=978-1-61530-183-6, pages=176–, access-date=2019-01-26, archive-date=2019-12-07, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195516/https://books.google.com/books?id=o0pS_hjfKs8C&pg=PA176, url-status=live{{cite book, author=Kathleen Kuiper, title=The Culture of China, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePytAJX0yZcC&pg=PA176, year=2010, publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, isbn=978-1-61530-140-9, pages=176–, access-date=2019-01-26, archive-date=2019-12-24, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224194718/https://books.google.com/books?id=ePytAJX0yZcC&pg=PA176, url-status=live{{cite book, author=Britannica Educational Publishing, title=The Culture of China, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcecAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176, date=1 April 2010, publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing, isbn=978-1-61530-183-6, pages=176–, access-date=26 January 2019, archive-date=30 December 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230204617/https://books.google.com/books?id=jcecAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176, url-status=live{{cite book, author=Suzanne G. Valenstein, title=A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVwuJvo4YgC&pg=PA187, year=1988, publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art, isbn=978-0-8109-1170-3, pages=187–, access-date=2019-01-26, archive-date=2019-12-27, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227145223/https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVwuJvo4YgC&pg=PA187, url-status=live Muslim eunuchs contributed money in 1496 to repairing Niujie Mosque. Central Asian women were provided to the Zhengde Emperor by a Muslim guard and Sayyid Hussein from Hami.{{cite book, author=Susan Naquin, title=Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bANasl7nayUC&pg=PA213, date=16 December 2000, publisher=University of California Press, isbn=978-0-520-92345-4, pages=213–, access-date=22 September 2016, archive-date=23 December 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223035803/https://books.google.com/books?id=bANasl7nayUC&pg=PA213, url-status=live The guard was Yu Yung and the women were Uighur.{{cite book, author1=Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee, author2=Luther Carrington Goodrich, author3=房兆楹, title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=067On0JgItAC&pg=PA309, year=1976, publisher=Columbia University Press, isbn=978-0-231-03801-0, pages=309–, access-date=2016-09-22, archive-date=2016-09-02, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902203803/https://books.google.com/books?id=067On0JgItAC&pg=PA309, url-status=live It is unknown who really was behind the anti-pig slaughter edict.{{cite book, author=B. J. ter Haar, title=Telling Stories: Witchcraft And Scapegoating in Chinese History, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PVPyPRcPBYC&pg=PA4, year=2006, publisher=BRILL, isbn=90-04-14844-2, pages=4–, access-date=2019-01-26, archive-date=2020-09-19, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919014512/https://books.google.com/books?id=-PVPyPRcPBYC&pg=PA4, url-status=live The speculation of him becoming a Muslim is remembered alongside his excessive and debauched behavior along with his concubines of foreign origin.{{cite book, author=Frank Trentmann, title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Consumption, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlSOtYk_fIgC&pg=PT65, date=22 March 2012, publisher=OUP Oxford, isbn=978-0-19-162435-3, pages=47–, access-date=13 October 2016, archive-date=5 August 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805000447/https://books.google.com/books?id=qlSOtYk_fIgC&pg=PT65, url-status=live Muslim Central Asian girls were favored by Zhengde like how Korean girls were favored by Xuande.{{cite book, author=John W. Dardess, title=Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROQVzWT2iiUC&pg=PA47, year=2012, publisher=Rowman & Littlefield, isbn=978-1-4422-0491-1, pages=47–, access-date=2016-09-22, archive-date=2019-12-28, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228122821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ROQVzWT2iiUC&pg=PA47, url-status=live A Uighur concubine was kept by Zhengde.{{cite book, author=Peter C Perdue, title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA64, date=30 June 2009, publisher=Harvard University Press, isbn=978-0-674-04202-5, pages=64–, access-date=22 September 2016, archive-date=25 December 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225074211/https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA64, url-status=live Uighur and Mongol women were favored by the Zhengde emperor.{{cite book, author=Frederick W. Mote, title=Imperial China 900-1800, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA657, year=2003, publisher=Harvard University Press, isbn=978-0-674-01212-7, pages=657–, access-date=2016-09-22, archive-date=2019-04-08, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408150053/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC, url-status=live


Qing

This list covers states that sent tribute between 1662 and 1875, and were not covered under the
Lifanyuan The Lifan Yuan (; ; Mongolian: Гадаад Монголын төрийг засах явдлын яам, ''γadaγadu mongγul un törü-yi jasaqu yabudal-un yamun'') was an agency in the government of the Qing dynasty of China which administered ...
. Therefore,
Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa people, ...
or the
Khalkha The Khalkha ( Mongolian: mn, Халх, Halh, , zh, 喀爾喀) have been the largest subgroup of Mongol people in modern Mongolia since the 15th century. The Khalkha, together with Chahars, Ordos and Tumed, were directly ruled by Borjigin k ...
are not included, although they did send tribute in the period given:John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü: ''On the Ch'ing Tributary System'', in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 193ff * Đại Nam (Vietnam) (annually, every three years) *
Dzungars The Dzungar people (also written as Zunghar; from the Mongolian words , meaning 'left hand') were the many Mongol Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically they were one of major tr ...
(1681, 1685, 1735, 1738, 1742, 1743, 1745, 1746, 1752, and 1753) * Hunza (1761) *
Joseon Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...
(Korea) (three or four times a year;{{cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&q=%22four+times%22&pg=PA179, title=The land of scholars: two thousand years of Korean Confucianism, first=Jae-un, last=Kang, publisher=Homa & Sekey Books, year=2006, quote=''Joseon requested to send a tribute "thrice each year" or "four times per year" instead and achieved it.'', isbn=1-931907-30-7, access-date=2020-10-18, archive-date=2021-09-26, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926085708/https://books.google.com/books?id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&q=%22four+times%22&pg=PA179, url-status=live{{cite book , url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781740594493 , url-access = registration , page
22
, title=Korea , first1= Martin, last1= Robinson, first2=Andrew , last2=Bender , first3= Rob , last3= Whyte , publisher= Lonely Planet , year= 2004 , isbn= 1-74059-449-5 , quote=The tribute taken to Beijing three or four times a year during most of the Joseon period provides an interesting insight into Korean products at this time.
435 embassies, 1637-1881) *
Khanate of Kokand The Khanate of Kokand ( fa, ; ''Khānneshin-e Khoqand'', chg, ''Khoqand Khānligi'') was a Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyr ...
(between 1774–1798){{Citation needed, date=October 2010 * Kirgiz (1757 and 1758) *
Lanfang Republic The Lanfang Republic (, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ''Làn-fông Khiung-fò-koet''), also known as Lanfang Company (), was a Chinese kongsi federation and a tributary state of Qing China in Western Borneo. It was established by a Hakka Chinese named in 17 ...
*
Laos Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist s ...
(17 times) *
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
(1663(?), 1667, 1686, and 1795). *
Nepal Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne, सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is ma ...
(1732(?), 1792, 1794, 1795, 1823, 1842, and 1865) *
Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of th ...
(1670, 1678, 1752, and 1753) *
Ryukyu The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yonagu ...
(every two years on average, 122 times in total between 1662 and 1875) *
Siam Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
(Thailand) (48 times, most of them after 1780 and before the reign of
Rama IV Mongkut ( th, มงกุฏ; 18 October 18041 October 1868) was the fourth monarch of Siam (Thailand) under the House of Chakri, titled Rama IV. He ruled from 1851 to 1868. His full title in Thai was ''Phra Bat Somdet Phra Menthora Ramathibo ...
) *
Sikkim Sikkim (; ) is a state in Northeastern India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Province No. 1 of Nepal in the west and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is also close to the Sil ...
(since 1791) *
Sulu Sultanate The Sultanate of Sulu ( Tausūg: ''Kasultanan sin Sūg'', كاسولتانن سين سوڬ; Malay: ''Kesultanan Sulu''; fil, Sultanato ng Sulu; Chavacano: ''Sultanato de Sulu/Joló''; ar, سلطنة سولك) was a Muslim state that ruled ...
(1726,{{cite book, author=Geoffrey C. Gunn, title=History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E10tnvapZt0C&pg=PA94, date=1 August 2011, publisher=Hong Kong University Press, isbn=978-988-8083-34-3, pages=94–, access-date=29 May 2017, archive-date=5 August 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193849/https://books.google.com/books?id=E10tnvapZt0C&pg=PA94, url-status=live 1733, 1743, 1747, 1752, 1753, and 1754) *
Turpan Turpan (also known as Turfan or Tulufan, , ug, تۇرپان) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. It has an area of and a population of 632,000 (2015). Geonyms The original name of the cit ...
(1673 and 1686) * Uluğ Orda After the Second Manchu invasion of Korea,
Joseon Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...
Korea was forced to give several of their royal princesses as concubines to the Qing Manchu regent Prince
Dorgon Dorgon (, ; 17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), was a Manchu prince and regent of the early Qing dynasty. Born in the House of Aisin-Gioro as the 14th son of Nurhaci (the founder of the Later Jin dynasty, predecessor of the Qing dynast ...
. In 1650, Dorgon married the Korean Princess Uisun (義順). The Princess' name in Korean was Uisun, she was Prince Yi Kaeyoon's (Kumrimgoon) daughter. Dorgon married two Korean princesses at Lianshan. The tribute system did not dissolve in 1875, but tribute embassies became less frequent and regular: twelve more Korean embassies until 1894, one more (abortive) from Liuqiu in 1877, three more from Vietnam, and four from Nepal, the last one in 1908. In 1886, after Britain took over Burma, they maintained the sending of tribute to China, putting themselves in a lower status than in their previous relations. It was agreed in the Burma convention in 1886 that China would recognize Britain's occupation of Upper Burma while Britain continued the Burmese payment of tribute every ten years to Peking.{{cite book, url=https://archive.org/details/chinasintercour01rockgoog, quote=tribute china., title=China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895, author=William Woodville Rockhill, year=1905, publisher=Luzac & Co., location=LONDON, pag
5
accessdate=February 19, 2011(Colonial period Korea; WWC-5)(Original from the University of California)


See also

*
Chinese expansionism Chinese expansionism over the last four thousand years has been a central feature of the history of East Asia. During times when China wielded much greater power such as during the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Qing dynasties, China would even influence ...
*
Chinese nationalism Chinese nationalism () is a form of nationalism in the People's Republic of China (Mainland China) and the Republic of China on Taiwan which asserts that the Chinese people are a nation and promotes the cultural and national unity of all Chi ...
* Emperor at home, king abroad *
Foreign relations of imperial China : ''For the later history after 1800 see History of foreign relations of China.'' The foreign relations of Imperial China from the Qin dynasty until the Qing dynasty encompassed many situations as the fortunes of dynasties rose and fell. Chinese ...
**
Foreign relations of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), has full diplomatic relations with 178 out of the other 193 United Nations member states, Cook Islands, Niue and the State of Palestine. Since 2019, China has had the most diplomatic miss ...
*
Greater China Greater China is an informal geographical area that shares commercial and cultural ties with the Han Chinese people. The notion of "Greater China" refers to the area that usually encompasses Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan in East ...
* History of China#Imperial China *
Tributary system of China The tributary system of China (), or Cefeng system () was a network of loose international relations focused on China which facilitated trade and foreign relations by acknowledging China's predominant role in East Asia. It involved multiple relati ...
* List of recipients of tribute from China *
Silk Road The Silk Road () was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. Spanning over 6,400 kilometers (4,000 miles), it played a central role in facilitating economic, cultural, political, and rel ...
* Sinocentrism *
Zheng He Zheng He (; 1371–1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family and later adopted the surname Zheng conferr ...
*
Adoption of Chinese literary culture Chinese writing, culture and institutions were imported as a whole by Vietnam, Korea, Japan and other neighbouring states over an extended period. Chinese Buddhism spread over East Asia between the 2nd and 5th centuries AD, followed by Conf ...
*
Suzerainty Suzerainty () is the rights and obligations of a person, state or other polity who controls the foreign policy and relations of a tributary state, while allowing the tributary state to have internal autonomy. While the subordinate party is ca ...
*
Tributary state A tributary state is a term for a pre-modern state in a particular type of subordinate relationship to a more powerful state which involved the sending of a regular token of submission, or tribute, to the superior power (the suzerain). This to ...
*
Tribute A tribute (; from Latin ''tributum'', "contribution") is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of submission, allegiance or respect. Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conq ...


References


Citations

{{Reflist


Sources

{{refbegin * {{PD-old-text , title=The National Review , year=1884 , author= * {{PD-old-text , title=The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 15 , year=1911, author=Hugh Chisholm * {{PD-old-text , title=China and her mysteries , year=1901 , author=Alfred Stead * {{PD-old-text , title=China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895 , year=1905 , author=William Woodville Rockhill * {{PD-old-text , title=Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Toward the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century, Volume 2 , year=1888 , author=E. Bretschneider * van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1797). ''Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795.'' Philadelphia: M.L.E. Moreau de Saint-Méry. * _______________. (1798)
''An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1794 and 1795,'' Vol. I.
London : R. Phillips. * Fairbank, John K. "Tributary Trade and China's Relations with the West", ''The Far Eastern Quarterly'' (1942). Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 129–149. * de Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph. (1808). ''Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France.'' Paris. {{OCLC, 417277650. * Kang, David C. (2010). ''East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute.'' New York : Columbia University Press. {{ISBN, 9780231153188; {{OCLC, 562768984. * Kerr, George H. (1965). ''Okinawa, the History of an Island People.'' Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. {{OCLC, 39242121 * Kwak, Tae-Hwan and Seung-Ho Joo. (2003). ''The Korean peace process and the four powers.'' Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. {{ISBN, 9780754636533; {{OCLC, 156055048 * Korea Herald. (2004) ''Korea now.'' Seoul: Korea Herald. {{ISSN, 1739-225X
OCLC 43438924
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404084038/http://www.worldcat.org/title/korea-now/oclc/43438924 , date=2016-04-04 . * Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge:
Harvard University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the retir ...
. {{ISBN, 978-0-674-01753-5; {{OCLC, 48943301. * Pratt, Keith L.,
Richard Rutt Cecil Richard Rutt CBE (27 August 192527 July 2011) was an English Roman Catholic priest and a former Anglican bishop. Rutt spent almost 20 years of his life serving as an Anglican missionary in South Korea, a country for which he developed ...
, and
James Hoare James Edward Hoare (born 1943) is a British academic and historian specialising in Korean and Chinese studies, and a career diplomat in the British Foreign Office. Academia Dr. Hoare is a graduate of London's School of Oriental and African Studi ...
. (1999). ''Korea : a historical and cultural dictionary,'' Richmond: Curzon Press. {{ISBN, 9780700704637; {{ISBN, 978-0-7007-0464-4; {{OCLC, 245844259. * Seth, Michael J. (2006). ''A concise history of Korea: from the neolithic period through the nineteenth century.'' Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN, 9780742540040; {{OCLC, 65407346. * Wang, Zhenping. (2005). ''Ambassadors from the islands of immortals: China-Japan relations in the Han-Tang period.'' Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. {{ISBN, 9780824828714; {{OCLC, 260081991. {{refend


External links

*
Perpetual Happiness, The Ming Emperor Yongle
' pp. 178–180.
Ming occupation of Vietnam and Lam Son insurrection
{{Portal bar, China, History, Politics {{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Tributaries Of Imperial China Foreign relations of Imperial China