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This list of states in the
Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. From the accession of Otto I in 962 unt ...
includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted
imperial immediacy Imperial immediacy (german: Reichsfreiheit or ') was a privileged constitutional and political status rooted in German feudal law under which the Imperial estates of the Holy Roman Empire such as Imperial cities, prince-bishoprics and secular pri ...
, as well as many other feudal entities such as lordships, sous-fiefs and allodial fiefs. The Holy Roman Empire was a complex political entity that existed in central Europe for most of the
medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
and early modern periods and was generally ruled by a German-speaking Emperor. The states that composed the Empire, while enjoying a unique form of territorial authority (called ''
Landeshoheit In the Holy Roman Empire, ''Landeshoheit'' or ''superioritas territorialis''Latin, sometimes ''ius territoriale''. (translated as territorial superiority, territorial supremacy or territorial sovereignty) was the authority possessed by the immedi ...
'') that granted them many attributes of sovereignty, were never fully sovereign states in the sense that term is understood today. In the 18th century, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of approximately 1,800 such territories, the majority being tiny estates owned by the families of
Imperial Knight The Free Imperial knights (german: link=no, Reichsritter la, Eques imperii) were free nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, whose direct overlord was the Emperor. They were the remnants of the medieval free nobility ('' edelfrei'') and the minister ...
s. This page does not directly contain the list but discusses the format of the various lists and offers some background to understand the complex organisation of the Holy Roman Empire. The lists themselves can be accessed via the alphabetical navigation box below; each letter will lead the reader to a page on which states of the Empire that began with that letter are listed. For a more complete history of the empire, see
Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. From the accession of Otto I in 962 unt ...
.


Table of states

While any such list could never be definitive, the list attempts to be as comprehensive as possible. It is sorted alphabetically and split into separate articles linked in the box below. ''There is also a separate list of Free Imperial Cities, as well as a list of participants in the Imperial Diet as of 1792.''


Key

*The "Circle" column shows the Imperial Circle (''Reichskreis'') that the state belonged to. *The "Bench" column shows where the state was represented in the Imperial Diet (''Reichstag''). Note that in the "Circle" column, "n/a" denotes a state that had ceased to exist before the ''Reichsreform''. Other abbreviations used in the list are:


Definition of terms

*
Hochstift In the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church, the German term (plural: ) referred to the territory ruled by a bishop as a prince (i.e. prince-bishop), as opposed to his diocese, generally much larger and over which he exercised only s ...
: the territory ruled by a bishop as a prince. * Imperial Abbey (''Reichsabtei''): an abbey with
imperial immediacy Imperial immediacy (german: Reichsfreiheit or ') was a privileged constitutional and political status rooted in German feudal law under which the Imperial estates of the Holy Roman Empire such as Imperial cities, prince-bishoprics and secular pri ...
. Its head was a '' Reichsabt'', literally 'Imperial Abbot' or 'Abbot of the Empire'. A monastery with similar status was a ''Reichskloster''. * Imperial Circle (''Reichskreis'', plural ''Reichskreise''): a regional grouping of states of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily for the purpose of organising a common defence and of collecting imperial taxes, but also as a means of organisation within the Imperial Diet. * Imperial Diet (''Reichstag''): the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire. The same name was used in the North German Confederation and in Germany until 1945. *
Imperial Estate An Imperial State or Imperial Estate ( la, Status Imperii; german: Reichsstand, plural: ') was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet ('). Rulers of these Estates were able to exercise si ...
(''Reichsstand'', plural ''Reichsstände''): an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Imperial Diet. Several states had no seats in the Empire, while some officials (such as the Hereditary Usher) were non-voting members; neither qualified as Imperial States. * Imperial Free City (''freie Reichsstadt''): a city formally responsible to the emperor only – as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to the territory of one of the many princes (''Fürsten'') of the Empire, such as dukes or prince-bishops. Free cities also had independent representation in the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire. *
Imperial immediacy Imperial immediacy (german: Reichsfreiheit or ') was a privileged constitutional and political status rooted in German feudal law under which the Imperial estates of the Holy Roman Empire such as Imperial cities, prince-bishoprics and secular pri ...
(''Reichsfreiheit'' or ''Reichsunmittelbarkeit''; adjectives ''reichsfrei, reichsunmittelbar'') was a privileged feudal and political status, a form of statehood within the Holy Roman Empire. The ruler of an immediate city, abbey or territory had no overlord other than the
Holy Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans ( la, Imperator Romanorum, german: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period ( la, Imperat ...
and the Imperial Diet. Immediate states had the right to collect taxes and tolls themselves, and held juridical rights (including the ''Blutgericht'', 'high' justice including capital punishment) themselves. ''De facto'', immediacy corresponded to a semi-independence with a far-reaching autonomy. *
Imperial Reform Imperial Reform ( la, Reformatio imperii, german: Reichsreform) is the name given to repeated attempts in the 15th and 16th centuries to adapt the structure and the constitutional order () of the Holy Roman Empire to the requirements of the early ...
: In 1495, an attempt was made at a Diet in the city of
Worms Worms may refer to: *Worm, an invertebrate animal with a tube-like body and no limbs Places *Worms, Germany Worms () is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt am Main. It had ...
to give the disintegrating Holy Roman Empire a new structure, commonly referred to as Imperial Reform (in German: ''Reichsreform''). *
Imperial State An Imperial State or Imperial Estate ( la, Status Imperii; german: Reichsstand, plural: ') was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet ('). Rulers of these Estates were able to exercise si ...
(''Reichsstand'', plural ''Reichsstände''): an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Imperial Diet. *''
Kleinstaaterei In the history of Germany, (, ''"small-state -ery"'') is a German word used, often pejoratively, to denote the territorial fragmentation during the Holy Roman Empire (especially after the end of the Thirty Years' War), and during th ...
'' is a German word mostly used to describe the territorial fragmentation in Germany and neighboring regions during the
Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. From the accession of Otto I in 962 unt ...
(especially after the end of the
Thirty Years' War The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of batt ...
). It refers to the large number of nearly sovereign small and medium-sized secular and ecclesiastical principalities and free imperial cities, some of which were little larger than a single town or the surrounding grounds of the monastery of an Imperial abbey. * Mediatization is the loss of
imperial immediacy Imperial immediacy (german: Reichsfreiheit or ') was a privileged constitutional and political status rooted in German feudal law under which the Imperial estates of the Holy Roman Empire such as Imperial cities, prince-bishoprics and secular pri ...
through annexation by a larger state. A mediatized lord lost most of his power over his former territory, but retained his title and most of his personal privileges. * Prince of the Empire: any ruling Prince whose territory is a member of the Holy Roman Empire (not only German-speaking countries, but also many bordering and extensive neighbouring regions) and entitled to a voting seat (or in a collective voting unit, such as a Gräfenbank) in the Imperial Diet. * Prince-abbot (''Fürstabt'') or prince-abbess (''Äbtissin''): an abbot or abbess with the rank of prince. Prince-abbots (but not prince-abbesses) had a seat and vote on the Ecclesiastical Bench of the College of Ruling Princes of the Imperial Diet, where they sat alongside the prince-bishops. * Prince-bishop (Fürstbischof): a bishop with the rank, ''
ex officio An ''ex officio'' member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term '' ex officio'' is Latin, meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right ...
'', of prince (Fürst). As a prince, he was the temporal ruler of a
Hochstift In the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church, the German term (plural: ) referred to the territory ruled by a bishop as a prince (i.e. prince-bishop), as opposed to his diocese, generally much larger and over which he exercised only s ...
; as a bishop, he exercised the spiritual duties of an ordinary bishop over his diocese, which was always larger than his Hochstift. Prince-bishops had seat and voice on the Ecclesiastical Bench of the College of Ruling Princes of the Imperial Diet. Nearly all the bishops of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Habsburg lands were prince-bishops. *
Prince-elector The prince-electors (german: Kurfürst pl. , cz, Kurfiřt, la, Princeps Elector), or electors for short, were the members of the electoral college that elected the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. From the 13th century onwards, the princ ...
or electoral prince (''Kurfürst'', pl. ''Kurfürsten''): a member of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Holy Roman Emperors. *
Secularization In sociology, secularization (or secularisation) is the transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward non-religious values and secular institutions. The ''secularization thesis'' expresses ...
: the transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession or use.


Notes column

The "Notes" column shows, in capsule form, * the territorial development of the different states or polities (acquisition or loss of possessions, union of rulers or dynasties, etc.); * the royal or noble dynasties, including their various branches, which ruled over territories or polities; * the transmission of succession rights (marriage, female succession, conquest, cession, pledge, etc.); * the attributes of "statehood" (right to mint coins, holding markets and fairs, entering into treaties and pacts, appointment of civil officials, etc.); and * the size of territory and population of the various polities whenever these are available.


Estate of the Empire (''Reichsstand'')

The following excerpt from François Velde's ''Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law'' provides an excellent overview on what an Estate (or State) of the Empire is.François Velde
Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law
2004–2007. Retrieved 2012 October 09.
For his purpose, the author deals only with the hereditary territorial rulers but it should be remembered that the Estates also included a substantial number of non-hereditary territorial rulers such as the ecclesiastical states (prince-bishoprics and imperial abbeys) and free imperial cities.


Grouped lists

''The following lists are going to be included into the table above.''


Ecclesiastical orders

* The
Teutonic Order The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, commonly known as the Teutonic Order, is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was formed to aid Christians on ...

1529: College of Princes
1793: Council of Princes * The
Order of St. John The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was headqu ...

1793: Council of Princes


Livonian territories

*
Terra Mariana Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary") was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia ( nds, Oolt-Livland, liv, Jemā-Līvõmō, et, Vana-Liivimaa, lv, Livonija). It was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade ...
(the
Livonian Confederation Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary") was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia ( nds, Oolt-Livland, liv, Jemā-Līvõmō, et, Vana-Liivimaa, lv, Livonija). It was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade ...
from 1435): **
Archbishopric of Riga The Archbishopric of Riga ( la, Archiepiscopatus Rigensis, nds, Erzbisdom Riga) was an archbishopric in Medieval Livonia, a subject to the Holy See. It was established in 1186 as the bishopric of Livonia at Ikšķile, then after moving to Rig ...
(from 1207, as Bishopric of Riga until 1255, subjugated directly to the
Holy See The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of R ...
in 1215, again from 1225, secularized and subjugated to the
Kingdom of Poland The Kingdom of Poland ( pl, Królestwo Polskie; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a state in Central Europe. It may refer to: Historical political entities * Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom existing from 1025 to 1031 * Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom exi ...
and
Grand Duchy of Lithuania The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was Partitions of Poland, partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire, Habsburg Empire of ...
in 1561) **
Livonian Order The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, formed in 1237. From 1435 to 1561 it was a member of the Livonian Confederation. History The order was formed from the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword after th ...
(secularized 16th century, secularized and subjugated to the
Kingdom of Poland The Kingdom of Poland ( pl, Królestwo Polskie; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a state in Central Europe. It may refer to: Historical political entities * Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom existing from 1025 to 1031 * Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom exi ...
and
Grand Duchy of Lithuania The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was Partitions of Poland, partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire, Habsburg Empire of ...
in 1561) ** Bishopric of Dorpat (from 1225, conquered by
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
in 1558) **
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associate ...
(from 1228, sold to
Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...
in 1560) ** Bishopric of Courland (from 1521, sold to
Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...
in 1560) **
Roman Catholic Diocese of Reval The Bishropic of Reval was a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Reval, Duchy of Estonia created by Valdemar II of Denmark in 1240. Contradictory to canon law, Valdemar II reserved the right to appoint ...
(from 1521, incorporated into
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic countries, Nordic c ...
in 1561) **
Riga Riga (; lv, Rīga , liv, Rīgõ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia and is home to 605,802 inhabitants which is a third of Latvia's population. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the ...
(from 1581, in effect in 1582, incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian
Duchy of Livonia The Duchy of Livonia ( or ; lt, Livonijos kunigaikštystė; la, Ducatus Ultradunensis; et, Liivimaa hertsogkond; lv, Pārdaugavas hercogiste; german: Herzogtum Livland), also referred to as Polish Livonia or Livonia ( pl, link=no, Inflanty) ...
in 1581)


Territories of old princely families

*
Holstein-Gottorp Holstein-Gottorp or Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp () is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, also known as Ducal Holstein, that were ruled by the dukes of Schl ...
** Holstein-Gottorp-Oldenburg * Holstein-Glückstadt


Italian territories

*
Carrara Carrara ( , ; , ) is a city and ''comune'' in Tuscany, in central Italy, of the province of Massa and Carrara, and notable for the white or blue-grey marble quarried there. It is on the Carrione River, some west-northwest of Florence. Its mot ...
*
Finale Finale may refer to: Pieces of music * Finale (music), the last movement of a piece * ''Finale'' (album), a 1977 album by Loggins and Messina * "Finale B", a 1996 song from the rock opera ''Rent'' * "Finale", a song by Anthrax from ''State of E ...
*
Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico ...
*
Genoa Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian census, the Province of ...
* Guastalla *
Lucca Lucca ( , ) is a city and ''comune'' in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea. The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957. Lucca is known as one ...
*
Mantua Mantua ( ; it, Mantova ; Lombard and la, Mantua) is a city and '' comune'' in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name. In 2016, Mantua was designated as the Italian Capital of Culture. In 2017, it was named as the Eur ...
*
Massa Massa may refer to: Places *Massa, Tuscany, the administrative seat of the Italian province of Massa-Carrara. *Massa (river), river in Switzerland * Massa (Tanzanian ward), administrative ward in the Mpwapwa district of the Dodoma Region of Ta ...
*
Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city ...
* Modena and Reggio *
Montferrat Montferrat (, ; it, Monferrato ; pms, Monfrà , locally ; la, Mons Ferratus) is part of the region of Piedmont in northern Italy. It comprises roughly (and its extent has varied over time) the modern provinces of Province of Alessandria, ...
*
Parma Parma (; egl, Pärma, ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture, music, art, prosciutto (ham), cheese and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,292 inhabitants, Parma is the second m ...
*
Piedmont it, Piemontese , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...
*
Piombino Piombino is an Italian town and '' comune'' of about 35,000 inhabitants in the province of Livorno ( Tuscany). It lies on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea, in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma. ...
*
Saluzzo Saluzzo (; pms, Salusse ) is a town and former principality in the province of Cuneo, in the Piedmont region, Italy. The city of Saluzzo is built on a hill overlooking a vast, well-cultivated plain. Iron, lead, silver, marble, slate etc. are fo ...
*
Siena Siena ( , ; lat, Sena Iulia) is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena. The city is historically linked to commercial and banking activities, having been a major banking center until the 13th and 14th centur ...
*
Tuscany it, Toscano (man) it, Toscana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Citizenship , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = Italian , demogra ...


Territories of new princely families

* Thurn und Taxis, held Friedberg-Scheer (1754)


See also

* List of Imperial Diet participants (1792) *
List of historic states of Germany Germany is traditionally a country organized as a federal state. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German-speaking territories of the empire became allied in the German Confederation (1815–1866), a league of states w ...
(after 1815)


References


Further reading


In English

*The Arenberg Archives and Cultural Centre. "The Dukes of Arenberg".

Retrieved June 26, 2006. *Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture. "aeiou: The Annotable, Elektronic, Interactive, Osterreich (Austria), Universal Information System".

Retrieved June 23, 2006. *"Austrian and German Mediatized Houses, 1871–1919".

Retrieved July 4, 2006. *"Braunschweig – Brunswick. A history".

Retrieved July 6, 2006. *Cahoon, Benjamin M. (2000–2006). "Europe Index" in ''WorldStatesmen.org''.

June 26, 2006. *Dotor, Santiago (2004). "Historical Flags (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)" in ''FOTW: Flags of the World Web Site''.

Retrieved July 3, 2006. *"Freiburg's History for Pedestrians" (2006).

Retrieved June 26, 2006. *Graz, Thomas. "Thomas's Glassware Tour to Central Europe: Old Glasses from Old Europe" in ''German History Ring''.

Retrieved June 20, 2006. *Hilkens, Bob (2000). "States and Regents of the World: An Alphabetical Listing of States and Territories and their Regents in the 19th and 20th Centuries".
Retrieved June 27, 2006. *"History of the House of Sayn".

. Retrieved July 28, 2006. * The History Files: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629014158/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/MainEuropeIndex.htm Kingdoms of Europe]. Retrieved July 9, 2006 (Updated February 25, 2007). *"Lippe(-Detmold): Chronology of Lippe" in Genealogy.net.

Retrieved June 25, 2006. *Martinsson, Örjan. "Historical Atlas: Europe".

Retrieved July 14, 2006. *"Medieval German Counties".

Retrieved July 9, 2006. *"Milestones in Pomeranian History, with particular attention to Lauenburg and Buetow".

Retrieved June 26, 2006. *Pantel, Mike (2000). "The History of Baden-Wurttemberg".

Retrieved June 25, 2006. *Principality of Liechtenstein. "Liechtenstein at a Glance: History".

Retrieved June 25, 2006. *Reitwiesner, William Addams (1998). "One of the major questions about the Mediatized Houses is the word 'Mediatized'. What does it mean?".

Retrieved July 1, 2006. *Rozn, Val (1999–2003). "The German Reigning Houses: Titles, territories, regnal chronologies".

Retrieved June 9, 2006. *Rozn, Val (2002). "The Imperial Nobility and the Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire".

Retrieved July 16, 2006. *Rozn, Val (2002). "The Last Years of the Ancient Empire".

Retrieved June 24, 2006 * Guy Stair Sainty, Sainty, Guy Stair. "European Royal Houses"

Retrieved June 23, 2006. *Sainty, Guy Stair. "The Knights of Saint John in Germany".

Retrieved July 1, 2006. *"Schaumburg-Lippe" in ''Genealogy.net''.

Retrieved June 25, 2006. *"Sovereigns in Germany".

Retrieved June 22, 2006. *Voss, Hans Peter. "History of Schleswig Holstein".

Retrieved July 3, 2006.


In other languages

*Bursik, Heinrich (1998). "Die Herrschaft Hohenberg und die Markgrafschaft Burgau".

For Google-translated English versio

Retrieved July 9, 2006. *"Das Fürstenhaus Bentheim-Tecklenburg".

For Google-translated English version, se

Retrieved July 11, 2006. *Höckmann, Thomas (2006). "Territorial arrangement of North Rhine-Westphalia 1789". (Translation from the original in German through Google Search).

(Excellent articles and links about the States of the Holy Roman Empire). Retrieved June 26, 2006. *"Mittelalterliche Genealogie im Deutschen Reich bis zum Ende der Staufer".

Retrieved June 23, 2006. *Ortwein, Friedrich J. "Die Herren zu Rappoltstein" (The Lords of Rappoltstein)"

(For English translation

. Retrieved June 25, 2006. *"Die Reichsstände"

Retrieved July 8, 2006. *Wember, Heinz. "Die Genealogie (Genealogy) von Montfort: Bludenz, Bregenz, Feldkirch, Heiligenberg, Herrenberg, Langenargen, Pfullendorf, Rheinegg, Rothenfels, Sargans, Tettnang, Tosters, Tübingen, Vaduz, Wasserburg, Werdenberg, Zollern".

Retrieved June 23, 2006.
List of imperial circles of 1532List of states of the Holy Roman Empire of 1521


Maps and illustrations

*Höckmann, Thomas (2006). "Historical maps – Germany at the end of the 18th century".

Retrieved June 26, 2006. *Westermann, Großer Atlass zu Weltgeschichte (in German; exquisite detailed maps)


External links



*
Genealogie delle Dinastie Nobili Italiane
(On ruling families and polities in present-day Republic of Italy)
HIS DATA: Historische Herrscher der Territorien (Adel)
German) * (English translation)
World Statesmen
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of States In The Holy Roman Empire German feudalism *