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Albert Einstein Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theor ...
(1879–1955) was a renowned
theoretical physicist Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experime ...
of the 20th century, best known for his theories of
special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. He also made important contributions to
statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
, especially his treatment of
Brownian motion Brownian motion, or pedesis (from grc, πήδησις "leaping"), is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas). This pattern of motion typically consists of random fluctuations in a particle's position insi ...
, his resolution of the
paradox A paradox is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation. It is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true premises, leads to a seemingly self-contradictory or a logically u ...
of
specific heats Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a physical property of matter, defined as the amount of heat to be supplied to an object to produce a unit change in its temperature. The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin (J/K). Heat capacity i ...
, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made seminal contributions to
quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
and, indirectly,
quantum field theory In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines classical field theory, special relativity, and quantum mechanics. QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and ...
, primarily through his theoretical studies of the
photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
. Einstein's scientific publications are listed below in four tables: journal articles, book chapters, books and authorized translations. Each publication is indexed in the first column by its number in the Schilpp bibliography (''Albert Einstein: Philosopher–Scientist'', pp. 694–730) and by its article number in Einstein's '' Collected Papers''. Complete references for these two bibliographies may be found below in the
Bibliography Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliography ...
section. The Schilpp numbers are used for cross-referencing in the Notes (the final column of each table), since they cover a greater time period of Einstein's life at present. The English translations of titles are generally taken from the published volumes of the ''Collected Papers''. For some publications, however, such official translations are not available; unofficial translations are indicated with a § superscript. Although the tables are presented in chronological order by default, each table can be re-arranged in alphabetical order for any column by the reader clicking on the arrows at the top of that column. For illustration, to re-order a table by subject—e.g., to group together articles that pertain to "General relativity" or "Specific heats"—one need only click on the arrows in the "Classification and Notes" columns. To print out the re-sorted table, one may print it directly by using the web-browser Print option; the "Printable version" link at the left gives only the default sorting. Collaborative works by Einstein are highlighted in lavender, with the co-authors provided in the final column of the table. In addition to his scientific publications, the Schilpp bibliography notes over 130 of Einstein's non-scientific works, often on humanitarian or political topics (pp. 730–746). There were also five volumes of Einstein's ''Collected Papers'' (volumes 1, 5, 8–10) that are devoted to his correspondence, much of which is concerned with scientific questions, but were never prepared for publication.


Chronology and major themes

The following chronology of Einstein's scientific discoveries provides a context for the publications listed below, and clarifies the major themes running through his work. The first four entries come from his
Annus Mirabilis papers The ''annus mirabilis'' papers (from Latin '' annus mīrābilis'', "miracle year") are the four papers that Albert Einstein published in '' Annalen der Physik'' (''Annals of Physics''), a scientific journal, in 1905. These four papers were major ...
or miracle year papers. * In 1905, Einstein proposed the existence of the
photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
, an
elementary particle In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. Particles currently thought to be elementary include electrons, the fundamental fermions ( quarks, leptons, ...
associated with
electromagnetic radiation In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visib ...
(light), which was the foundation of quantum theory. In 1909, Einstein showed that the photon carries
momentum In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. If is an object's mass ...
as well as energy and that electromagnetic radiation must have both particle-like and wave-like properties if
Planck's law In physics, Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment. At ...
holds; this was a forerunner of the principle of
wave–particle duality Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that every particle or quantum entity may be described as either a particle or a wave. It expresses the inability of the classical physics, classical concepts "particle" or "wave" to fu ...
. He would go on to receive the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. * In 1905, Einstein developed a theory of
Brownian motion Brownian motion, or pedesis (from grc, πήδησις "leaping"), is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas). This pattern of motion typically consists of random fluctuations in a particle's position insi ...
in terms of fluctuations in the number of molecular collisions with an object, providing further evidence that matter was composed of
atom Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons. Only the most common variety of hydrogen has no neutrons. Every solid, liquid, gas, a ...
s. A few weeks earlier, he had derived the Einstein relation for
diffusion Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical ...
, which was the first example of the general
fluctuation-dissipation theorem The fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) or fluctuation–dissipation relation (FDR) is a powerful tool in statistical physics for predicting the behavior of systems that obey detailed balance. Given that a system obeys detailed balance, the th ...
and allowed a good estimate of the
Avogadro constant The Avogadro constant, commonly denoted or , is the proportionality factor that relates the number of constituent particles (usually molecules, atoms or ions) in a sample with the amount of substance in that sample. It is an SI defining ...
. * In 1905, Einstein developed the theory of
special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
, which reconciled the relativity of motion with the observed constancy of the
speed of light The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted , is a universal physical constant that is important in many areas of physics. The speed of light is exactly equal to ). According to the special theory of relativity, is the upper limit fo ...
(a paradox of 19th-century physics). Special relativity is now a core principle of physics. Its counterintuitive predictions that moving clocks run more slowly, that moving objects are shortened in their direction of motion, and that the order of events is not absolute have been confirmed experimentally. * In 1905, Einstein developed his concept of
Mass–energy equivalence In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two quantities differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement. The principle is described by the physicis ...
. Its relation '' E=mc2'' suggested that
matter In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic part ...
was a form of energy, which was later verified by the
mass defect Nuclear binding energy in experimental physics is the minimum energy that is required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its constituent protons and neutrons, known collectively as nucleons. The binding energy for stable nuclei is alway ...
in
atomic nuclei The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment. After the discovery of the neutron ...
. The
energy In physics, energy (from Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια, ''enérgeia'', “activity”) is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of ...
released in
nuclear reaction In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides. Thus, a nuclear reaction must cause a transformatio ...
s—which is essential for
nuclear power Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced b ...
and
nuclear weapon A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions ( thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion. Both bomb ...
s—can be estimated from such mass defects. * In 1907 and again in 1911, Einstein developed the first quantum theory of
specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, also sometimes referred to as massic heat capacity. Informally, it is the amount of heat t ...
s by generalizing Planck's law. His theory resolved a paradox of 19th-century physics that specific heats were often smaller than could be explained by any
classical theory Classical physics is a group of physics theories that predate modern, more complete, or more widely applicable theories. If a currently accepted theory is considered to be modern, and its introduction represented a major paradigm shift, then the ...
. His work was also the first to show that Planck's quantum mechanical law ''E=hν'' was a fundamental law of physics, and not merely special to blackbody radiation. * Between 1907 and 1915, Einstein developed the theory of
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
, a classical field theory of
gravitation In physics, gravity () is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things with mass or energy. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the stron ...
that provides the cornerstone for modern
astrophysics Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline said, Astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the h ...
and
cosmology Cosmology () is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe. The term ''cosmology'' was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's ''Glossographia'', and in 1731 taken up in Latin by German philosopher ...
. General relativity is based on the surprising idea that time and
space Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consi ...
dynamically interact with
matter In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic part ...
and energy, and has been checked experimentally in many ways, confirming its predictions of matter affecting the flow of time,
frame dragging Frame-dragging is an effect on spacetime, predicted by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, that is due to non-static stationary distributions of mass–energy. A stationary field is one that is in a steady state, but the masses cau ...
,
black hole A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can def ...
s, and
gravitational wave Gravitational waves are waves of the intensity of gravity generated by the accelerated masses of an orbital binary system that propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light. They were first proposed by Oliver Heaviside in 1 ...
s. * In 1917, Einstein published the idea for the Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method for finding the
quantum mechanical Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, qua ...
version of a classical system. The famous
Bohr model In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model, presented by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913, is a system consisting of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons—similar to the structure of the Solar Syst ...
of the hydrogen atom is a simple example, but the EBK method also gives accurate predictions for more complicated systems, such as the dinuclear
cation An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by conven ...
s H2+ and HeH2+. * In 1918, Einstein developed a general theory of the process by which atoms emit and absorb electromagnetic radiation (his ''A'' and ''B'' coefficients), which is the basis of
laser A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word "laser" is an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". The ...
s (
stimulated emission Stimulated emission is the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level. The liberated energy transfers to th ...
) and shaped the development of modern
quantum electrodynamics In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and spec ...
, the best-validated physical theory at present. * In 1924, together with Satyendra Nath Bose, Einstein developed the theory of
Bose–Einstein statistics In quantum statistics, Bose–Einstein statistics (B–E statistics) describes one of two possible ways in which a collection of non-interacting, indistinguishable particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states at thermodynamic ...
and
Bose–Einstein condensate In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.6 ...
s, which form the basis for
superfluidity Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs in two ...
,
superconductivity Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic flux fields are expelled from the material. Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor. Unlike ...
, and other phenomena. * In 1935, together with Boris Podolsky and
Nathan Rosen Nathan Rosen (Hebrew: נתן רוזן; March 22, 1909 – December 18, 1995) was an American-Israeli physicist noted for his study on the structure of the hydrogen atom and his work with Albert Einstein and Boris Podolsky on entangled wave functio ...
, Einstein put forward what is now known as the
EPR paradox EPR may refer to: Science and technology * EPR (nuclear reactor), European Pressurised-Water Reactor * EPR paradox (Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox), in physics * Earth potential rise, in electrical engineering * East Pacific Rise, a mid-oce ...
, and argued that the quantum-mechanical wave function must be an incomplete description of the physical world. * In the final thirty years of his life, Einstein explored whether various
classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
could account for both
electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions o ...
and gravitation and, possibly, quantum mechanics. However, his efforts were unsuccessful, since those theories did not match experimental observations.


Journal articles

Most of Einstein's original scientific work appeared as journal articles. Articles on which Einstein collaborated with other scientists are highlighted in
lavender ''Lavandula'' (common name lavender) is a genus of 47 known species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is native to the Old World and is found in Cape Verde and the Canary Islands, and from Europe across to northern and easte ...
, with the co-authors listed in the "Classification and notes" column. These are the total of 272 scientific articles. {, class="wikitable sortable" id="Einstein_journal_articles" !scope=col, IndexThese Index numbers are taken from: 1. Schilpp reference cited in the Bibliography, pp. 694–730. 2. The ''Collected Papers of Albert Einstein'' published by Princeton University Press, which are indicated by a ''CP'' in italic type, the volume number in boldface type, and by the article number within that volume. ''3. Albert Einstein: A Bibliography of His Scientific Papers, 1901-1954'', by Ernst Weil, which are indicated by "Weil #" where # is the article number within that reference. A “principal work” is marked by an asterisk (*), for example, Weil *235. !scope=col, Year !scope=col, Title and English translationThe translations of article titles are generally taken from the published volumes of Einstein's collected papers. For some articles, however, such official translations are not available; unofficial translations are indicated with a § superscript. !scope=col, Journal, volume, pagesThe volume number is given in boldface type. Terms such as "ser. 4" in the journal name refer to the ''series'' of the journal, which is a grouping of volumes. For example, a journal may appear in yearly volumes for 60 years (volumes 1–60), then start its volume numbering anew in a second series. !scope=col, Classification and notesThe subject classification of Einstein's articles are the first item, and are indicated in boldface type. Any co-authors are always indicated by the second item. , - , Schilpp 1; ''CP'' 2, 1 , , 1901 , , Folgerungen aus den Kapillaritätserscheinungen {, , Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 4, 513–523
link
, ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF) (or secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. ...
s. The first of two papers in which Einstein proposed the (incorrect) theory that the interactions between all molecules are a universal function of distance, in analogy with the inverse-square force of
gravity In physics, gravity () is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things with mass or energy. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the stro ...
. Once parameterized, his theory makes reasonably accurate predictions for heavier
hydrophobic In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe). In contrast, hydrophiles are attracted to water. Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar and, ...
molecules, but fails for lighter molecules. , - , Schilpp 2; ''CP'' 2, 2 , , 1902 , , Thermodynamische Theorie der Potentialdifferenz zwischen Metallen und vollständig dissoziierten Lösungen ihrer Salze, und eine elektrische Methode zur Erforschung der Molekularkräfte {, , On the Thermodynamic Theory of the Difference in Potentials between Metals and Fully Dissociated Solutions of Their Salts and on an Electrical Method for Investigating Molecular Forces , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 8, 798–814
link
, ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF) (or secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. ...
s. Einstein's second paper on a universal molecular energy function, this time applied to electrolytic solutions. No data are available for comparison. Einstein characterizes these two papers as "worthless" in 1907. , - , Schilpp 3; ''CP'' 2, 3 , , 1902 , , Kinetische Theorie des Wärmegleichgewichtes und des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik {, , Kinetic Theory of Thermal Equilibrium and of the Second Law of Thermodynamics , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 9, 417–433
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Study of the
equipartition theorem In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition. T ...
and the definitions of temperature and
entropy Entropy is a scientific concept, as well as a measurable physical property, that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty. The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from classical thermodyna ...
. , - , Schilpp 4; ''CP'' 2, 4 , , 1903 , , Eine Theorie der Grundlagen der Thermodynamik {, , A Theory of the Foundations of Thermodynamics , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 11, 170–187
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. The problem of irreversibility in
thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , Schilpp 5; ''CP'' 2, 5 , , 1904 , , Allgemeine molekulare Theorie der Wärme {, , On the General Molecular Theory of Heat , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 14, 354–362
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Fluctuations and new methods for determining Boltzmann's constant. , - , ''CP'' 2, 6 , , 1905 , , Review of Giuseppe Belluzzo: "Principi di termodinamica grafica" {, , Review of Giuseppe Belluzzo: "Principles of Graphic Thermodynamics" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 78 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 7 , , 1905 , , Review of Albert Fliegner: "Über den Clausius'schen Entropiesatz" {, , Review of Albert Fliegner: "On Clausius's Law of Entropy" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 79 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 8 , , 1905 , , Review of William McFadden Orr: "On Clausius' Theorem for Irreversible Cycles, and on the Increase of Entropy" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 79 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 9 , , 1905 , , Review of George Hartley Bryan: "The Law of Degradation of Energy as the Fundamental Principle of Thermodynamics" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 80 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 10 , , 1905 , , Review of Nikolay Nikolayevich Schiller: "Einige Bedenken betreffend die Theorie der Entropievermehrung durch Diffusion der Gase bei einander gleichen Anfangsspannungen der letzteren" {, , Review of Nikolay Nikolayevich Schiller: "Some Concerns Regarding the Theory of Entropy Increase Due to the Diffusion of Gases Where the Initial Pressures of the Latter Are Equal" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 81 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 11 , , 1905 , , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: "Über die spezifischen Wärmen des überhitzten Wasserdampfes" {, , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: "On the specific Heats of Superheated Water Vapor" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 82 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 12 , , 1905 , , Review of Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff: "Einfluss der Änderung der spezifischen Wärme auf die Umwandlungsarbeit" {, , Review of Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff: "The Influence of the Change in Specific Heat on the Work of Conversion" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 82 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 13 , , 1905 , , Review of Arturo Giammarco: "Un caso di corrispondenza in termodinamica" {, , Review of Arturo Giammarco: "A Case of Corresponding States in Thermodynamics" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 84 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , Schilpp 7; ''CP'' 2, 14; Weil *6 , , 1905 March 17, , Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt {, , On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 17, 132–148
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Proposal of the
photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
as a quantum of energy, supported by many independent arguments. Remarkably, the first English translation did not appear until the sixtieth anniversary of the original work when it was published in the American Journal of Physics, Volume 33, Number 5, May 1965 (English translation by A.B. Arons and M.B. Peppard). , - , Schilpp 8; ''CP'' 2, 16; Weil *8 , , 1905 , ,
Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen" ( en, "On the movement of small particles suspended in a stationary liquid demanded by the molecular-kinetic theor ...
{, , On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 17, 549–560
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Seminal treatment of
Brownian motion Brownian motion, or pedesis (from grc, πήδησις "leaping"), is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas). This pattern of motion typically consists of random fluctuations in a particle's position insi ...
, a type of translational
diffusion Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 17 , , 1905 , , Review of Karl Fredrik Slotte: "Über die Schmelzwärme" {, , Review of Karl Fredrik Slotte: "On the Heat of Fusion" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 135 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 18 , , 1905 , , Review of Karl Fredrik Slotte: "Folgerungen aus einer thermodynamischen Gleichung" {, , Review of Karl Fredrik Slotte: "Conclusions Drawn from a Thermodynamic Equation" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 135 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 19 , , 1905 , , Review of Emile Mathias: "La constante a des diamètres rectilignes et les lois des états correspondents" {, , Review of Emile Mathias: "The Constant a of Rectilinear Diameters and the Laws of Corresponding States" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 136 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 20 , , 1905 , , Review of Max Planck: "On Clausius' Theorem for Irreversible Cycles, and on the Increase of Entropy" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 29 (1905) 137 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 21 , , 1905 , , Review of Edgar Buckingham: "On Certain Difficulties Which Are Encountered in the Study of Thermodynamics" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 137 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 22 , , 1905 , , Review of Paul Langevin: "Sur une formule fondamentale de la théorie cinétique" {, , Review of Paul Langevin: "On a Fundamental Formula of the Kinetic Theory" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 138 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , Schilpp 9; ''CP'' 2, 23; Weil *9 , , 1905 , , Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper {, , On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 17, 891–921
link
Wikilivres , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. This seminal paper gave birth to special relativity (SR). In particular, it stated the two postulates of SR (uniform motion is undetectable, and the speed of light is always constant) and its
kinematics Kinematics is a subfield of physics, developed in classical mechanics, that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the forces that cause them to move. Kinematics, as a fiel ...
. , - , Schilpp 10; ''CP'' 2, 24; Weil *10 , , 1905 , , Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig? {, , Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy Content? , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 18, 639–641
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. A follow-on from his last paper, this paper derived the conclusion that mass was equivalent to an energy and vice versa, leading to the famous equation '' E=mc2''. , - , ''CP'' 2, 25 , , 1905 , , Review of Heinrich Birven: Grundzüge der mechanischen Wärmetheorie {, , Review of Heinrich Birven: Fundamentals of the Mechanical Theory of Heat , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 175 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 26 , , 1905 , , Review of Auguste Ponsot: "Chaleur dans le déplacement de 1'équilibre d'un système capillaire" {, , Review of Auguste Ponsot: "Heat in the Displacement of the Equilibrium of a Capillary System" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 175 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 27 , , 1905 , , Review of Karl Bohlin: "Sur le choc, considéré comme fondement des théories cinétiques de la pression des gaz et de la gravitation universelle" {, , Review of Karl Bohlin: "On Impact Considered as the Basis of Kinetic Theories of Gas Pressure and of Universal Gravitation" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 176 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 28 , , 1905 , , Review of Georges Meslin: "Sur la constante de la loi de Mariotte et GayLussac" {, , Review of Georges Meslin: "On the Constant in Mariotte and GayLussac's Law" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 177 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 29 , , 1905 , , Review of Albert Fliegner: "Das Ausströmen heissen Wassers aus Gefässmündungen" {, , Review of Albert Fliegner: "The Efflux of Hot Water from Container Orifices , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 177 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 30 , , 1905 , , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: Grundriss der Wärmetheorie. Mit zahlreichen Beispielen und Anwendungen {, , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: "An Outline of the Theory of Heat. With Numerous Examples and Applications. Part 1 , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 178 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 31 , , 1905 , , Review of Albert Fliegner: "Über den Wärmewert chemischer Vorgänge" {, , Review of Albert Fliegner: "On the Thermal Value of Chemical Processes" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 179 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , Schilpp 11; ''CP'' 2, 33 , , 1906 , , Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen {, , A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 19, 289–306
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Hydrodynamic determination of molecular volumes. , - , Schilpp 12; ''CP'' 2, 32; Weil *11 , , 1906 , , Zur Theorie der Brownschen Bewegung {, , On the Theory of Brownian Motion , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 19, 371–381
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Rotational Brownian motion, an example of rotational diffusion. , - , Schilpp 13; ''CP'' 2, 34; Weil *12 , , 1906 , , Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtabsorption {, , On the Theory of Light Production and Light Absorption , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 20, 199–206
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Einstein reconciles his and Planck's ''independent'' derivations of the blackbody formula ''E=hν''. Planck's derivation of this formula ascribed it to a restriction on the energy changes possible when radiation is produced or absorbed by matter, which implied no restriction on the energies of either matter or radiation. Einstein's 1905 derivation ascribed it to a restriction on the energy of radiation alone, but in this paper, he proposes the modern idea that the energies of both matter and radiation are quantized, which led to his work on quantum specific heats, such as reference #16. , - , Schilpp 14; ''CP'' 2, 35 , , 1906 , , Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung und die Trägheit der Energie {, , The Principle of Conservation of Motion of the Center of Gravity and the Inertia of Energy , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 20, 627–633
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. First statement that the conservation of mass is a special case of the conservation of energy. , - , Schilpp 15; ''CP'' 2, 36 , , 1906 , , Eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der transversalen und longitudinalen Masse des Elektrons {, , On a Method for the Determination of the Ratio of the Transverse and the Longitudinal Mass of the Electron , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 21, 583–586
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. A French translation appeared in the journal ''L'Éclairage électrique'', volume 49, pages 493–494. , - , ''CP'' 2, 37 , , 1906 , , Review of Max Planck: Vorlesungen über die Theorie der Wärmestrahlung {, , Review of Max Planck: Lectures on the Theory of Thermal Radiation , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 30, 211 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. , - , Schilpp 16; ''CP'' 2, 38; Weil *15 , , 1907 , , Plancksche Theorie der Strahlung und die Theorie der Spezifischen Wärme {, , Planck's Theory of Radiation and the Theory of Specific Heat , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 22, 180–190, 80
link
an
correction
an

,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, also sometimes referred to as massic heat capacity. Informally, it is the amount of heat t ...
s. Seminal work applying
Planck's law In physics, Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment. At ...
to the oscillations of atoms and molecules in solids. Resolved the 19th-century paradox of the
equipartition theorem In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition. T ...
in classical physics, and introduced the Einstein model of solids, which led to the current Debye model. Showed that the
quantum mechanical Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, qua ...
law ''E=hν'' was a ''general'' law of physics, and not merely special to blackbody radiation. , - , Schilpp 17; ''CP'' 2, 39 , , 1907 , , Gültigkeit des Satzes vom thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht und die Möglichkeit einer neuen Bestimmung der Elementarquanta {, , On the Limit of Validity of the Law of Thermodynamic Equilibrium and on the Possibility of a New Determination of the Elementary Quanta , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 22, 569–572
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Applies his theory of fluctuations to determine Boltzmann's constant from the
voltage Voltage, also known as electric pressure, electric tension, or (electric) potential difference, is the difference in electric potential between two points. In a static electric field, it corresponds to the work needed per unit of charge to ...
fluctuations in a
capacitor A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field by virtue of accumulating electric charges on two close surfaces insulated from each other. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals. The effect of ...
. Resulted in a novel low-noise technique for amplifying voltages, as described in reference #25. , - , Schilpp 18; ''CP'' 2, 41 , , 1907 , , Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips {, , On the Possibility of a New Test of the Relativity Principle , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 23, 197–198
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. Einstein's discovery of the
transverse Doppler effect The relativistic Doppler effect is the change in frequency (and wavelength) of light, caused by the relative motion of the source and the observer (as in the classical Doppler effect), when taking into account effects described by the special the ...
, in which the perceived frequency is shifted even when the line between the wave source and receiver and the source's velocity are perpendicular. , - , Schilpp 19 , , 1907 , , Bemerkung zur Notiz des Herrn P. Ehrenfest: Translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz {, , Comments on the Note of Mr. Paul Ehrenfest: The Translatory Motion of Deformable Electrons and the Area Law , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 23, 206–208
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. Discusses the difficulty of applying Lorentz transformations to rigid bodies. , - , Schilpp 20; ''CP'' 2, 45 , , 1907 , , Die vom Relativätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie {, , On the Inertia of Energy Required by the Relativity Principle , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 23, 371–384
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. First statement that the total energy of a particle in rest equals ''E''=''mc''2. Derives the transformation of energy and momentum under the influence of external forces (relativistic dynamics). Notes again the difficulty of applying Lorentz transformations to rigid bodies (see reference #19). Finally, speculates that Maxwell's equations will prove to be the limiting case for large numbers of light-quanta, just as thermodynamics is a limiting case of statistical mechanics. , - , ''CP'' 2, 46 , , 1907 , , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: Grundriss der Wärmetheorie. Mit zahlreichen Beispielen und Anwendungen {, , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: An Outline of the Theory of Heat. With Numerous Examples and Applications. Part 2. , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 31, 251 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws ...
. , - , Schilpp 21; ''CP'' 2, 47; Weil *21 , , 1907 , , Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen {, , On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It , ''Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität'', 4, 411–462
link
, , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. A correction appeared in volume 5, pp. 98–99, ''Berichtigungen''. First appearance (page 443) of the equation ''E=mc2''. This paper also marks the beginning of Einstein's long development of
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
; here he derives the
equivalence principle In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (su ...
,
gravitational redshift In physics and general relativity, gravitational redshift (known as Einstein shift in older literature) is the phenomenon that electromagnetic waves or photons travelling out of a gravitational well (seem to) lose energy. This loss of energy ...
, and the gravitational bending of light. Einstein returns to these topics in 1911. , - , Schilpp 22; ''CP'' 2, 40 , , 1907 , , Theoretische Bemerkungen über die Brownsche Bewegung {, , Theoretical Remarks on Brownian Motion , ''Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie'', 13, 41–42 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Brief note on the technical meaning of "average velocity". , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 23; ''CP'' 2, 51 , , 1908 , , Elektromagnetische Grundgleichungen für bewegte Körper {, , On the Fundamental Electromagnetic Equations for Moving Bodies , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 26, 532–540
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
.Pais, Chap. 7, ref. E18; Chap. 29, ref. E1. Co-authored with J. Laub. A correction appeared i
volume 27, p.232, ''Berichtigungen''
See also publication #27. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 24; ''CP'' 2, 52 , , 1908 , , Die im elektromagnetischen Felde auf ruhende Körper ausgeübten ponderomotorischen Kräfte {, , On the Ponderomotive Forces Exerted on Bodies at Rest in the Electromagnetic Field , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 26, 541–550
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. Co-authored with J. Laub. , - , Schilpp 25; ''CP'' 2, 48 , , 1908 , , Neue elektrostatische Methode zur Messung kleiner Elektrizitätsmengen {, , A New Electrostatic Method for the Measurement of Small Quantities of Electricity , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 9, 216–217 , ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions o ...
. Novel experimental method for measuring tiny amounts of charge, by first charging a variable capacitor at low capacitance, then changing it to high capacitance and discharging it to another capacitor. An apparatus for this amplification was constructed by two brothers, Johann Conrad Habicht and Franz Paul Habicht, in collaboration with Einstein and published in ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 11, 532 (1910). , - , Schilpp 26; ''CP'' 2, 50 , , 1908 , , Elementare Theorie der Brownschen Bewegung {, , Elementary Theory of Brownian Motion , ''Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie'', 14, 235–239 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Semi-popular review. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 27; ''CP'' 2, 54 , , 1909 , , Bemerkungen zu unserer Arbeit: Elektromagnetische Grundgleichungen für bewegte Körper {, , Remarks on Our Paper: On the Fundamental Electromagnetic Equations for Moving Bodies , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 28, 445–447
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. Co-authored with J. Laub. , - , Schilpp 28; ''CP'' 2, 55 , , 1909 , , Bemerkung zur Arbeit von Mirimanoff: Die Grundgleichungen... {, , Comment on the Paper of D. Mirimanoff: On the Fundamental Equations... , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 28, 885–888
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. Notes similarity to
Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski (; ; 22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a German mathematician and professor at Königsberg, Zürich and Göttingen. He created and developed the geometry of numbers and used geometrical methods to solve problems in number t ...
's work. , - , Schilpp 29; ''CP'' 2, 56 , , 1909 , , Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Strahlungsproblems {, , On the Present Status of the Radiation Problem , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 10, 185–193 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Review article on
electromagnetic radiation In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visib ...
, and an important forerunner of publication #30. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 29b; ''CP'' 2, 57 , , 1909 , , No title , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 10, 323–324 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Walther Ritz's joint communique with Einstein (co-author) on their differing viewpoints of the advanced and retarded solutions of Maxwell's equations. Einstein argues that the physical restriction to retarded solutions is not a law, but probabilistic; Ritz states that the same restriction is the basis of the 2nd law of thermodynamics. , - , Schilpp 30; ''CP'' 2, 60 , , 1909 , , Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung {, , On the Development of Our Views Concerning the Nature and Constitution of Radiation , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 10, 817–825 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Pivotal address before the 81st assembly of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher, held in Salzburg, where Einstein showed that
photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s must carry momentum and should be treated as particles. Notes that
electromagnetic radiation In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visib ...
must have a dual nature, at once both wave-like and particulate. Also published in the journal ''Deutsche physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen'', 11, pp. 482–500. An English translation is available at the English Wikisource. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 31; ''CP'' 3, 7 , , 1910 , , Über einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung in der Strahlungstheorie {, , On a Theorem of the Probability Calculus and Its Application in the Theory of Radiation , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 33, 1096–1104
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Co-authored with L. Hopf. See also publication #79. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 32; ''CP'' 3, 8 , , 1910 , , Statistische Untersuchung der Bewegung eines Resonators in einem Strahlungsfeld {, , Statistical Investigation of a Resonator's Motion in a Radiation Field , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 33, 1105–1115
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Co-authored with L. Hopf. , - , Schilpp 33; ''CP'' 3, 9; Weil *36 , , 1910 , , Theorie der Opaleszenz von homogenen Flüssigkeiten und Flüssigkeitsgemischen in der Nähe des kritischen Zustandes {, , The Theory of the Opalescence of Homogeneous Fluids and Liquid Mixtures near the Critical State , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 33, 1275–1298
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Seminal paper on critical opalescence. , - , Schilpp 34; ''CP'' 3, 2 , , 1910 , , Principe de relativité et ses conséquences dans la physique moderne {, , The Principle of Relativity and Its Consequences in Modern Physics , ''Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4)'', 29, 5–28, 125–244 , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. Translation by E. Guillaume, but does not correspond to reference #21. , - , Schilpp 35; ''CP'' 3, 5 , , 1910 , , Théorie des quantités lumineuses et la question de la localisation de l'énergie électromagnetique {, , On the Theory of Light Quanta and the Question of the Localization of Electromagnetic Energy , ''Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4)'', 29, 525–528 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. , - , Schilpp 36; ''CP'' 3, 6 , , 1910 , , Forces pondéromotrices qui agissent sur les conducteurs ferromagnétiques disposés dans un champs magnétique et parcourus par un courant {, , On the Ponderomotive Forces Acting on Ferromagnetic Conductors Carrying a Current in a Magnetic Field , ''Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4)'', 30, 323–324 , ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions o ...
. , - , Schilpp 37; ''CP'' 3, 12 , , 1911 , , Bemerkung zu dem Gesetz von Eötvös {, , Comment on Eötvös's Law , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 34, 165–169
link
, ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF) (or secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. ...
s and
fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids ( liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical and ...
. , - , Schilpp 38; ''CP'' 3, 13; Weil *39 , , 1911 , , Beziehung zwischen dem elastischen Verhalten und der Spezifischen Wärme mit einatomigem Molekül {, , A Relationship between Elastic Behavior and Specific Heat in Solids with a Monatomic Molecule , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 34, 170–174
link
, ,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, also sometimes referred to as massic heat capacity. Informally, it is the amount of heat t ...
s. Einstein tries to connect a characteristic frequency in his 1907 theory of specific heats to the elastic properties of the solid. See als
Bemerkung zu meiner Arbeit: 'Eine Beziehung zwischen dem elastischen Verhalten ...'
, p. 590. , - , Schilpp 39; ''CP'' 3, 10 , , 1911 , , Bemerkungen zu den P. Hertzschen Arbeiten: Mechanische Grundlagen der Thermodynamik {, , Comments on P. Hertz's Papers: On the Mechanical Foundations of Thermodynamics , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 34, 175–176
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. , - , Schilpp 40; ''CP'' 3, 14 , , 1911 , , Berichtigung zu meiner Arbeit: Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen {, , Correction to My Paper: A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 34, 591–592
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Correction to publication #11 that produces an excellent estimate of the
Avogadro constant The Avogadro constant, commonly denoted or , is the proportionality factor that relates the number of constituent particles (usually molecules, atoms or ions) in a sample with the amount of substance in that sample. It is an SI defining ...
. , - , Schilpp 41; ''CP'' 3, 21 , , 1911 , , Elementare Betrachtungen über die thermische Molekularbewegung in festen Körpern {, , Elementary Observations on Thermal Molecular Motion in Solids , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 35, 679–694
link
, ,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, also sometimes referred to as massic heat capacity. Informally, it is the amount of heat t ...
s. Recognizing that his 1907 model of specific heats is incorrect at very low temperatures, Einstein tries to improve it. The correct answer came a year later with the Debye model. , - , Schilpp 42; ''CP'' 3, 23; Weil *43 , , 1911 , , Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes {, , On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 35, 898–908
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. In this paper, Einstein resumes his development of general relativity, last discussed in 1907. Here, Einstein realizes that a new theory is needed to replace both
special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
and Newton's theory of
gravitation In physics, gravity () is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things with mass or energy. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the stron ...
. He also realizes that special relativity and the
equivalence principle In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (su ...
hold ''locally'', not globally. , - , Schilpp 43; ''CP'' 3, 17 , , 1911 , , Relativitätstheorie {, , The Theory of Relativity , ''Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zürich, Vierteljahresschrift'', 56, 1–14 , , Special and (possibly)
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. An address given at the conference of the Zurich Society of Scientists. , - , Schilpp 44; ''CP'' 3, 22 , , 1911 , , Zum Ehrenfestschen Paradoxon {, , On the Ehrenfest Paradox , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 12, 509–510 , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. Clears up confusion about the Lorentz contraction. , - , Schilpp 45; ''CP'' 4, 2 and 5 , , 1912 , , Thermodynamische Begründung des photochemischen Äquivalentgesetzes {, , Thermodynamic Proof of the Law of Photochemical Equivalence , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 37, 832–838
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. See also volume 38, pp. 881–884
Nachtrag zu meiner Arbeit: 'Thermodynamische Begründung des photochemischen Äquivalentgesetzes'
, - , Schilpp 46; ''CP'' 4, 3 , , 1912 , , Lichtgeschwindigkeit und Statik des Gravitationsfeldes {, , The Speed of Light and the Statics of the Gravitational Field , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 38, 355–369
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. First of two papers (see next entry for second) in the continuing development of general relativity (see reference #42). These two papers are the last in which Einstein allows time to be warped while keeping space flat (uncurved). In these papers, he realizes that the
Lorentz transformation In physics, the Lorentz transformations are a six-parameter family of Linear transformation, linear coordinate transformation, transformations from a Frame of Reference, coordinate frame in spacetime to another frame that moves at a constant velo ...
s of
special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
must be generalized and that the new theory of gravitation must be non-linear, since gravitational energy can itself gravitate. , - , Schilpp 47; ''CP'' 4, 4 , , 1912 , , Theorie des statischen Gravitationsfeldes {, , On the Theory of the Static Gravitational Field , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 38, 443–458
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Second of two papers (see previous entry for first) in the continuing development of general relativity. , - , Schilpp 48; ''CP'' 4, 6 , , 1912 , , Antwort auf eine Bemerkung von J. Stark: Anwendung des Planckschen Elementargesetzes {, , Response to a Comment by J. Stark: 'On an Application of Planck's Fundamental Law... , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 38, 888
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. , - , Schilpp 49; ''CP'' 4, 8 , , 1912 , , Relativität und Gravitation: Erwiderung auf eine Bemerkung von M. Abraham {, , Relativity and Gravitation. Reply to a Comment by M. Abraham , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 38, 1059–1064
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 50; ''CP'' 4, 9 , , 1912 , , Bemerkung zu Abraham's vorangehender Auseinandersetzung: Nochmals Relativität und Gravitation {, , Comment on Abraham's Preceding Discussion 'Once Again, Relativity and Gravitation , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 39, 704
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 52; ''CP'' 4, 7 , , 1912 , , Gibt es eine Gravitationswirkung die der elektromagnetischen Induktionswirkung analog ist? {, , Is There a Gravitational Effect Which Is Analogous to Electrodynamic Induction? , ''Vierteljahrschrift für gerichtliche Medizin (ser. 3)'', 44, 37–40 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 53; ''CP'' 4, 13; Weil *58 , , 1913 , , Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und eine Theorie der Gravitation. I. Physikalischer Teil von A. Einstein II. Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann {, - style="background:#ffddff;" , Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation. I. Physical Part by A. Einstein II. Mathematical Part by M. Grossmann , ''Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik'', 62, 225–244, 245–261 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. A breakthrough paper, written in collaboration with
Marcel Grossmann Marcel Grossmann (April 9, 1878 – September 7, 1936) was a Swiss mathematician and a friend and classmate of Albert Einstein. Grossmann was a member of an old Swiss family from Zurich. His father managed a textile factory. He became a Profes ...
, in which the single Newtonian scalar
gravitational field In physics, a gravitational field is a model used to explain the influences that a massive body extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body. Thus, a gravitational field is used to explain gravitational pheno ...
is replaced by ''ten'' fields, which are the components of a symmetric, four-dimensional
metric tensor In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor (or simply metric) is an additional structure on a manifold (such as a surface) that allows defining distances and angles, just as the inner product on a Euclidean space allow ...
. However, the correct equations describing these fields are not identified. Reviewed critically in reference #68. See also references #21, 42, 46 and 47. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 54; ''CP'' 4, 11 , , 1913 , , Einige Argumente für die Annahme einer molekular Agitation beim absoluten Nullpunkt {, , Some Arguments for the Assumption of Molecular Agitation at Absolute Zero , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 40, 551–560
link
, ,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, also sometimes referred to as massic heat capacity. Informally, it is the amount of heat t ...
s. Co-authored with O. Stern. Einstein and Stern attempt to explain the specific heats of diatomic gases, such as molecular
hydrogen Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula . It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-to ...
, H2. Although qualitatively correct, they are quantitatively inaccurate. , - , Schilpp 55; ''CP'' 4, 12 , , 1913 , , Déduction thermodynamique de la loi de l'équivalence photochimique {, , Thermodynamic Deduction of the Law of Photochemical Equivalence , ''Journal de physique (ser. 5)'', 3, 277–282 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Not a translation of reference #45, but rather an address before the Société Française de Physique, held on March 27, 1913. , - , Schilpp 56; ''CP'' 4, 16 , , 1913 , , Physikalische Grundlagen einer Gravitationstheorie {, , Physical Foundations of a Theory of Gravitation , ''Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zürich, Vierteljahrsschrift'', 58, 284–290 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
.Pais, Chap. 12, ref. E36. Address before the Swiss Society of Scientists on September 9, 1913. A ''résumé'' is printed in the Schweizerische naturforschende Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 1913 (part 2), pp. 137–138. , - , Schilpp 57; ''CP'' 4, 23 , , 1913 , , Max Planck als Forscher {, , Max Planck as Scientist , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 1, 1077–1079 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 58; ''CP'' 4, 17 , , 1913 , , Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Gravitationsproblems {, , On the Present State of the Problem of Gravitation , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 14, 1249–1266 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Address on September 21, 1913 to the 85th Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher in Vienna. The discussion following Einstein's address is included in this citation. This review was also published in the ''Gesellschaft deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte, Verhandlungen'', 1914, pp. 3–24. A ''referat'' was also published in the journal ''Himmel und Erde'', 26, pp. 90–93. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 59; ''CP'' 4, 28 , , 1914 , , Nordströmsche Gravitationstheorie vom Standpunkt des absoluten Differentialkalküls {, , Nordström's Theory of Gravitation from the Point of View of the Absolute Differential Calculus , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 44, 321–328
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Co-authored with A. D. Fokker. Shows that the competing field theory of
Gunnar Nordström Gunnar Nordström (12 March 1881 – 24 December 1923) was a Finnish theoretical physicist best remembered for his theory of gravitation, which was an early competitor of general relativity. Nordström is often designated by modern writers as ' ...
could be recast as a special case of the Einstein-Grossmann equations (see reference #53). , - , Schilpp 60 , , 1914 , , Bases physiques d'une théorie de la gravitation {, , Physical Foundations of a Theory of Gravitation§ , ''Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4)'', 37, 5–12 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Translated by E. Guillaume. , - , Schilpp 61 , , 1914 , , Bemerkung zu P. Harzers Abhandlung: Die Mitführung des Lichtes in Glas und die Aberration {, , Observation on P. Harzer's Article: Dragging of Light in Glass and Aberration§ , ''Astronomische Nachrichten'', 199, 8–10
link
, ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions o ...
and
special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
.Pais, Chap. 7, ref. E5a. , - , Schilpp 62 , , 1914 , , Antwort auf eine Replik P. Harzers {, , Answer to P. Harzer's Reply§ , ''Astronomische Nachrichten'', 199, 47–48
link
, ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions o ...
and
special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. , - , Schilpp 63 , , 1914 , , Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Problems der spezifischen Wärme {, , On the Present Status of the Problem of Specific Heats§ , ''Deutsche Bunsengesellschaft, Abhandlungen'', 7, 330–364 , ,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, also sometimes referred to as massic heat capacity. Informally, it is the amount of heat t ...
s. German edition of reference #51; pages 353–364 include the discussion following Einstein's address. , - , Schilpp 64; ''CP'' 6, 5 , , 1914 , , Beiträge zur Quantentheorie {, , Contributions to Quantum Theory§ , ''Deutsche physikalische Gesellschaft, Berichte'', 1914, 820–828 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. Reprinted in volume 16 of the ''Verhandlungen'' of the same society. , - , Schilpp 65; ''CP'' 4, 27 , , 1914 , , Zur Theorie der Gravitation {, , On the Theory of Gravitation , ''Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zürich, Vierteljahrsschrift'', 59, 4–6 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 66 , , 1914 , , Review of H. A. Lorentz: Das Relativitätsprinzip {, , Review of H. A. Lorentz: The Principle of Relativity§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 2, 1018 , , Special and (possibly)
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 67; ''CP'' 4, 24 , , 1914 , , Nachträgliche Antwort auf eine Frage von Reissner {, , Supplementary Response to a Question by Mr. Reißner , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 15, 108–110 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Concerns the mass of a gravitational field itself. , - , Schilpp 68; ''CP'' 4, 25 , , 1914 , , Principielles zur verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und Gravitationstheorie {, , On the Foundations of the Generalized Theory of Relativity and the Theory of Gravitation , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 15, 176–180 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Reply to
Gustav Mie Gustav Adolf Feodor Wilhelm Ludwig Mie (; 29 September 1868 – 13 February 1957) was a German physicist. Life Mie was born in Rostock, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany in 1868. From 1886 he studied mathematics and physics at the University of ...
on the relationship between reference #53 and
Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski (; ; 22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a German mathematician and professor at Königsberg, Zürich and Göttingen. He created and developed the geometry of numbers and used geometrical methods to solve problems in number t ...
's work. , - , Schilpp 69; ''CP'' 6, 3 , , 1914 , , Antrittsrede {, , Inaugural Address§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1914 (pt. 2), 739–742 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 70; ''CP'' 6, 9 , , 1914 , , Formale Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , Formal Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity§ , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1914 (part 2), 1030–1085 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. An important paper in the development of general relativity. Einstein still has not derived correct field equations, but he derives the geodesic motion of point particles, relates gravitational fields to rotation, and re-derives his 1907 results about the bending of light and
gravitational redshift In physics and general relativity, gravitational redshift (known as Einstein shift in older literature) is the phenomenon that electromagnetic waves or photons travelling out of a gravitational well (seem to) lose energy. This loss of energy ...
using the new
metric tensor In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor (or simply metric) is an additional structure on a manifold (such as a surface) that allows defining distances and angles, just as the inner product on a Euclidean space allow ...
theory. , - , Schilpp 71; ''CP'' 4, 31 , , 1914 , , Zum Relativitätsproblem {, , On the Relativity Problem , '' Scientia (Bologna)'', 15, 337–34
link
, Special and (possibly)
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 72 , , 1914 , , Physikalische Grundlagen und leitende Gedanken für eine Gravitationstheorie {, , Physical Foundations and Suggestive Thoughts for a Gravitational Theory§ , ''Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft'', 96 (pt. 2), 146 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Listed only by title; same lecture as publication #56. , - , Schilpp 73 , , 1914 , , Gravitationstheorie {, , Gravitational Theory§ , ''Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft'', 96 (pt. 2), 136–137 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. For full text, see reference #56. , - , Schilpp 74; ''CP'' 6, 1 , , 1914 April 26 , , Relativitätsprinzip {, , On the Principle of Relativity , ''Vossische Zeitung'', 33–34 , , Special and (possibly)
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 75; ''CP'' 6, 2 , , 1914 , , Kovarianzeigenschaften der Feldgleichungen der auf die verallgemeinerte Relativitätstheorie gegründeten Gravitationstheorie {, , Covariance Properties of the Field Equations of the Theory of Gravitation Based on the Generalized Theory of Relativity , ''Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik'', 63, 215–225 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Co-authored with M. Grossmann. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 78 , , 1915 , , Proefondervindelijk bewijs voor het bestan der moleculaire stroomen von Ampère {, , Experimental Proof of the Existence of Ampère's Molecular Currents , ''Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Verslag. (ser. 4)'', 23, 1449–1464 , , Einstein-de Haas effect. Co-authored with WJ de Haas. , - , Schilpp 79; ''CP'' 6, 18 , , 1915 , , Antwort auf eine Abhandlung M. von Laues: Ein Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung auf die Strahlungstheorie {, , Response to a Paper by M. von Laue: A Theorem in Probability Calculus and Its Application to Radiation Theory , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 47, 879–885
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 80; ''CP'' 6, 23; Weil *73 , , 1915 , , Experimenteller Nachweis des Ampèreschen Molekularströme {, , Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents , ''Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'', 17, 152–170, 203 (Berichtigung), 420 , , Einstein-de Haas effect. Co-authored with WJ de Haas. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 81 , , 1915 , , Experimenteller Nachweis des Ampèreschen Molekularströme {, , Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 3, 237–238 , , Einstein-de Haas effect. Co-authored with WJ de Haas. , - , Schilpp 82 , , 1915 , , Grundgedanken der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie und Anwendung dieser Theorie in der Astronomie {, , Fundamental Ideas of the General Theory of Relativity and the Application of this Theory in Astronomy§ , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1915 (part 1), 315 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. First of Einstein's four papers in November 1915. , - , Schilpp 83; ''CP'' 6, 21 and 22 , , 1915 , , Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On the General Theory of Relativity , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1915 (part 2), 778–786, 799–801 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Second of Einstein's four papers in November 1915 that led to the final field equations for
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. The first paper had corrected a fundamental misconception and had allowed Einstein to finish; however, the second introduced a serious mistake. , - , Schilpp 84; ''CP'' 6, 24; Weil *76 , , 1915 , , Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , Explanation of the Perihelion Motion of Mercury from the General Theory of Relativity , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1915 (part 3), 831–839 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Third of Einstein's four papers in November 1915. A pivotal paper in which Einstein shows that general relativity explains the anomalous precession of the planet Mercury, which had vexed astronomers since 1859. This paper also introduced the important calculational method, the
post-Newtonian expansion In general relativity, the post-Newtonian expansions (PN expansions) are used for finding an approximate solution of the Einstein field equations for the metric tensor. The approximations are expanded in small parameters which express orders of ...
. Einstein also calculated correctly (for the first time) the bending of light by gravity. , - , Schilpp 85; ''CP'' 6, 25 , , 1915 , , Feldgleichungen der Gravitation {, , The Field Equations of Gravitation , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1915 (part 4), 844–847 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Fourth of Einstein's four papers in November 1915. This is the defining paper of
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. At long last, Einstein had found workable field equations, which served as the basis for subsequent derivations. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 88; ''CP'' 6, 14 , , 1916 , , Experimental proof of the existence of Ampère's molecular currents , , ''Proceedings of the Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam'', 18, 696–71
link
, , Einstein-de Haas effect. Co-authored with WJ de Haas; English translation of reference #80. , - , Schilpp 89; ''CP'' 6, 30; Weil *80 , , 1916 , , Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 49, 769–822
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Final consolidation by Einstein of his various papers on the subject - in particular, his four papers in November 1915. , - , Schilpp 90; ''CP'' 6, 40 , , 1916 , , Über Fr. Kottlers Abhandlung: Einsteins Äquivalenzhypothese und die Gravitation {, , On Friedrich Kottler's Paper: On Einstein's Equivalence Hypothesis and Gravitation , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 51, 639–642
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 91; ''CP'' 6, 28 , , 1916 , , Einfaches Experiment zum Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme {, , A Simple Experiment to Demonstrate Ampère's Molecular Currents , ''Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'', 18, 173–177 , , Einstein-de Haas effect. , - , Schilpp 92; ''CP'' 6, 34; Weil *85 , , 1916 , , Strahlungs-emission und -absorption nach der Quantentheorie {, , Emission and Absorption of Radiation in Quantum Theory , ''Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'', 18, 318–323 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Seminal paper in which Einstein showed that Planck's quantum hypothesis ''E=hν'' could be derived from a kinetic rate equation. This paper introduced the idea of
stimulated emission Stimulated emission is the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level. The liberated energy transfers to th ...
(which led to the
laser A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word "laser" is an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". The ...
and
maser A maser (, an acronym for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves through amplification by stimulated emission. The first maser was built by Charles H. Townes, James ...
), and Einstein's ''A'' and ''B'' coefficients provided a guide for the development of
quantum electrodynamics In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and spec ...
, the most accurately tested theory of physics at present. In this work, Einstein begins to realize that
quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
seems to involve probabilities and a breakdown of
causality Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is influence by which one event, process, state, or object (''a'' ''cause'') contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an ''effect'') where the cau ...
. , - , Schilpp 93; ''CP'' 6, 38 , , 1916 , , Quantentheorie der Strahlung {, , On the Quantum Theory of Radiation , ''Mitteilungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft, Zürich'', 16, 47–62 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Following his 1909 address (reference #30), Einstein shows that photons must carry
momentum In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. If is an object's mass ...
if
Planck's law In physics, Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment. At ...
is to hold. This was confirmed in 1923 by
Compton scattering Compton scattering, discovered by Arthur Holly Compton, is the scattering of a high frequency photon after an interaction with a charged particle, usually an electron. If it results in a decrease in energy (increase in wavelength) of the photon ...
, for which the 1927
Nobel Prize in Physics ) , image = Nobel Prize.png , alt = A golden medallion with an embossed image of a bearded man facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then " ...
was awarded and which led to the general acceptance to the photon concept. , - , Schilpp 94; ''CP'' 6, 36 , , 1916 , , Review of H. A. Lorentz: Théories statistiques en thermodynamique {, , Review of H. A. Lorentz: Statistical Theories in Thermodynamics: Five Lectures... , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 4, 480–481 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. , - , Schilpp 95; ''CP'' 6, 39 , , 1916 , , Elementare Theorie der Wasserwellen und des Fluges {, , Elementary Theory of Water Waves and of Flight , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 4, 509–510 , ,
Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids ( liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical and ...
. , - , Schilpp 96; ''CP'' 6, 29 , , 1916 , , Ernst Mach , , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 17, 101–104 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 97; ''CP'' 6, 27 , , 1916 , , Neue formale Deutung der Maxwellschen Feldgleichungen der Elektrodynamik {, , A New Formal Interpretation of Maxwell's Field Equations of Electrodynamics , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1916 (part 1), 184–187 , ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions o ...
. , - , Schilpp 98 , , 1916 , , Einige anschauliche Überlegungen aus dem Gebiete der Relativitätstheorie {, , Some Intuitive Considerations from the Field of Relativity Theory§ , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1916 (part 1), 423 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
.Pais, Chap. 7, ref. E6. Abstract of a paper (never published) dealing with the behavior of clocks and
Foucault pendulum The Foucault pendulum or Foucault's pendulum is a simple device named after French physicist Léon Foucault, conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the Earth's rotation. A long and heavy pendulum suspended from the high roof above a circular ...
s. , - , Schilpp 99; ''CP'' 6, 32 , , 1916 , , Näherungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen der Gravitation {, , Approximative Integration of the Field Equations of Gravitation , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1916 (part 1), 688–696 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
The first prediction of
gravitational wave Gravitational waves are waves of the intensity of gravity generated by the accelerated masses of an orbital binary system that propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light. They were first proposed by Oliver Heaviside in 1 ...
s. Such
gravitational radiation Gravitational waves are waves of the intensity of gravity generated by the accelerated masses of an orbital binary system that propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light. They were first proposed by Oliver Heaviside in 1 ...
has been observed indirectly, for which the 1993
Nobel Prize in Physics ) , image = Nobel Prize.png , alt = A golden medallion with an embossed image of a bearded man facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then " ...
was awarded, and observed directly, on Earth, in 2015. , - , Schilpp 100 , , 1916 , , Gedächtnisrede auf Karl Schwarzschild {, , Memorial Lecture on Karl Schwarzschild , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1916 (part 1), 768–770 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 101; ''CP'' 6, 41 , , 1916 , , Hamiltonsches Prinzip und allgemeine Relativitätstheorie {, , Hamilton's Principle and the General Theory of Relativity , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1916 (part 2), 1111–1116 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 103; ''CP'' 6, 45 , , 1917 , , Zum Quantensatz von Sommerfeld und Epstein {, , On the Quantum Theorem of Sommerfeld and Epstein , ''Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen'', 19, 82–92 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. Seminal paper for the Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method, which describes how to convert a classical system into its
quantum mechanical Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, qua ...
analogue. , - , Schilpp 104 , , 1917 , , Review of H. v. Helmholtz: Zwei Vorträge über Goethe {, , Review of Hermann von Helmholtz: Two Lectures on Goethe , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 5, 675 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 105 , , 1917 , , Marian von Smoluchowski , , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 5, 737–738 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 106; Weil *91 , , 1917 , , Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung {, , On the Quantum Theory of Radiation , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 18, 121–128 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. , - , Schilpp 107; ''CP'' 6, 43 , , 1917 , , Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1917 (part 1), 142–152 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. This seminal paper marks the beginning of
physical cosmology Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of f ...
. Under certain simplifying assumptions,
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
describes the
birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the f ...
, the
expansion Expansion may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''L'Expansion'', a French monthly business magazine * ''Expansion'' (album), by American jazz pianist Dave Burrell, released in 2004 * ''Expansions'' (McCoy Tyner album), 1970 * ''Expansio ...
and the
ultimate fate The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology, whose theoretical restrictions allow possible scenarios for the evolution and ultimate fate of the universe to be described and evaluated. Based on available observational ev ...
of the
Universe The universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological description of the development of the univers ...
. , - , Schilpp 108; ''CP'' 6, 47 , , 1917 , , Eine Ableitung des Theorems von Jacobi {, , A Derivation of Jacobi's Theorem , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1917 (part 2), 606–608 , ,
Mathematical physics Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The '' Journal of Mathematical Physics'' defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the developm ...
. , - , Schilpp 109 , , 1917 May 23 , , Friedrich Adler als Physiker {, , Friedrich Adler as a Physicist§ , ''Die Vossische Zeitung'', Morgen Ausgabe, no. 259, 2 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 112; ''CP'' 7, 4 , , 1918 , , Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On the Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathe ...
(ser. 4)'', 55, 241–244
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
.Pais, Chap. 15, ref. E42. , - , Schilpp 113; ''CP'' 7, 6 , , 1918 , , Lassen sich Brechungsexponenten der Körper für Röntgenstrahlen experimentell ermitteln? {, , Is It Possible to Determine Experimentally the X-Ray Refractive Indices of Solids? , ''Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'', 20, 86–87 , ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions o ...
. , - , Schilpp 114; ''CP'' 7, 15 , , 1918 , , Bemerkung zu Gehrckes Notiz: Über den Äther {, , Comment on E. Gehrcke's Note: On the Aether , ''Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'', 20, 261 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 115; ''CP'' 7, 10 , , 1918 , , Review of H. Weyl: Raum, Zeit, Materie {, , Review of Hermann Weyl, Space-Time-Matter: Lectures on General Relativity , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 6, 373 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 116; ''CP'' 7, 13 , , 1918 , , Dialog über Einwände gegen die Relativitätstheorie {, , Dialogue about Objections to the Theory of Relativity , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 6, 697–702 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 117; ''CP'' 7, 2 , , 1918 , , Notiz zu Schrödingers Arbeit: Energiekomponenten des Gravitationsfeldes {, , Note on E. Schrödinger's Paper: The Energy Components of the Gravitational Field , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 19, 115–116 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
.Pais, Chap. 15, ref. E19a. , - , Schilpp 118; ''CP'' 7, 3 , , 1918 , , Bemerkung zu Schrödingers Notiz: Lösungssystem der allgemein kovarianten Gravitationsgleichungen {, , Comment on Schrödinger's Note: On a System of Solutions for the Generally Covariant Gravitational Field Equations , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 19, 165–166 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 119; ''CP'' 7, 1 , , 1918 , , Gravitationswellen {, , On Gravitational Waves , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1918 (part 1), 154–167 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Second paper on
Gravitational waves Gravitational waves are waves of the intensity of gravity generated by the accelerated masses of an orbital binary system that propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light. They were first proposed by Oliver Heaviside i ...
. , - , Schilpp 120; ''CP'' 7, 5 , , 1918 , , Kritisches zu einer von Hrn. de Sitter gegebenen Lösung der Gravitationsgleichungen {, , Critical Comment on a Solution of the Gravitational Field Equations Given by Mr. de Sitter , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1918 (part 1), 270–272 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 121; ''CP'' 7, 9 , , 1918 , , Der Energiesatz in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , The Law of Energy Conservation in the General Theory of Relativity , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1918 (part 1), 448–459 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 122 , , 1919 , , Prüfung der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , A Test of the General Theory of Relativity , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 7, 776 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 123; ''CP'' 7, 17 , , 1919 , , Spielen Gravitationsfelder im Aufbau der materiellen Elementarteilchen eine wesentliche Rolle? {, , Do Gravitational Fields Play an Essential Role in the Structure of the Elementary Particles of Matter? , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1919 (pt. 1), 349–356 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
.Pais, Chap. 15, ref. E43; Chap. 17, ref. E17. Suggests a modification of his field equations to allow for stable
elementary particle In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. Particles currently thought to be elementary include electrons, the fundamental fermions ( quarks, leptons, ...
s. , - , Schilpp 124; ''CP'' 7, 18 , , 1919 , , Bemerkungen über periodische Schwankungen der Mondlänge, welche bisher nach der Newtonschen Mechanik nicht erklärbar schienen {, , Comment about Periodical Fluctuations of Lunar Longitude, Which So Far Appeared to Be Inexplicable in Newtonian Mechanics , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1919 (pt. 1), 433–436 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 125 , , 1919 , , Feldgleichungen der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie vom Standpunkte des kosmologischen Problems und des Problems der Konstitution der Materie {, , Field Equations of the General Theory of Relativity in Respect to the Cosmological Problem and the Problem of the Constitution of Matter§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1919 (pt. 1), 463 (Title only) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 126; ''CP'' 7, 26 , , 1919 November 28 , , My theory , , ''Times, London'', 13 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Re-published in 1919 as "Time, space and gravitation" in ''Optician, the British optical journal'', volume 58, pages 187–188. , - , Schilpp 127; ''CP'' 7, 24 , , 1919 , , Leo Arons als Physiker {, , Leo Arons as Physicist , '' Sozialistische Monatshefte'', 52 (Jahrgang 25, pt. 2), 1055–1056 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 132 , , 1920 , , Bemerkung zur Abhandlung von W. R. Hess: Theorie der Viscosität heterogener Systeme {, , Comment on the Paper by W. R. Hess: Contribution to the Theory of the Viscosity of Heterogeneous Systems , ''Kolloidzeitschrift'', 27, 137 , ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF) (or secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. ...
s. , - , Schilpp 133; ''CP'' 7, 49 , 1920 , , Ernst Reichenbächer: Inwiefern lässt sich die moderne Gravitationstheorie ohne die Relativität begründen? {, , To What Extent Can Modern Gravitational Theory Be Established without Relativity? Einstein: Antwort auf vorstehende Betrachtung {, , Answer to the above considerations , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 8, 1010–1011 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 134 , , 1920 , , Trägheitsmoment des Wasserstoffmoleküls {, , Moment of Inertia of the Hydrogen Molecule§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1920, 65 , ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF) (or secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. ...
s. Abstract of never-published paper. , - , Schilpp 135; ''CP'' 7, 39 , , 1920 , , Schallausbreitung in teilweise dissoziierten Gasen {, , Propagation of Sound in Partly Dissociated Gases , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1920, 380–385 , ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF) (or secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. ...
s. Notes on the page proofs with corrections. , - , Schilpp 136; ''CP'' 7, 45 , , 1920 August 27 , , Meine Antwort über die antirelativitätstheoretische G.m.b.H. {, , My Response on the Anti-Relativity Company , ''Berliner Tageblatt und Handelszeitung'', no. 402, 1–2 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 147; ''CP'' 7, 53 , , 1921 , , A brief outline of the development of the theory of relativity , , ''Nature'', 106, 782–784 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. Translated by R. W. Lawson. , - , Schilpp 148 , , 1921 , , Geometrie und Erfahrung {, , Geometry and Experience , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1921 (pt. 1), 123–130 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 149; ''CP'' 7, 54 , , 1921 , , Eine naheliegende Ergänzung des Fundaments der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On a Natural Addition to the Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1921 (pt. 1), 261–264 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 150; ''CP'' 7, 68 , , 1921 , , Ein den Elementarprozess der Lichtemission betreffendes Experiment {, , On an Experiment Concerning the Elementary Process of Light Emission , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1921 (pt. 2), 882–883 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. , - , Schilpp 151 , , 1921 , , Report of a lecture at King's College on the development and present position of relativity, with quotations , , ''Nation and Athenaeum'', 29, 431–432 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. The German text is reproduced in ''Mein Weltbild'' (pp. 215–220); a full translation is found in '' The World as I See It''. It was also reported in ''Nature (107, p. 504) and also in the Times (London) on June 14, p. 8. , - , Schilpp 159 , , 1922 , , Bemerkung zur Seletyschen Arbeit: Beiträge zum kosmologischen Problem {, , Observation of the Paper of Selety: Contributions to the Cosmological Problem§ , ''Annalen der Physik (ser. 4)'', 69, 436–438
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 160 , , 1922 , , Review of W. Pauli: Relativitätstheorie {, , Review of W. Pauli: Relativity Theory§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 10, 184–185 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 161 , , 1922 , , Emil Warburg als Forscher {, , Emil Warburg as Researcher§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 10, 823–828 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 162 , , 1922 , , Theorie der Lichtfortpflanzung in dispergierenden Medien {, , Theory of the Propagation of Light in Dispersive Media§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phys.-math. Klasse'', 1922, 18–22 , ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions o ...
. , - , Schilpp 163 , , 1922 , , Bemerkung zu der Abhandlung von E. Trefftz: Statische Gravitationsfeld zweier Massenpunkte {, , Observation on the Work of E. Trefftz: Static Gravitational Field of Two Point Masses§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phys.-math. Klasse'', 1922, 448–449 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 164 , , 1922 , , Quantentheoretische Bemerkungen zum Experiment von Stern und Gerlach {, , Quantum Mechanical Observations on the Experiment of Stern and Gerlach§ , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 11, 31–34 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. Co-authored with
Paul Ehrenfest Paul Ehrenfest (18 January 1880 – 25 September 1933) was an Austrian theoretical physicist, who made major contributions to the field of statistical mechanics and its relations with quantum mechanics, including the theory of phase transition ...
. , - , Schilpp 165 , , 1922 , , Bemerkung zu der Arbeit von A. Friedmann: Über die Krümmung des Raumes {, , Observation on the Paper of A. Friedmann: On the Curvature of Space§ , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 11, 326 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Einstein withdrew this self-criticism in 1922 in the same journal ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', volume 16, p. 228. , - , Schilpp 170 , , 1923 , , Bemerkung zu der Notiz von W. Anderson: Neue Erklärung des kontinuierlichen Koronaspektrums {, , Observation on the Note of W. Anderson: New Explanation of the Continuous Spectrum of the Corona§ , ''Astronomische Nachrichten'', 219, 19 , , Solar physics. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 171 , , 1923 , , Experimentelle Bestimmung der Kanalweite von Filtern {, , Experimental Determination of the Pore Diameter in Filters§ , ''Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift'', 49, 1012–1013 , ,
Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids ( liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical and ...
. Co-authored with H. Mühsam. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 172 , , 1923 , , Beweis der Nichtexistenz eines überall regulären zentrisch symmetrischen Feldes nach der Feldtheorie von Kaluza {, , Proof of the Non-Existence of an Everywhere-Regular Centrally Symmetric Field According to the Field Theory of Kaluza§ , ''Jerusalem University, Scripta'', 1 (no. 7), 1–5 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Co-authored with J. Grommer; also given in Hebrew. , - , Schilpp 173 , , 1923 , , Theory of the affine field , , ''Nature'', 112, 448–449 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Translated by RW Lawson, but does not correspond to publication #175. Relatively non-mathematical. , - , Schilpp 174 , , 1923 , , Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On the General Theory of Relativity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1923, 32–38, 76–77 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 175; Weil *132 , , 1923 , , Zur affinen Feldtheorie {, , On Affine Field Theory§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1923, 137–140 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 176 , , 1923 , , Bietet die Feldtheorie Möglichkeiten für die Lösung des Quantenproblems? {, , Does Field Theory Offer Possibilities for Solving the Quantum Problem?§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1923, 359–364 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 177 , , 1923 , , Théorie de relativité {, , Theory of Relativity§ , ''Société française de philosophie, Bulletin'', 22, 97–98, 101, 107, 111–112 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Quoted in full in ''Nature'', 112, p. 253. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 178 , , 1923 , , Quantentheorie des Strahlungsgleichgewichts {, , Quantum Theory of the Equilibrium of Radiation§ , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 19, 301–306 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Co-authored with
Paul Ehrenfest Paul Ehrenfest (18 January 1880 – 25 September 1933) was an Austrian theoretical physicist, who made major contributions to the field of statistical mechanics and its relations with quantum mechanics, including the theory of phase transition ...
. , - , Schilpp 181 , , 1924 , , Antwort auf eine Bemerkung von W. Anderson {, , Response to an Observation of W. Anderson§ , ''Astronomische Nachrichten'', 221, 329–330 , , , - , Schilpp 182 , , 1924 April 20 , , Komptonsche Experiment {, , The Compton Experiment§ , ''Berliner Tageblatt'', 1. Beiblatt , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Experiment showing that photons could carry momentum; for many physicists, this experiment was conclusive proof that photons were particles. , - , Schilpp 184 , , 1924 , , Zum hundertjährigen Gedenktag von Lord Kelvins Geburt {, , On the 100th Anniversary of Lord Kelvin's Birth§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 12, 601–602 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 185; Weil *142 , , 1924 , , Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases {, , Quantum Theory of the Monatomic Ideal Gas§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1924, 261–267 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s and
statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. First of two seminal papers (see reference #194), in which Einstein creates the theory of
identical particles In quantum mechanics, identical particles (also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles) are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to, ...
in
quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. In 1924, Satyendra Nath Bose derived
Planck's law of black-body radiation In physics, Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment ...
from a modification of coarse-grained counting of
phase space In dynamical system theory, a phase space is a space in which all possible states of a system are represented, with each possible state corresponding to one unique point in the phase space. For mechanical systems, the phase space usuall ...
. Einstein shows that this modification is equivalent to assuming that photons are rigorously identical, leading to the concept of
coherent state In physics, specifically in quantum mechanics, a coherent state is the specific quantum state of the quantum harmonic oscillator, often described as a state which has dynamics most closely resembling the oscillatory behavior of a classical h ...
s. Einstein also extends Bose's formalism to material particles (
boson In particle physics, a boson ( ) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0,1,2 ...). Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have odd half-integer spi ...
s), predicting that they condense at sufficiently low temperatures, as verified experimentally. , - , Schilpp 186 , , 1924 , , Über den Äther {, , On the Aether§ , ''Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft'', 105 (pt. 2), 85–93 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. Historical overview. , - , Schilpp 187 , , 1924 , , Theorie der Radiometerkräfte {, , Theory of Radiometer Forces§ , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 27, 1–6 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Treatment of the physics of
radiometer A radiometer or roentgenometer is a device for measuring the radiant flux (power) of electromagnetic radiation. Generally, a radiometer is an infrared radiation detector or an ultraviolet detector. Microwave radiometers operate in the microwave ...
s, a science toy. , - , Schilpp 188 , , 1924 , , Bose_entitled_"Wärmegleichgewicht_im_Strahlungsfeld_bei_Anwesenheit_von_Materie".html" ;"title="Satyendra_Nath_Bose.html" ;"title="ote appended to a paper by Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose entitled "Wärmegleichgewicht im Strahlungsfeld bei Anwesenheit von Materie"">Satyendra_Nath_Bose.html" ;"title="ote appended to a paper by Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose entitled "Wärmegleichgewicht im Strahlungsfeld bei Anwesenheit von Materie"{, , Thermal Equilibrium in the Radiation Field in the Presence of Matter , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 27, 392–392 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. , - , Schilpp 193 , , 1925 , , Elektron und allgemeine Relativitätstheorie {, , The Electron and The General Theory of Relativity§ , ''Physica'', 5, 330–334 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 194; Weil *144 , , 1925 , , Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases. 2. Abhandlung {, , Quantum Theory of the Monatomic Ideal Gas, Part II§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin), Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1925, 3–14 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s and
statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Second of two seminal articles on
identical particles In quantum mechanics, identical particles (also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles) are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to, ...
,
boson In particle physics, a boson ( ) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0,1,2 ...). Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have odd half-integer spi ...
s and Bose–Einstein condensation; see reference #schilpp_185, #185 for the first. , - , Schilpp 195 , , 1925 , , Quantentheorie des idealen Gases {, , Quantum theory of Ideal Gases§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin), Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1925, 18–25 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s and
statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. , - , Schilpp 196 , , 1925 , , Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität {, , Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electricity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin), Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1925, 414–419 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 197 , , 1925 , , Bemerkung zu P. Jordans Abhandlung: Theorie der Quantenstrahlung {, , Observation on P. Jordan's Work: Theory of Quantum Radiation§ , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 31, 784–785 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. , - , Schilpp 199 , , 1926 , , W. H. Julius, 1860–1925 , , ''Astrophysical Journal'', 63, 196–198 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 200 , , 1926 , , Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flussläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes {, , Origin of River-Meanders and the So-Called Law of Baer§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 14, 223–224 , ,
Earth science Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four sphere ...
. The physics of meandering rivers. , - , Schilpp 201 , , 1926 , , Vorschlag zu einem die Natur des elementaren Strahlungs-emissions-prozesses betreffenden Experiment {, , Suggestion for an Experiment Concerning the Nature of the Elementary Process of Emitting Light§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 14, 300–301 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. , - , Schilpp 202 , , 1926 , , Interferenzeigenschaften des durch Kanalstrahlen emittierten Lichtes {, , Interference Properties of Light Emitted by Canal Rays§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1926, 334–340 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. Supposedly verified experimentally by Rupp in the paper following it in the journal (pp. 341–351); later, it came out that Rupp was a fraud. , - , Schilpp 203 , , 1926 , , Geometría no euclídea y física {, , Non-Euclidean Geometry and Physics§ , ''Revista matemática Hispano-americana (ser. 2)'', 1, 72–76 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 205 , , 1927 , , Einfluss der Erdbewegung auf die Lichtgeschwindigkeit relativ zur Erde {, , Influence of the Earth's Motion on the Speed of Light Relative to Earth§ , ''Forschungen und Fortschritte'', 3, 36–37 , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. , - , Schilpp 206 , , 1927 , , Formale Beziehung des Riemannschen Krümmungstensors zu den Feldgleichungen der Gravitation {, , Formal Relationship of the Riemannian Curvature Tensor to the Field Equations of Gravity§ , ''Mathematische Annalen'', 97, 99–10
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 207 , , 1927 , , Isaac Newton , , ''Manchester Guardian Weekly'', 16, 234–235 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. Reprinted in the ''Manchester Guardian'' (March 19, 1927); ''Observatory'', 50, 146–153; ''Smithsonian Institution, Report for 1927'', 201–207. , - , Schilpp 208 , , 1927 , , Newtons Mechanik und ihr Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der theoretischen Physik {, , Newton's Mechanics and its Influence on the Formation of Theoretical Physics§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 15, 273–276 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 209 , , 1927 , , Zu Newtons 200. Todestage {, , On the 200th Anniversary of Newton's Death§ , ''Nord und Süd'', Jahrg. 50, 36–40 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 210 , , 1927 , , etter to the Royal Society on the occasion of the Newton bicentenary, , ''Nature'', 119, 467 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. Also published in ''Science'', 65, 347–348. , - , Schilpp 211 , , 1927 , , Establishment of an international bureau of meteorology , , ''Science'', 65, 415–417 , ,
Meteorology Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did no ...
. , - , Schilpp 212 , , 1927 , , Kaluzas Theorie des Zusammenhanges von Gravitation und Elektrizität {, , Kaluza's Theory of the Connection between Gravity and Electricity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1927, 23–30 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 213 , , 1927 , , Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie und Bewegungsgesetz {, , General Theory of Relativity and the Law of Motion§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1927, 2–13, 235–245 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. The first part (pp. 2–13) was co-authored with J. Grommer. , - , Schilpp 214 , , 1927 , , Theoretisches und Experimentelles zur Frage der Lichtentstehung {, , Theoretical and Experimental spectsto the Question of the Generation of Light§ , ''Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie'', 40, 546 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s. , - , Schilpp 216 , , 1928 , , H. A. Lorentz , , ''Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Blätter'', 22, 24–25 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. Abstract of an address given at a memorial service at Leiden University. Reprinted in ''Mein Weltbild'' ('' The World as I See It''), p. 25. , - , Schilpp 217 , , 1928 , , Riemanngeometrie mit Aufrechterhaltung des Begriffes des Fern-Parallelismus {, , Riemannian Geometry with Preservation of the Concept of Distant Parallelism§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1928, 217–221 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 218 , , 1928 , , Neue Möglichkeit für eine einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität {, , New Possibility for a Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electricity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1928, 224–227 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 219 , , 1928 , , À propos de "La déduction relativiste" de M. E. Meyerson {, , Concerning "The Relativistic Deduction" by M. E. Meyerson§ , ''Revue philosophique de la France'', 105, 161–166 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 222 , , 1929 , , Ansprache an Prof. Planck ei Entgegennahme der Planckmedaille{, , Address to Prof. Planck pon receiving the Planck medalsup>§ , ''Forschungen und Fortschritte'', 5, 248–249 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 223 , , 1929 , , #226.html" ;"title="#schilpp_.html" ;"title="uotation from an interview with (London) ''Daily Chronicle'' (January 26, 1929) on the unitary field theory, in advance of publication #schilpp_">#226">#schilpp_.html" ;"title="uotation from an interview with (London) ''Daily Chronicle'' (January 26, 1929) on the unitary field theory, in advance of publication #schilpp_">#226, , ''Nature'', 123, 175 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 224 , , 1929 , , [Note appended to a reprinting of Arago's Memorial address on Thomas Young before the French Academy] , , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 17, 363 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 225 , , 1929 February 4 , , The new field theory , , ''Times (London)'' , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Translated by L. L. Whyte. Reprinted in the ''Observatory'', 52, 82–87, 114–118 (1930). , - , Schilpp 226; Weil *165 , , 1929 , , Einheitliche Feldtheorie {, , Unified Field Theory§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1929, 2–7 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 227 , , 1929 , , Einheitliche Feldtheorie und Hamiltonsches Prinzip {, , Unified Field Theory and Hamilton's Principle§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1929, 156–159 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 228 , , 1929 , , Sur la théorie synthéthique des champs {, , On the Unified Theory of Fields§ , ''Revue générale de l'électricité'', 25, 35–39 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Co-authored with
Théophile de Donder Théophile Ernest de Donder (; 19 August 1872 – 11 May 1957) was a Belgian mathematician and physicist famous for his work (published in 1923) in developing correlations between the Newtonian concept of chemical affinity and the Gibbsian concep ...
. , - , Schilpp 229 , , 1929 , , Appreciation of Simon Newcomb , , ''Science'', 69, 249 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. Translation of a letter to Newcomb's daughter dated July 15, 1926. , - , Schilpp 230 , , 1929 , , Sesión especial de la Academia (16 abril 1925) {, , Special Session of the Scientific Society of Argentina§ , ''Sociedad científica Argentina, Anales'', 107, 337–347 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Einstein's discussions with RG Loyarte on mass-energy equivalence and with H Damianovich on the relevance of relativity for a proposed "chemical field". , - , Schilpp 232 , , 1930 November 9 , , Über Kepler {, , On Kepler§ , ''Frankfurter Zeitung'', p. 16, col. 3–4 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. The text is reprinted in ''Mein Weltbild'' and its English translation '' The World as I See It'' (in German and English, respectively). , - , Schilpp 233 , , 1930 , , Raum-, Feld- und Äther-problem in der Physik {, , The Problems of Space, Fields and Aether in Physics§ , ''World power conference, 2nd, Berlin, 1930. Transactions'', 19, 1–5 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. A widely reported address, e.g., in ''Dinglers polytechnisches journal'', 345, p. 122. , - , Schilpp 234 , , 1930 , , Raum, Äther und Feld in der Physik {, , Space, Aether and Field in Physics§ , ''Forum Philosophicum'', 1, 173–180 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. An English translation by ES Brightman was provided in the same volume, pp. 180–184. Similar to #233, but different from the article "Das Raum-, Äther-, und Feld-problem der Physik" reprinted in ''Mein Weltbild'' ('' The World as I See It''), pp. 229–248. , - , Schilpp 235 , , 1930 , , Théorie unitaire du champ physique {, , Unified theory of the physical field§ , ''Annales de l'Institut H. Poincaré'', 1, 1–24 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 236 , , 1930 , , Auf die Riemann-Metrik und den Fern-Parallelismus gegründete einheitliche Feldtheorie {, , A Unified Field Theory Based on the Riemannian Metric and Distant Parallelism§ , ''Mathematische Annalen'', 102, 685–69
link
, ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 237 , , 1930 , , Das Raum-Zeit Problem {, , The Space-Time Problem§ , ''Die Koralle'', 5, 486–488 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 238 , , 1930 , , Review of S. Weinberg: Erkenntnistheorie {, , Review of S. Weinberg: Theory of Knowledge§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 18, 536 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 239 , , 1930 , , Kompatibilität der Feldgleichungen in der einheitlichen Feldtheorie {, , Consistency of the Field Equations in the Unified Field Theory§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1930, 18–23 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 240 , , 1930 , , Zwei strenge statische Lösungen der Feldgleichungen der einheitlichen Feldtheorie {, , Two Strictly Static Solutions of the Field Equations of the Unified Field Theory§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1930, 110–120 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - , Schilpp 241 , , 1930 , , Theorie der Räume mit Riemannmetrik und Fernparallelismus {, , Theory of Spaces with a Riemannian Metric and Distant Parallelism§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1930, 401–402 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 242 , , 1930 , , Address at University of Nottingham , , ''Science'', 71, 608–610 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. A survey of relativity theory (special and general) and of field theory in general. A ''précis'' of the talk was published in ''Nature'', 125, pp. 897–898, under the title "Concept of space". , - , Schilpp 243 , , 1930 , , Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On the Present Status of the General Theory of Relativity§ , ''Yale University Library, Gazette'', 6, 3–6 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. An English translation by Prof. Leigh Page of Yale University was provided on pages 7–10. This was neither a scientific talk nor a typical scientific paper; rather, a Yale graduate convinced Einstein to write the summary by longhand; the manuscript is still housed at Yale. , - , Schilpp 247 , , 1931 , , Theory of Relativity: Its Formal Content and Its Present Problems , , ''Nature'', 127, 765, 790, 826–827 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Rhodes lectures delivered at Oxford University in May 1931. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 248; Weil *178 , , 1931 , , Knowledge of past and future in quantum mechanics , , ''Physical Review (ser. 2)'', 37, 780–781
link
, ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. Co-authored with
Richard C. Tolman Richard Chace Tolman (March 4, 1881 – September 5, 1948) was an American mathematical physicist and physical chemist who made many contributions to statistical mechanics. He also made important contributions to theoretical cosmology in t ...
and Boris Podolsky. , - , Schilpp 249 , , 1931 , , Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On the Cosmological Problem of the General Theory of Relativity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1931, 235–237 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Proposed a "
cosmological constant In cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: ), alternatively called Einstein's cosmological constant, is the constant coefficient of a term that Albert Einstein temporarily added to his field eq ...
." , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 250 , , 1931 , , Systematische Untersuchung über kompatible Feldgleichungen welche in einem Riemannschen Raume mit Fern-Parallelismus gesetzt werden können {, , Systematic Investigation of Consistent Field Equations That Can Be Posited in a Riemannian Space with Distant Parallelism§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1931, 257–265 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 251; Weil *182 , , 1931 , , Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität {, , Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electricity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1931, 541–557 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - , Schilpp 252 , , 1931 , , Thomas Alva Edison, 1847–1931 , , ''Science'', 74, 404–405 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 253 , , 1931 , , Gravitational and electromagnetic fields ranslation of a preliminary report for the Josiah Macy, Jr. foundation, , ''Science'', 74, 438–439 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 254 , , 1931 , , eply to congratulatory addresses at a dinner given by the California Institute of Technology on January 15, 1931, , ''Science'', 73, 379 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 255 , , 1931 , , Gedenkworte auf Albert A. Michelson {, , In Remembrance of Albert A. Michelson§ , ''Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie'', 44, 658 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 258 , , 1932 , , On the relation between the expansion and the mean density of the universe , , ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 18, 213–214 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Co-authored with Willem de Sitter. , - , Schilpp 259 , , 1932 , , Zu Dr. Berliners siebzigstem Geburtstag {, , On Dr. Berliner's 70th Birthday§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 20, 913 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. Reprinted in ''Mein Weltbild'' ('' The World as I See It''), pp. 29–32. , - , Schilpp 260 , , 1932 , , Gegenwärtiger Stand der Relativitätstheorie {, , Present Status of Relativity Theory§ , ''Die Quelle'' (now called ''Paedogogischer Führer''), 82, 440–442 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 261; Weil *185 , , 1932 , , Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität, 2. Abhandlung {, , Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electricity, Part II§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1932, 130–137 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 262 , , 1932 , , Semi-Vektoren und Spinoren {, , Semi-Vectors and Spinors§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1932, 522–550 , ,
Mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - , Schilpp 263 , , 1932 , , Unbestimmtheitsrelation {, , Uncertainty Relations§ , ''Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie'', 45, 23 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 267 , , 1933 , , Dirac Gleichungen für Semi-Vektoren {, , Dirac Equations for Semi-Vectors§ , ''Akademie van wetenschappen (Amsterdam), Proceedings'', 36 (pt. 2), 497–? , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 268 , , 1933 , , Spaltung der natürlichsten Feldgleichungen für Semi-Vektoren in Spinor-Gleichungen vom Diracschen Typus {, , Division of the Most Natural Field-Equations for Semi-Vectors in Spinor Equations of the Dirac Type§ , ''Akademie van wetenschappen (Amsterdam), Proceedings'', 36 (pt. 2), 615–619 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 270 , , 1934 , , Darstellung der Semi-Vektoren als gewöhnliche Vektoren von besonderem Differentiations Charakter {, , Representation of Semi-Vectors as Ordinary Vectors with Unusual Differentiation Properties§ , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)'', 35, 104–110 , ,
Mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - , Schilpp 271 , , 1934 , , Review of R. Tolman: Relativity, thermodynamics and cosmology , , ''Science'', 80, 358 , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 272 , , 1935 , , Elementary derivation of the equivalence of mass and energy , , ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'', 41, 223–230
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 273; Weil *195 , , 1935 , , Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? , , ''Physical Review (ser. 2)'', 47, 777–780
link
, ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. Seminal paper on non-local effects (entanglement) in quantum mechanics. Co-authored with B. Podolsky and N. Rosen. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 274 , , 1935 , , The particle problem in the general theory of relativity , , ''Physical Review (ser. 2)'', 48, 73–77 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Co-authored with N. Rosen. , - , Schilpp 275 , , 1936 , , Physik und Realität {, , Physics and Reality§ , ''Franklin Institute, Journal'', 221, 313–347 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. An English translation (by J Picard) is provided on pages 349–382. Also reprinted in ''Zeitschrift für freie deutsche Forschung'', 1, no. 1, pp. 5–19 and no. 2, pp. 1–14 (1938). , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 276 , , 1936 , , Two-body problem in general relativity theory , , ''Physical Review (ser. 2)'', 49, 404–405 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Co-authored with N. Rosen. , - , Schilpp 277 , , 1936 , , Lens-like action of a star by deviation of light in the gravitational field , , ''Science'', 84, 506–507 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 278; Weil *200 , , 1937 , , On gravitational waves , , ''Journal of the Franklin Institute'', 223, 43–54 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Co-authored with N. Rosen. This important paper established that gravitational waves are possible despite the nonlinear nature of the
Einstein field equations In the general theory of relativity, the Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) relate the geometry of spacetime to the distribution of matter within it. The equations were published by Einstein in 1915 in the form ...
.
Einstein and Rosen originally reached the opposite conclusion
, - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 283; Weil *202 , , 1938 , , Gravitational equations and the problems of motion , , ''Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2)'', 39, 65–100 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Co-authored with L. Infeld and B. Hoffmann. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 284 , , 1938 , , Generalization of Kaluza's theory of electricity , , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)'', 39, 683–701 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Co-authored with P. Bergmann. , - , Schilpp 285; Weil *204 , , 1939 , , Stationary system with spherical symmetry consisting of many gravitating masses , , ''Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2)'', 40, 922–936 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 286; Weil *205 , , 1940 , , Gravitational equations and the problems of motion. II , , ''Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2)'', 41, 455–464 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Co-authored with L. Infeld. , - , Schilpp 287 , , 1940 , , Considerations concerning the fundamentals of theoretical physics , , '' Science'', 91, 487–492 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. Partly reprinted in ''Nature'', 145, 920–924. , - , Schilpp 290 , , 1941 , , Demonstration of the non-existence of gravitational fields with a non-vanishing total mass free of singularities , , ''Tucumán universidad nac., Revista (ser. A)'', 2, 11–16 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 292 , , 1942 , , The work and personality of Walter Nernst , , ''Scientific Monthly'', 54, 195–196 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 293 , , 1943 , , Non-existence of regular stationary solutions of relativistic field equations , , ''Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2)'', 44, 131–137 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Co-authored with
Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (; ; 25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after having been nominated by Albert Einstein, Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 295 , , 1944 , , Bivector fields, I , , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)'', 45, 1–14 , ,
Mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
. Co-authored with V. Bargmann. , - , Schilpp 296 , , 1944 , , Bivector fields, II , , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)296'', 45, 15–23 , ,
Mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
. , - , Schilpp 298 , , 1945 , , On the cosmological problem , , ''American Scholar'', 14, 137–156, 269 (correction) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. A pre-printing of the appendix to publication #297. , - , Schilpp 299 , , 1945 , , Generalization of the relativistic theory of gravitation , , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)'', 46, 578–584 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 300 , , 1945 , , Influence of the expansion of space on the gravitation fields surrounding the individual stars , , ''Reviews of modern physics'', 17, 120–124 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Co-authored with E. G. Straus. Corrections and additions, ''ibid.'', 18, 148–149 (1946). , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 301 , , 1946 , , Generalization of the relativistic theory of gravitation, II , , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)'', 47, 731–741 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Co-authored with E. G. Straus. , - , Schilpp 302 , , 1946 , , Elementary derivation of the equivalence of mass and energy , , ''Technion Journal'', 5, 16–17
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. Novel, simplified derivation in the Yearbook of American Society for Advancement of the Hebrew Institute of Technology in Haifa. Also published in Hebrew in 1947, in the ''Scientific Publications'' of Hebrew Technical College (Institute of Technology) in Haifa. , - , Schilpp 307 , , 1948 , , Quantenmechanik und Wirklichkeit {, , Quantum mechanics and reality§ , ''Dialectica'', 2, 320–324 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. , - , Schilpp 308; Weil *222 , , 1948 , , Generalized theory of gravitation , , ''Reviews of modern physics'', 20, 35–39 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 309 , , 1949 , , Motion of particles in general relativity theory , , ''Canadian Journal of Mathematics'', 1, 209–241 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Co-authored with L. Infeld. , - , Schilpp 310 , , 1949 , , Dem Gedächtnis Max Plancks {, , In memory of Max Planck§ , ''Angewandte Chimie'', 61, U114 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 311 , , 1950 , , The Bianchi Identities in the Generalized Theory of Gravitation , , ''Canadian Journal of Mathematics'', 2, 120–128 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 313 , , 1950 , , On the General Theory of Gravitation , , ''Scientific American'', 182, 13–17 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - , Schilpp 314 , , 1951 , , The Advent of the Quantum Theory , , ''Science'', 113, 82–84 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...
. , - , Schilpp 316 , , 1953 , , A Comment on a Criticism of Unified Field Theory , , ''Physical Review'', 89, 321 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 317 , , 1954 , , Algebraic Properties of the Field in the Relativistic Theory of the Asymmetric Field , , ''Annals of Mathematics'', 59, 230–244 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Co-authored with B. Kaufman. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 318 , , 1955 , , An Interview with Einstein , , ''Scientific American'', 193, 69–73 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. Co-authored with I. B. Cohen. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 319 , , 1955 , , A New Form of the General Relativistic Field Equations , , ''Annals of Mathematics'', 62, 128–138 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Simplified derivation using an ancillary field instead of the usual
affine connection In differential geometry, an affine connection is a geometric object on a smooth manifold which ''connects'' nearby tangent spaces, so it permits tangent vector fields to be differentiated as if they were functions on the manifold with values i ...
. Co-authored with B. Kaufman.


Book chapters

With the exception of publication #288, the following book chapters were written by Einstein; he had no co-authors. Given that most of the chapters are already in English, the English translations are not given their own columns, but are provided in parentheses after the original title; this helps the table to fit within the margins of the page. These are the total of 31. {, class="wikitable sortable" id="Einstein_book_chapters" !scope=col, Index !scope=col, Year !scope=col, Chapter title (English translation) !scope=col, Book title (English translation), page numbers !scope=col, Book author/editor !scope=col, Publisher (Location) !scope=col, Classification and notes , - , Schilpp 51 , , 1912 , , État actuel du problème des chaleurs spécifiques {, , Present State of the Problem of Specific Heats§ , ''Rapports du premier Conseil de Physique (1911), Instituts Solvay'' {, , ''Reports of the 1st Solvay Conference of Physics''§ , Unknown , , Gauthier (Paris) , ,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, also sometimes referred to as massic heat capacity. Informally, it is the amount of heat t ...
s. The German text is publication #63. , - , Schilpp 76 , , 1915 , , Theoretische Atomistik {, , Theoretical Atomic Science§ , ''Die Physik'', pp. 251–263 {, , ''Physics''§ , E. Lecher , , Teubner (
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...
) , ,
Atomic physics Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned wit ...
. Part of the series ''Kultur der Gegenwart'' (3. Teil, Abt. 3, Band 1). , - , Schilpp 77 , , 1915 , , Relativitätstheorie {, , Relativity Theory§ , ''Die Physik'' {, , ''Physics''§ , E. Lecher , , Teubner (
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Part of the series ''Kultur der Gegenwart'' (3. Teil, Abt. 3, Band 1) , - , Schilpp 87 , , 1916 , , Vorwort {, , Foreword , ''Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Gravitationstheorie'' {, , ''Foundations of Einstein's Gravitational Theory''§ , Erwin F. Freundlich , , Springer (Berlin) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 111 , , 1918 , , Motiv des Forschens {, , Motives for Research , ''Zu Max Plancks 60. Geburtstag: Ansprachen in der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft'', pp. 29–32 {, , ''Talks in Honor of Max Planck's 60th Birthday''§ , Unknown , , Müller (
Karlsruhe Karlsruhe ( , , ; South Franconian: ''Kallsruh'') is the third-largest city of the German state (''Land'') of Baden-Württemberg after its capital of Stuttgart and Mannheim, and the 22nd-largest city in the nation, with 308,436 inhabitants. ...
) , , Philosophy of physics. , - , Schilpp 146 , , 1921 , , Einfache Anwendung des Newtonschen Gravitationsgesetzes auf die Kugelförmigen Sternhaufen {, , Simple Application of Newton's Law of Gravitation to Spherical Collections of Stars§ , ''Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaft, Festschrift zu ihrem zehnjährigen Jubiläum'', pp. 50–52 {, , ''Celebratory Work for the 10th Anniversary of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society''§ , Unknown , , Springer Verlag (Berlin) , ,
Gravitation In physics, gravity () is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things with mass or energy. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the stron ...
. , - , Schilpp 158 , , 1922 , , Theoretische Bemerkungen zur Supraleitung der Metalle {, , Theoretical Observations on the Superconductivity of Metals§ , ''Leyden. Rijksuniversiteit Naturkundig Laboratorium, Gedenkboek aangeboden aan H. Kamerlingh Onnes'', pp. 429–435 {, , ''A Book Honoring H. Kamerlingh Onnes''§ , Unknown , , Ijdo (
Leiden Leiden (; in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands. The municipality of Leiden has a population of 119,713, but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration w ...
) , ,
Superconductivity Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic flux fields are expelled from the material. Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor. Unlike ...
. , - , Schilpp 180 , , 1924 , , Geleitwort {, , Preface§ ,
Lucretius Titus Lucretius Carus ( , ;  – ) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is the philosophical poem '' De rerum natura'', a didactic work about the tenets and philosophy of Epicureanism, and which usually is translated into E ...
, ''De rerum natura'' , , H. Diels , , Weidmann (Berlin) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 190 , , 1925 , , Anhang: Eddingtons Theorie und Hamiltonsches Prinzip {, , Appendix: Eddington's Theory and Hamilton's Principle§ , ''Relativitätstheorie in mathematischer Behandlung'' {, , ''Relativity Theory, Treated Mathematically''§ , AS Eddington , , Springer Verlag (Berlin) , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Written exclusively for this German translation of Eddington. , - , Schilpp 191 , , 1925 , , Theoretische Atomistik {, , Theoretical Atomic Science§ , ''Die Physik'', 2. Auflage, pp. 281–294 {, , ''Physics, 2nd edition''§ , Unknown , , Teubner (
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...
) , ,
Atomic physics Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned wit ...
. , - , Schilpp 192 , , 1925 , , Relativitätstheorie {, , Relativity theory§ , ''Die Physik'', 2. Auflage, pp. 783–797 {, , ''Physics, 2nd edition''§ , Unknown , , Teubner (
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 204 , , 1927 , , Introduction , , ''Di spetsyele relativitets-teorye'' {, , ''The Special Theory of Relativity''§ , T. Shalit , , privately printed (Berlin) , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. Both Yiddish and German versions are provided. , - , Schilpp 220 , , 1929
Space-time
, ''
Encyclopædia Britannica The (Latin for "British Encyclopædia") is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It is published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the company has existed since the 18th century, although it has changed ownership various t ...
'', 14th ed., vol. 21, pp. 105–108 , , Franklin Henry Hooper , ,
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. An encyclopedia (American English) or encyclopædia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either general or special to a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into article ...
(Chicago) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 221 , , 1929 , , Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Feldtheorie {, , On the Present Status of Field Theory§ , ''Festschrift Prof. Dr. A. Studola Überreicht'', pp. 126ff. {, , ''Celebratory Work for Dr. A. Studola''§ , Unknown , , Füssli (
Zürich , neighboring_municipalities = Adliswil, Dübendorf, Fällanden, Kilchberg, Maur, Oberengstringen, Opfikon, Regensdorf, Rümlang, Schlieren, Stallikon, Uitikon, Urdorf, Wallisellen, Zollikon , twintowns = Kunming, San Francisco Z ...
) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Less technical and more historical than (journal) publication #235. , - , Schilpp 231 , , 1929 , , Begleitwort {, , Foreword§ , ''Grenzflächenvorgänge in der unbelebten und belebten Natur'' {, , ''Boundary Surface Processes in Biological and Inorganic Nature''§ , D. Reichinstein , , Barth (
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...
) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 244 , , 1931 , , Foreword , , ''Newton, the man'', p. v , , R. de Villamil , , Knox (London) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 245 , , 1931 , , Maxwell's influence on the development of the conception of physical reality , , ''James Clerk Maxwell: A Commemoration Volume'', pp. 66–73 , , Unknown , , Cambridge University Press (
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge bec ...
) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. The German text is found in ''Mein Weltbild'' ('' The World as I See It''). , - , Schilpp 246 , , 1931 , , Foreword , , ''Opticks'', 4th edition (London 1730), pp. vii–viii , ,
Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, Theology, theologian, and author (described in his time as a "natural philosophy, natural philosopher"), widely ...
, , McGraw (New York) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. , - , Schilpp 256 , , 1932 , , Prologue , , ''Where is science going?'', pp. 7–12 , ,
Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (, ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many substantial contributions to theoretical p ...
, , Norton (New York) , , Philosophy of physics.Pais, Chap. 16, ref. E77. , - , Schilpp 257 , , 1932 , , Epilogue: a socratic dialogue, interlocutors, Einstein and Murphy , , ''Where is science going?'', pp. 201–213 , ,
Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (, ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many substantial contributions to theoretical p ...
, , Norton (New York) , , Philosophy of physics. , - , Schilpp 269 , , 1934 , , Introduction , , ''The World in Modern Science'', pp. 5–6 , ,
Leopold Infeld Leopold Infeld (20 August 1898 – 15 January 1968) was a Polish physicist who worked mainly in Poland and Canada (1938–1950). He was a Rockefeller fellow at Cambridge University (1933–1934) and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. E ...
, , V. Gollancz (London) , , Philosophy of physics. The German original is on p. 275. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 288 , , 1941 , , Five-dimensional representation of gravitation and electricity , , ''Theodore von Karman Anniversary Volume'', pp. 212–225 , , , , California Institute of Technology ( Pasadena) , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Co-authored with Bargmann V and Bergmann PG. , - , Schilpp 289 , , 1941 , , Science and religion , , ''1st Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion'' , , Unknown , , Unknown , , Philosophy. Reported in the ''
New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'' (September 11, 1940, p. 30, col. 2) and also in ''
Nature Nature, in the broadest sense, is the physical world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science. Although humans are ...
'', 146, 605–607. , - , Schilpp 291 , , 1942 , , Foreword , , ''Introduction to the theory of relativity'', p. v , ,
Peter G. Bergmann Peter Gabriel Bergmann (24 March 1915 – 19 October 2002) was a German-American physicist best known for his work with Albert Einstein on a unified field theory encompassing all physical interactions. He also introduced primary and second ...
, , Prentice-Hall (New York) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 294 , , 1944 , , Remarks on Bertrand Russell's theory of knowledge , , ''The philosophy of Bertrand Russell'', pp. 277–291 , , Paul A. Schilpp , , Northwestern University ( Evanston) , , Philosophy. Volume 5 of the Library of Living Philosophers. , - , Schilpp 303 , , 1947 , , The problem of space, ether and the field in physics , , ''Man and the universe'', pp. 82–100 , , Saxe, Commins, and RN Linscott , , Random House (New York) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Reprinted from '' The World as I See It''. , - , Schilpp 305 , , 1948 , , Einstein's theory of relativity , , ''Grolier Encyclopedia'', vol. 9, p. 19 , , Unknown , , Grolier Society (New York) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Although dated as 1947, the actual issue occurred in 1948. , - , Schilpp 306 , , 1948 , , Relativity: essence of the theory of relativity , , ''American Peoples Encyclopedia'', vol. 16, col. 604–608 , , Unknown , , Spencer Press (Chicago) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 312 , , 1950 , , Appendix II: Generalized theory of gravitation , , '' The Meaning of Relativity'', 3rd edition , ,
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theor ...
, , Princeton University (
Princeton Princeton University is a private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nin ...
) , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Appendix II added to the third edition of the ''Meaning of Relativity'' (publication #297). , - , Schilpp 315 , , 1951 , , Reply to Criticisms: Remarks Concerning the Essays Brought Together in this Co-operative Volume , , ''Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, Volume II'', pp. 665–688 , , Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor , , Harper and Brothers Publishers, Harper Torchbook edition (New York) , ,
History of science The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural, social, and formal. Science's earliest roots can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Meso ...
and philosophy of physics. Biographical notes and a summary of Einstein's scientific thinking in his later years. , - , Weil *235 , 1953 , Appendix II: Generalization of Gravitation Theory , '' The Meaning of Relativity'', 4th edition ,
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theor ...
, Princeton University (
Princeton Princeton University is a private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nin ...
) , Completely revised (and renamed) Appendix II, translated by Bruria Kaufman. There is also a separate reprint of Appendix II, it being the first published separate edition. , - , Schilpp 320 , , 1955 , , Appendix II: Relativistic Theory of the Non-Symmetric Field , , '' The Meaning of Relativity'', 5th edition , ,
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theor ...
, , Princeton University (
Princeton Princeton University is a private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nin ...
) , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are ...
. Completely revised (and renamed) Appendix II for the fifth and final edition of the ''Meaning of Relativity'' (publications #297 and #312).


Books

The following books were written by Einstein. With the exception of publication #278, he had no co-authors. These are the total of 16 books. {, class="wikitable sortable" id="Einstein_books" !scope=col, Index !scope=col, Year !scope=col, Book title and English translation !scope=col, Publisher (Location) !scope=col, Classification and notes , - , Schilpp 6 , , 1906 , , ''Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen'' {, , A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions , Buchdruckerei K. J. Wyss (
Bern german: Berner(in)french: Bernois(e) it, bernese , neighboring_municipalities = Bremgarten bei Bern, Frauenkappelen, Ittigen, Kirchlindach, Köniz, Mühleberg, Muri bei Bern, Neuenegg, Ostermundigen, Wohlen bei Bern, Zollikofen , website ...
) , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. Inaugural-dissertation from Zürich Universität. Same as (journal) publication #11. , - , Schilpp 86 , , 1916 , , ''Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie'' {, , Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity§ , Barth (
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...
) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. , - , Schilpp 102 , , 1917 , , ''Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, gemeinverständlich'' {, , On the Special and General Theory of Relativity (A Popular Account) , Vieweg (
Braunschweig Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( , from Low German ''Brunswiek'' , Braunschweig dialect: ''Bronswiek'') is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. This is volume 38 (Heft 38) in the series Sammlung Vieweg. Other editions and translations are found in publications #110, 129,
130 130 may refer to: *130 (number) *AD 130 *130 BC Thirteen or 13 may refer to: * 13 (number), the natural number following 12 and preceding 14 * One of the years 13 BC, AD 13, 1913, 2013 Music * 13AD (band), an Indian classic and hard rock band ...
,
137 137 may refer to: *137 (number) 137 (one hundred ndthirty-seven) is the natural number following 136 and preceding 138. In mathematics 137 is: * the 33rd prime number; the next is 139, with which it comprises a twin prime, and thus 137 is ...
141,
154 Year 154 ( CLIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Lateranus (or, less frequently, year 907 ''Ab urbe cond ...
,
169 Year 169 ( CLXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Senecio and Apollinaris (or, less frequently, year 922 ''Ab urbe co ...
and 215. , - , Schilpp 110 , , 1918 , , ''Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, gemeinverständlich'', 3rd edition {, , On the Special and General Theory of Relativity (A Popular Account) , Vieweg (
Braunschweig Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( , from Low German ''Brunswiek'' , Braunschweig dialect: ''Bronswiek'') is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Other editions and translations are found in publication #102 and 129,
130 130 may refer to: *130 (number) *AD 130 *130 BC Thirteen or 13 may refer to: * 13 (number), the natural number following 12 and preceding 14 * One of the years 13 BC, AD 13, 1913, 2013 Music * 13AD (band), an Indian classic and hard rock band ...
,
137 137 may refer to: *137 (number) 137 (one hundred ndthirty-seven) is the natural number following 136 and preceding 138. In mathematics 137 is: * the 33rd prime number; the next is 139, with which it comprises a twin prime, and thus 137 is ...
141,
154 Year 154 ( CLIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Lateranus (or, less frequently, year 907 ''Ab urbe cond ...
,
169 Year 169 ( CLXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Senecio and Apollinaris (or, less frequently, year 922 ''Ab urbe co ...
and 215. , - , Schilpp 129 , , 1920 , , ''Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, gemeinverständlich'', 10th edition {, , On the Special and General Theory of Relativity (A Popular Account) , Vieweg (
Braunschweig Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( , from Low German ''Brunswiek'' , Braunschweig dialect: ''Bronswiek'') is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. The first edition of this book is listed as publication #102. Editions of this work were published until 1922 (the 14th edition). Editions 10–14 contained an additional section "Rotverschiebung der Spectrallinien" (
Redshift In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light). The opposite change, a decrease in wavelength and simultaneous increase in fr ...
of
spectral line A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to ident ...
s) in the appendix. , - , Schilpp 131 , , 1920 , , ''Äther und Relativitätstheorie: Rede gehalten am 5. Mai 1920 an der Reichs-Universität zu Leiden'' {, , Aether and Relativity Theory: A Talk Given on May 5, 1920 at the University of Leiden§ , Springer Verlag (Berlin) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. The French, English, and Italian translations are listed as publications #145, 152, and 153, respectively. An undated Polish translation by L. Freundenheim, ''Eter a teorja wzglednosci'', was published in
Lviv Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...
. Also published with variant subtitle in Dutch (although the text is German), ''Aether und Relativitaetstheorie: Rede Uitgesproken bij de Aanvaarding van het Ambt van Bijzonder Hoogleerar aan de Rijks-Universiteit te Leiden.'' , - , Schilpp 143 , , 1921 , , ''Geometrie und Erfahrung, Erweiterte Fassung des Festvortrages gehalten an der Preussischen Akademie'' {, , Geometry and Experience: Expanded Edition of the Celebratory Lecture Given at the Prussian Academy§ , Springer Verlag (Berlin) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. The original paper is found as (journal) publication #148. French, English and Italian translations are listed as publications #144, 152, and 153. An undated Polish translation, ''Geometrja a doswiadczenie'', was published in
Lviv Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...
. , - , Schilpp 156 , , 1922 , , ''Vier Vorlesungen über Relativitätstheorie, gehalten im Mai 1921, an der Universität Princeton'' {, , Four Lectures on Relativity Theory, Given in May 1921 at Princeton University§ , Vieweg (
Braunschweig Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( , from Low German ''Brunswiek'' , Braunschweig dialect: ''Bronswiek'') is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. German text of publication #142. A second printing by Vieweg is dated 1923. , - , Schilpp 157 , , 1922 , , ''Untersuchungen über die Theorie der Brownschen Bewegungen'' {, , Investigations of Brownian Motion§ , Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft (
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...
) , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. A re-issue of publications #8, 11, 12, 22, and 26 with notes and derivations from the editor, R. Fürth. Released as Nr. 199 of Oswalds Klassiker der exacten Wissenschaften. An English translation appeared as publication #198. , - , Schilpp 168 , , 1923 , , ''Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativitätstheorie'' {, , Fundamental Ideas and Problems of Relativity Theory§ , Imprimerie royale (
Stockholm Stockholm () is the capital and largest city of Sweden as well as the largest urban area in Scandinavia. Approximately 980,000 people live in the municipality, with 1.6 million in the urban area, and 2.4 million in the metropo ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Nobel prize lecture, delivered before the Nordische Naturforscherversammlung in Göteborg. Reprinted in ''Nobelstiftelsen, Les prix Nobel en 1921–22''. , - , Schilpp 264 , , 1933 , , ''On the Method of Theoretical Physics'' , Clarendon Press (
Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
) , , Philosophy of physics. The Herbert Spenser lecture at Oxford University, delivered on June 10, 1933. , - , Schilpp 265 , , 1933 , , ''Origins of the General Theory of Relativity'' , Jackson (
Glasgow Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popu ...
) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Lecture at the University of Glasgow, delivered June 20, 1933. , - , Schilpp 266 , , 1933 , , ''Les fondements de la théorie de la relativité générale'' {, , Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity§ , Hermann (Paris) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. French translations of publications #89 and 251 by Maurice Solovine, together with a new essay by Einstein, "Sur la structure cosmologique de l'espace", which discusses the cosmological implications of general relativity, together with its historical antecedents. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 278 , , 1938 , , '' The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta'' , , Simon and Schuster (New York) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. Co-authored with Infeld L. , - , Schilpp 279 , , 1938 , , ''Die Physik als Abenteuer der Erkenntnis'' {, , Physics as an Adventure of the Mind§ , Sijthoff (
Leiden Leiden (; in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands. The municipality of Leiden has a population of 119,713, but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration w ...
) , , Philosophy of physics. , - , Schilpp 297 , , 1945 , , '' The Meaning of Relativity'' , , Princeton University (
Princeton Princeton University is a private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nin ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Second edition of publication #142, with a long appendix covering various topics such as the cosmological implications of general relativity. The appendix was translated by Ernst G. Straus. A "third edition" was published in 1946 by Methuen (London), but it is identical except for a change in pagination. The true third, fourth and fifth editions appeared in 1950, 1953 and 1956, respectively. In the 3rd, Einstein added Appendix II on a generalized theory of gravitation, which was substantially revised for the fifth and final edition.


Authorized translations

The following translations of his work were authorized by Einstein. {, class="wikitable sortable" id="Einstein_translations" !scope=col, Index !scope=col, Year !scope=col, Book title !scope=col, Translator !scope=col, Publisher (Location) !scope=col, Classification and notes , - , Schilpp 128 , , 1920 , , ''The Principle of Relativity: Original Papers'' , , MN Saha and SN Bose , , University of Calcutta (
Kolkata Kolkata (, or , ; also known as Calcutta , the official name until 2001) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary business, comme ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Includes English translations of (journal) publications #9 and 89, with a historical introduction by PC Mahalanobis. The work of
Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski (; ; 22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a German mathematician and professor at Königsberg, Zürich and Göttingen. He created and developed the geometry of numbers and used geometrical methods to solve problems in number t ...
is also included. , - , Schilpp 130 , , 1920 , , '' Relativity, the Special and the General Theory: A Popular Exposition'' , , Robert W Lawson , , Methuen (London) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Authorized translation of the 5th German edition of ''Ueber die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitaetstheorie, gemeinverstaendlich'' (cf. publications #102, 110, 129). The text also includes Dr. Lawson's biographical sketch of Albert Einstein, a short bibliography on relativity theory and an appendix written for this edition entitled "Experimental confirmation of the general theory of relativity". Up to 10 editions were published by Methuen, the last in 1931. , - , Schilpp 137 , , 1921 , , '' Relativity, the Special and the General Theory: A Popular Exposition'' , , RW Lawson , , Holt (New York) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Effectively the same as publication #130. Later imprints were Smith (New York, 1931) and Hartsdale House, Inc. (New York, 1947). , - , Schilpp 138 , , 1921 , , ''Teoría de la relatividad especial y general'' , , F. Lorente de Nó , , Peláez ( Toledo) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Spanish translation of publication #129. Two later editions were Ruiz de Lara ( Cuenca, 1923) and Medina ( Toledo, 1925). , - , Schilpp 139 , , 1921 , , ''Sulla teoria speciale e generale della relatività: Volgarizzazione'' , , G. L. Calisse , , Zanichelli (
Bologna Bologna (, , ; egl, label= Emilian, Bulåggna ; lat, Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different na ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Italian translation of publication #129. , - , Schilpp 140 , , 1921 , , ''Teoriia Otnositel'nosti: Obshchedostypnoe Izlozhenie'' , , G. B. Itel'son , , Slowo (Berlin) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Russian translation of publication #129. Re-published in 1922 with the same imprint. , - , Schilpp 141 , , 1921 , , ''La théorie de la relativité restreinte et géneralisée'' , , Mlle. J. Rouviere , , Gauthier (Paris) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. French translation of publication #129. , - , Schilpp 142 , , 1921 , , '' The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University'' , , Edwin P. Adams , , Princeton University Press (
Princeton Princeton University is a private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nin ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
.Pais, Chap. 6, ref. E1. Reprinted in 1922 and 1923. Also released in 1922 and 1924 under the imprint Methuen (London). Translations are found in publications #166,
167 Year 167 ( CLXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Quadratus (or, less frequently, year 920 ''Ab urbe ...
, and
179 Year 179 ( CLXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Veru (or, less frequently, year 932 ''Ab urbe condit ...
, whereas the German text is listed as publication #156. A second edition was also released; see publication #297. , - , Schilpp 144 , , 1921 , , ''La géometrie et l'expérience'' , , Maurice Solovine , , Gauthier (Paris) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. French translation of publication #143. A second edition was also published by Gauthier in 1934. , - , Schilpp 145 , , 1921 , , ''L'éther et la théorie de la relativité'' , , Maurice Solovine , , Gauthier (Paris) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. French translation of publication #131. Reprinted in 1925. , - , Schilpp 152 , , 1922 , , ''Sidelights on Relativity: I. Ether and Relativity. II. Geometry and Experience'' , , GB Jeffrey and W Perrett , , Methuen (London) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Translation of publications #131 and
143 143 may refer to: *143 (number), a natural number *AD 143, a year of the 2nd century AD *143 BC, a year of the 2nd century BC * ''143'' (EP), a 2013 EP by Tiffany Evans * ''143'' (album), a 2015 album by Bars and Melody * ''143'' (2004 film), a 200 ...
. Republished in 1923 by Dutton (New York) imprint. The second part, ''Geometry and Experience'', was published separately in 1947 as chapter 8 of ''Methods of the sciences'' from the Chicago University. , - , Schilpp 153 , , 1922 , , ''Prospettive Relativistiche dell'Etere e della Geometria'' , , R. Cantù and T. Bembo , , Andare (
Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Italian translation of publications #131 and
143 143 may refer to: *143 (number), a natural number *AD 143, a year of the 2nd century AD *143 BC, a year of the 2nd century BC * ''143'' (EP), a 2013 EP by Tiffany Evans * ''143'' (album), a 2015 album by Bars and Melody * ''143'' (2004 film), a 200 ...
. , - , Schilpp 154 , , 1922 , , ''A Különleges és az Általános Relativitás, Elmélete'' , , Unknown , , Patheon irodalmi (
Budapest Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population o ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Hungarian translation of publication #129. , - , Schilpp 155 , , 1922 , , ''O Fizicheskoi Prirodie Prostranstva'' , , GB Itel'son , , Slowo (Berlin) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Russian translation of publications #131 and #143 under the title "Physical nature of space". , - , Schilpp 166 , , 1923 , , ''Cztery odczyty o teorji Wzglednosci wygloszone w 1921 na Uniwersytecie w Princeton'' , , A Gottfryda , , Renaissance-Verlag (
Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Polish translation of publication #142. , - , Schilpp 167 , , 1923 , , ''Matematicheskija Osnovy Teorii Otnositel'nosti'' , , GB Itel'son , , Slowo (Berlin) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Russian translation of publication #142. , - , Schilpp 169 , , 1923 , , 'A Popular Exposition of the Special and General Theories of Relativity'', , Unknown , , Gitlina (
Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officiall ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Yiddish translation (in Hebrew characters) of publication #129. , - , Schilpp 179 , , 1924 , , ''Quatre conférences sur la théorie de la relativité, faîtes à l'université de Princeton'' , , Maurice Solovine , , Gauthier (Paris) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. French translation of publication #142. A second printing was dated 1925. , - , Schilpp 189 , , 1925 , , ''Sur l'électrodynamique des corps en mouvement'' , , Maurice Solovine , , Gauthier (Paris) , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates: # The law ...
. French translation of publications #9 and 10, part of the series ''Maîtres de la pensée scientifique''. , - , Schilpp 198 , , 1926 , , '' Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement'' (R. Fürth, ed.) , , AD Cowper , , Methuen (London) , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic b ...
. English translation of publication #157. Also published under the Dutton imprint in New York. , - , Schilpp 215 , , 1928 , , ''Al Torath Ha-Yahasiuth Ha-Peratith Weha-Kelalith (Harzaah Popularith)'' , , Jacob Greenberg , , Dvir (
Tel Aviv Tel Aviv-Yafo ( he, תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ, translit=Tēl-ʾĀvīv-Yāfō ; ar, تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا, translit=Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā, links=no), often referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the G ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Hebrew translation of publication #129. , - , Schilpp 280 , , 1938 , , ''Drie Eeuwen Physica van Galilei tot Relativiteitstheorie en Quantumtheorie'' , , MC Geerling , , Centen (
Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban ar ...
) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. Dutch translation of publication #279. , - , Schilpp 281 , , 1938 , , ''L'évolution des idées en physique des premiers concepts aux théories de la relativité et des quanta'' , , Maurice Solovine , , Flammarion (Paris) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science whose primary objects of study are matter and energy. Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and mode ...
. French translation of publication #279. , - , Schilpp 304 , , 1948 , , ''El Significado de la Relatividad'' , , Dr. Carlos E. Prelat , , Espasa-Calpe (
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...
) , , Special and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
. Spanish translation of publication #297.


See also

* Albert Einstein Archives * Einstein Papers Project * History of special relativity * History of general relativity * History of the Big Bang theory *
History of quantum mechanics The history of quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of the history of modern physics. Quantum mechanics' history, as it interlaces with the history of quantum chemistry, began essentially with a number of different scientific discoveries: the ...
*
History of thermodynamics The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Owing to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finel ...


Footnotes


References

The following references are drawn from Abraham Pais' biography of
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theor ...
, ''Subtle is the Lord''; see the Bibliography for a complete reference.


Bibliography

* * * * * * *


External links


List of Scientific Publications of Albert Einstein from 1901–1922
from the Einstein website
Einstein Papers Project
at the
California Institute of Technology The California Institute of Technology (branded as Caltech or CIT)The university itself only spells its short form as "Caltech"; the institution considers other spellings such a"Cal Tech" and "CalTech" incorrect. The institute is also occasional ...

Einstein Archives Online
at
Hebrew University The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI; he, הַאוּנִיבֶרְסִיטָה הַעִבְרִית בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם) is a public university, public research university based in Jerusalem, Israel. Co-founded by Albert Einstein ...

Einstein's publications on BibNetWiki
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scientific Publications By Albert Einstein Scientific Publications By Albert Einstein, List Of Scientific Publications Einstein, Albert List Of Scientific Publications By Einstein, Albert List of Scientific Publications By Einstein, Albert List of Scientific Publications By Einstein, Albert List of Scientific Publications By Einstein, Albert List of Scientific Publications By