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symphonies A symphony is an extended musical composition in Western classical music, most often for orchestra. Although the term has had many meanings from its origins in the ancient Greek era, by the late 18th century the word had taken on the meaning co ...
by the classical
composer A composer is a person who writes music. The term is especially used to indicate composers of Western classical music, or those who are composers by occupation. Many composers are, or were, also skilled performers of music. Etymology and Def ...
Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn ( , ; 31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the string quartet and piano trio. His contributions to musical form have le ...
(1732–1809). Of these, 104 have numbers associated with them which were originally assigned by Eusebius Mandyczewski in 1908 in the chronological order that was known at the time. In the subsequent decades, numerous inaccuracies in the chronology (especially in the lower numbers) were found, but the Mandyczewski numbers were so widely used that when
Anthony van Hoboken Anthony van Hoboken (; ; 23 March 1887 – 1 November 1983) was a Dutch musical collector, bibliographer, and musicologist. He became especially well known for his scholarship on the music of Joseph Haydn and in particular for being the crea ...
compiled his catalogue of Haydn's works, he incorporated the Mandyczewski number into Catalogue I (e.g., Symphony No. 34 is listed as Hob. I/34). Also in that time period, two additional symphonies were discovered (which were assigned non-Mandyczewskian letters "A" and "B"), bringing the total to 106.


The symphonies

* Symphony No. 1 in D major ''Lukawitz'' ''(Lukavická)'' (composed by
1759 In Great Britain, this year was known as the ''Annus Mirabilis'', because of British victories in the Seven Years' War. Events January–March * January 6 – George Washington marries Martha Dandridge Custis. * January 11 &nda ...
) * Symphony No. 2 in C major (between
1757 Events January–March * January 2 – Seven Years' War: The British Army, under the command of Robert Clive, captures Calcutta, India. * January 5 – Robert-François Damiens makes an unsuccessful assassination attempt ...
and 1761) * Symphony No. 3 in G major (between
1760 Events January–March * January 9 – Battle of Barari Ghat: Afghan forces defeat the Marathas. * January 22 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Wandiwash, India: British general Sir Eyre Coote is victorious over the Fr ...
and
1762 Events January–March * January 4 – Britain enters the Seven Years' War against Spain and Naples. * January 5 – Empress Elisabeth of Russia dies, and is succeeded by her nephew Peter III. Peter, an admirer of Frederick ...
) * Symphony No. 4 in D major (between 1757 and 1761) * Symphony No. 5 in A major (between 1760 and 1762) * Symphony No. 6 in D major, ''Le matin'' (1761) * Symphony No. 7 in C major, ''Le midi'' (1761) * Symphony No. 8 in G major, ''Le soir'' (1761) * Symphony No. 9 in C major (1762) * Symphony No. 10 in D major (between 1757 and 1761) * Symphony No. 11 in E major (between 1760 and 1762) * Symphony No. 12 in E major (
1763 Events January–March * January 27 – The seat of colonial administration in the Viceroyalty of Brazil is moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. * February 1 – The Royal Colony of North Carolina officially creates Meck ...
) * Symphony No. 13 in D major (1763) * Symphony No. 14 in A major (between 1761 and 1763) * Symphony No. 15 in D major (between 1760 and 1763) * Symphony No. 16 in B major (between 1757 and 1761) * Symphony No. 17 in F major (between 1757 and 1763) * Symphony No. 18 in G major (between 1757 and
1764 1764 ( MDCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday and is the fifth year of the 1760s decade, the 64th year of the 18th century, and the 764th year of the 2nd millennium. Events January–June * January 7 – The Siculicidium ...
) * Symphony No. 19 in D major (between 1757 and 1761) * Symphony No. 20 in C major (by 1762) * Symphony No. 21 in A major (1764) * Symphony No. 22 in E major, ''Philosopher'' (1764) * Symphony No. 23 in G major (1764) * Symphony No. 24 in D major (1764) * Symphony No. 25 in C major (between 1761 and, most likely, in 1763) * Symphony No. 26 in D minor, ''Lamentatione'' (
1768 Events January–March * January 9 – Philip Astley stages the first modern circus, with acrobats on galloping horses, in London. * February 11 – Samuel Adams's circular letter is issued by the Massachusetts House ...
, maybe
1769 Events January–March * February 2 – Pope Clement XIII dies, the night before preparing an order to dissolve the Jesuits.Denis De Lucca, ''Jesuits and Fortifications: The Contribution of the Jesuits to Military Architecture ...
) * Symphony No. 27 in G major, ''Hermannstädter'' (probably before 1760) * Symphony No. 28 in A major (
1765 Events January–March * January 23 – Prince Joseph of Austria marries Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria in Vienna. * January 29 – One week before his death, Mir Jafar, who had been enthroned as the Nawab of Bengal and ru ...
) * Symphony No. 29 in E major (1765) * Symphony No. 30 in C major, ''Alleluia'' (1765) * Symphony No. 31 in D major, ''Hornsignal'' (1765) * Symphony No. 32 in C major (between 1757 and 1763, probably 1760/1761) * Symphony No. 33 in C major (1760/1761, or 1763–65) * Symphony No. 34 in D minor (1763) * Symphony No. 35 in B major ( 1767) * Symphony No. 36 in E major (first half of the 1760s) * Symphony No. 37 in C major (by
1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologi ...
) * Symphony No. 38 in C major, ''Echo'' (between 1765 and 1769, perhaps 1768) * Symphony No. 39 in G minor, ''Tempesta di mare'' (1767/1768) * Symphony No. 40 in F major (by 1763) * Symphony No. 41 in C major (by 1769) * Symphony No. 42 in D major (by
1771 Events January– March * January 5 – The Great Kalmyk ( Torghut) Migration is led by Ubashi Khan, from the east bank of the Lower Volga River back to the homeland of Dzungaria, at this time under Qing Dynasty rule. * January ...
) * Symphony No. 43 in E major, ''Mercury'' (by 1771) * Symphony No. 44 in E minor, ''Trauer'' ( 1772) * Symphony No. 45 in F minor, ''Farewell'' (1772) * Symphony No. 46 in B major (1772) * Symphony No. 47 in G major, ''The Palindrome'' (1772) * Symphony No. 48 in C major, ''Maria Theresia'' (1768/1769) * Symphony No. 49 in F minor, ''La passione'' (1768) * Symphony No. 50 in C major ( 1773 and
1774 Events January–March * January 21 – Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I. * January 27 ** An angry crowd in Boston, Massachusetts seizes, tars, and feathers British customs c ...
) * Symphony No. 51 in B major (1773/1774) * Symphony No. 52 in C minor (1771/1772) * Symphony No. 53 in D major, ''L'impériale'' (
1778 Events January–March * January 18 – Third voyage of James Cook: Captain James Cook, with ships HMS ''Resolution'' and HMS ''Discovery'', first views Oahu then Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands of the Pacific Ocean, which he na ...
)/(
1779 Events January–March * January 11 – British troops surrender to the Marathas in Wadgaon, India, and are forced to return all territories acquired since 1773. * January 11 – Ching-Thang Khomba is crowned King of Manip ...
) * Symphony No. 54 in G major (1774) * Symphony No. 55 in E major, ''The Schoolmaster'' (by 1774) * Symphony No. 56 in C major (by 1774) * Symphony No. 57 in D major (1774) * Symphony No. 58 in F major (between 1767 and 1774) * Symphony No. 59 in A major, ''Feuer'' (by
1769 Events January–March * February 2 – Pope Clement XIII dies, the night before preparing an order to dissolve the Jesuits.Denis De Lucca, ''Jesuits and Fortifications: The Contribution of the Jesuits to Military Architecture ...
) * Symphony No. 60 in C major, ''Il distratto'' (by
1775 Events Summary The American Revolutionary War began this year, with the first military engagement being the April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord on the day after Paul Revere's now-legendary ride. The Second Continental Congress t ...
, probably 1774) * Symphony No. 61 in D major (
1776 Events January–February * January 1 – American Revolutionary War – Burning of Norfolk: The town of Norfolk, Virginia is destroyed, by the combined actions of the British Royal Navy and occupying Patriot forces. * Januar ...
) * Symphony No. 62 in D major (
1780 Events January–March * January 16 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Cape St. Vincent: British Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a Spanish fleet. * February 19 – The legislature of New York votes to allow ...
/
1781 Events January–March * January – William Pitt the Younger, later Prime Minister of Great Britain, enters Parliament, aged 21. * January 1 – Industrial Revolution: The Iron Bridge opens across the River Severn ...
) * Symphony No. 63 in C major, ''La Roxelane'' (between 1779 and 1781) * Symphony No. 64 in A major, ''Tempora mutantur'' (between 1773 and 1775) * Symphony No. 65 in A major (by 1778) * Symphony No. 66 in B major (1775–1776?) * Symphony No. 67 in F major (by 1779) * Symphony No. 68 in B major (by 1779) * Symphony No. 69 in C major, ''Laudon'' (by 1779) * Symphony No. 70 in D major (by 1779) * Symphony No. 71 in B major (by 1780) * Symphony No. 72 in D major (between 1763 and 1765) * Symphony No. 73 in D major, ''La chasse'' ( 1782) * Symphony No. 74 in E major (1780/
1781 Events January–March * January – William Pitt the Younger, later Prime Minister of Great Britain, enters Parliament, aged 21. * January 1 – Industrial Revolution: The Iron Bridge opens across the River Severn ...
) * Symphony No. 75 in D major (between 1779 and 1781) * Symphony No. 76 in E major ( 1782) * Symphony No. 77 in B major (1782) * Symphony No. 78 in C minor (1782) * Symphony No. 79 in F major (
1784 Events January–March * January 6 – Treaty of Constantinople: The Ottoman Empire agrees to Russia's annexation of the Crimea. * January 14 – The Congress of the United States ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Bri ...
) * Symphony No. 80 in D minor (1784) * Symphony No. 81 in G major (1784) * The " Paris symphonies": ** Symphony No. 82 in C major, ''The Bear'' ( 1786) ** Symphony No. 83 in G minor, ''The Hen'' ( 1785) ** Symphony No. 84 in E major, ''In nomine Domini'' (1786) ** Symphony No. 85 in B major, ''La Reine'' ("The Queen") (1785/1786) ** Symphony No. 86 in D major (1786) ** Symphony No. 87 in A major (1786) * Symphony No. 88 in G major ( 1787) * Symphony No. 89 in F major (1787) * Symphony No. 90 in C major (
1788 Events January–March * January 1 – The first edition of ''The Times'', previously ''The Daily Universal Register'', is published in London. * January 2 – Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the fourth U.S ...
) * Symphony No. 91 in E major (1788) * Symphony No. 92 in G major, ''Oxford'' (
1789 Events January–March * January – Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès publishes the pamphlet ''What Is the Third Estate?'' ('), influential on the French Revolution. * January 7 – The 1788-89 United States presidential electio ...
) * The " London symphonies": ** Symphony No. 93 in D major (
1791 Events January–March * January 1 – Austrian composer Joseph Haydn arrives in England, to perform a series of concerts. * January 2 – Northwest Indian War: Big Bottom Massacre – The war begins in the Ohio Country ...
) ** Symphony No. 94 in G major, ''The Surprise'' (1791) ** Symphony No. 95 in C minor (1791) ** Symphony No. 96 in D major, ''The Miracle'' (1791) ** Symphony No. 97 in C major (
1792 Events January–March * January 9 – The Treaty of Jassy ends the Russian Empire's war with the Ottoman Empire over Crimea. * February 18 – Thomas Holcroft produces the comedy '' The Road to Ruin'' in London. * February ...
) ** Symphony No. 98 in B major (1792) ** Symphony No. 99 in E major (
1793 The French Republic introduced the French Revolutionary Calendar starting with the year I. Events January–June * January 7 – The Ebel riot occurs in Sweden. * January 9 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fl ...
) ** Symphony No. 100 in G major, ''Military'' (1793/
1794 Events January–March * January 1 – The Stibo Group is founded by Niels Lund as a printing company in Aarhus (Denmark). * January 13 – The U.S. Congress enacts a law providing for, effective May 1, 1795, a United Stat ...
) ** Symphony No. 101 in D major, ''The Clock'' (1793/1794) ** Symphony No. 102 in B major (1794) ** Symphony No. 103 in E major, ''Drumroll'' (
1795 Events January–June * January – Central England records its coldest ever month, in the CET records dating back to 1659. * January 14 – The University of North Carolina opens to students at Chapel Hill, becoming t ...
) ** Symphony No. 104 in D major, ''London'' (1795) Hoboken also includes four other works in his "Symphony" category (Hob. I): * Hob. I/105 in B major, better known as the ''
Sinfonia Concertante Sinfonia concertante (; also called ''symphonie concertante'') is an orchestral work, normally in several movements, in which one or more solo instruments contrast with the full orchestra.Collins: ''Encyclopedia of Music'', William Collins Sons & C ...
for violin, cello, oboe and bassoon'' (1792) * Hob. I/106 in D major, for which only one part has survived (1769?); sometimes used as the overture to '' Le pescatrici'' * Hob. I/107 in B major, often known not by a number but as ''Symphony A'' (between 1757 and 1760) * Hob. I/108 in B major, often known not by a number but as ''Symphony B'' (between 1757 and 1760) Despite this, the number of "symphonies" by Haydn is usually given as 106.Oxford Composer Companions: ''Haydn'', ed.
David Wyn Jones David Wyn Jones (born 1950) is a British musicologist. He is an expert on music of the Classical period, including that of Haydn and Beethoven. Professional life Wyn Jones received his Ph.D. from the University of Wales in 1978, on the basis of ...
,
Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print book ...
, 2002, p. 381. .


Extensive and complete recordings

Several conductors recorded incomplete runs of the symphonies on LP, including three,
Hermann Scherchen Hermann Scherchen (21 June 1891 – 12 June 1966) was a German conductor. Life Scherchen was born in Berlin. Originally a violist, he played among the violas of the Bluthner Orchestra of Berlin while still in his teens. He conducted in Riga ...
, Max Goberman, and Derek Solomons, whose efforts have been reissued in all or part on CD. In the sixties, Leslie Jones conducted some fifty of Haydn's symphonies together with The Little Orchestra of London. Although not using period instruments, Jones may have been one of the first conductors to use small scale forces. Four conductors have recorded the complete symphonies of Joseph Haydn. *
Ernst Märzendorfer Ernst Märzendorfer (26 May 192116 September 2009) was an Austrian conductor. Märzendorfer was born in Oberndorf bei Salzburg. He studied with Clemens Krauss at the Mozarteum in Salzburg, and was appointed as first conductor of the Graz Opera in ...
recorded a complete set, but it was little known at the time due to limited US-only distribution. * The first to make a complete recording that was widely available was the Hungarian-American conductor
Antal Doráti Antal Doráti (, , ; 9 April 1906 – 13 November 1988) was a Hungarian-born conductor and composer who became a naturalized American citizen in 1943. Biography Antal Doráti was born in Budapest, where his father Alexander Doráti was a vi ...
, with the Philharmonia Hungarica, issued first on LP and subsequently on CD. * Hungarian conductor
Ádám Fischer Ádám Fischer (born 9 September 1949 in Budapest) is a Hungarian conductor. He is the general music director of the Austro-Hungarian Haydn Orchestra, chief conductor of the Danish Chamber Orchestra, and chief conductor of the Düsseldorfer Sy ...
recorded a complete CD cycle in the late 1990s with the Austro-Hungarian Haydn Orchestra. * In 2009, American conductor
Dennis Russell Davies Dennis Russell Davies (born April 16, 1944 in Toledo, Ohio) is an American conductor and pianist, He is currently the music director and chief conductor of the Brno Philharmonic. Biography Davies studied piano and conducting at the Juilliard Sch ...
completed a cycle with the
Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra The Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra (Stuttgarter Kammerorchester) is a German chamber orchestra based in Stuttgart Stuttgart (; Swabian: ; ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar ...
.
Christopher Hogwood Christopher Jarvis Haley Hogwood (10 September 194124 September 2014) was an English conductor, harpsichordist, writer, and musicologist. Founder of the early music ensemble the Academy of Ancient Music, he was an authority on historically i ...
was to have recorded a complete cycle of Haydn symphonies with the
Academy of Ancient Music The Academy of Ancient Music (AAM) is a British period-instrument orchestra based in Cambridge, England. Founded by harpsichordist Christopher Hogwood in 1973, it was named after an 18th-century organisation of the same name (originally the Ac ...
(AAM) for
Decca Decca may refer to: Music * Decca Records or Decca Music Group, a record label * Decca Gold, a classical music record label owned by Universal Music Group * Decca Broadway, a musical theater record label * Decca Studios, a recording facility in We ...
's L'Oiseau Lyre imprint in a total of 15 volumes, each containing 3 CDs. Between 1990 and 2000, a total of 10 of these volumes were commercially released on CD; these volumes contain Nos. 1–75, plus the two early symphonies numbered 107 and 108, and are presented in a theoretical chronological order rather than numerical order. The program booklets contained in each of these 10 volumes contain a concordance to the complete contents of the 15 volumes. Prior to the commencement of this project, Hogwood and the AAM had recorded four of Haydn's later symphonies (94, 96, 100, and 104) for L'Oiseau Lyre, which were released on LP and later on CD. The last five of the 15-volume series were never released, although at least Nos. 76 and 77 were recorded and had a limited release on CD through ''
BBC Music Magazine ''BBC Music Magazine'' is a British monthly magazine that focuses primarily on classical music. History The first issue appeared in September 1992. BBC Worldwide, the commercial subsidiary of the BBC was the original owner and publisher togeth ...
''. During the 1980s,
Neville Marriner Sir Neville Marriner, (15 April 1924 – 2 October 2016) was an English violinist and "one of the world's greatest conductors". Gramophone lists Marriner as one of the 50 greatest conductors and another compilation ranks Marriner #14 of the ...
recorded the "
name A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A persona ...
" symphonies (29 symphonies) with the
Academy of St Martin in the Fields The Academy of St Martin in the Fields (ASMF) is an English chamber orchestra, based in London. John Churchill, then Master of Music at the London church of St Martin-in-the-Fields, and Neville Marriner founded the orchestra as "The Academy o ...
for
Philips Classics Records Philips Classics Records was started in the 1980s as the new classics record label for Philips Records. It was successful with artists including Alfred Brendel, Sir John Eliot Gardiner, Sir Neville Marriner and the Academy of St. Martin in the Fie ...
. These include Nos. 6, 7, 8, 22, 26, 31, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 53, 55, 59, 60, 63, 69, 73, 82, 83, 85, 92, 94, 96, 100, 101, 103, 104. They were originally released separately, then as a box set. During the 1980s,
Trevor Pinnock Trevor David Pinnock (born 16 December 1946 in Canterbury, England) is a British harpsichordist and conductor. He is best known for his association with the period-performance orchestra The English Concert, which he helped found and direct ...
recorded the ''
Sturm und Drang ''Sturm und Drang'' (, ; usually translated as "storm and stress") was a proto- Romantic movement in German literature and music that occurred between the late 1760s and early 1780s. Within the movement, individual subjectivity and, in particul ...
'' symphonies (19 symphonies) with
The English Concert The English Concert is a baroque orchestra playing on period instruments based in London. Founded in 1972 and directed from the harpsichord by Trevor Pinnock for 30 years, it is now directed by harpsichordist Harry Bicket. Nadja Zwiener ha ...
for Archiv Produktion. These include Nos. 26, 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 58, 59, 65. They were originally released separately, then as a box set. Also, in 1990, another attempt at a complete Haydn cycle on period instruments began with the
Hanover Band The Hanover Band is a British orchestra specialised in historically informed performance, founded by its artistic director, Caroline Brown. The group's website explains the name thus: '' 'Hanover' signifies the Hanoverian period 1714-1830 and ' ...
led from the keyboard by
Roy Goodman Roy Goodman (born 26 January 1951) is an English conductor and violinist, specialising in the performance and direction of early music. He became internationally famous as the 12-year-old boy treble soloist in the March 1963 recording of Alleg ...
for
Hyperion Records Hyperion Records is an independent British classical record label. History Hyperion is an independent British classical label that was established in 1980 with the goal of showcasing recordings of music in all genres and from all time period ...
. Unfortunately, after releasing 57 symphonies on 17 CDs, this project ran out of funds in 1994. There are two active attempts to record the complete cycle. As of early 2015, Thomas Fey has passed the halfway point of recording all the symphonies – 57 plus the
Sinfonia Concertante Sinfonia concertante (; also called ''symphonie concertante'') is an orchestral work, normally in several movements, in which one or more solo instruments contrast with the full orchestra.Collins: ''Encyclopedia of Music'', William Collins Sons & C ...
in 22 volumes so far – with the Heidelberger Sinfoniker (one volume with the Schlierbacher Kammerorchester) for
Hänssler Hänssler-Verlag is a German music publishing house founded in 1919 as Musikverlag Hänssler by Friedrich Hänssler Senior (died 1972) to publish church music. The company is now based in Holzgerlingen. Since 1972 Hänssler Verlag has also publis ...
. The first volumes were released in 2000. In 2014,
Giovanni Antonini Giovanni Antonini (born 1965) is an Italian conductor and soloist on the recorder and baroque transverse flute. He studied in his native Milan, and attended the Civica Scuola di Musica in that city and the Centre de Musique Ancienne in Geneva. In ...
commenced a cycle for Alpha Records with
Il Giardino Armonico Il Giardino Armonico ("The Garden of Harmony") is an Italian ensemble well noted for its practice of Historically Informed Performance and founded in Milan in 1985 by Luca Pianca and Giovanni Antonini, primarily to play 17th- and 18th-century mus ...
(Vols. 1–4) and
Kammerorchester Basel The chamber orchestra Kammerorchester Basel (also: Kammerorchesterbasel) was founded in Basel, Switzerland, in 1984. In the tradition of Paul Sacher's ''Basler Kammerorchester'', its focus is on both early music and contemporary classical music. ...
(Vols. 5 & 6, to date), aiming to perform and record all of Haydn's symphonies by 2032 (the 300th anniversary of the composer's birth). Conductor Michael Fendre has developed a website which contains for all symphonies, whenever available, links to the recordings by Antal Dorati, Adam Fischer and Christopher Hogwood. The site also contains facts, analyses and a score of each symphony.


See also

* List of compositions by Joseph Haydn * List of concertos by Joseph Haydn * List of Masses by Joseph Haydn * List of operas by Joseph Haydn *
List of piano trios by Joseph Haydn This is a list of piano trios by Joseph Haydn, including the chronological number assigned by H. C. Robbins Landon and the number they are given in Anthony van Hoboken's catalogue of his works. (Hoboken's listings of Haydn compositions are divided ...
* List of solo piano compositions by Joseph Haydn *
List of string quartets by Joseph Haydn Joseph Haydn wrote sixty-eight string quartets. (The number was previously thought to be eighty-three, but this includes some arrangements and spurious works.) They are usually referred to by their opus numbers, not Anthony van Hoboken's catal ...


Notes


Further reading

*
H. C. Robbins Landon Howard Chandler Robbins Landon (March 6, 1926November 20, 2009) was an American musicologist, journalist, historian and broadcaster, best known for his work in rediscovering the huge body of neglected music by Haydn and in correcting misundersta ...
, ''The Symphonies of Joseph Haydn'' (Universal Edition and Rockliff, 1955)


External links

* {{Authority control
Symphonies A symphony is an extended musical composition in Western classical music, most often for orchestra. Although the term has had many meanings from its origins in the ancient Greek era, by the late 18th century the word had taken on the meaning co ...
Haydn, Joseph