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This is an alphabetical list of named rocks (and
meteorite A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object ...
s) found on
Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin at ...
, by mission. This list is a sampling of rocks viewed, and is not an exhaustive listing. A more complete listing may be found on the various NASA mission web sites. This listing does ''not'' include Martian meteorites found on Earth. Names for Mars rocks are largely unofficial designations used for ease of discussion purposes, as the
International Astronomical Union The International Astronomical Union (IAU; french: link=yes, Union astronomique internationale, UAI) is a nongovernmental organisation with the objective of advancing astronomy in all aspects, including promoting astronomical research, outreac ...
's official Martian naming system declares that objects smaller than are not to be given official names. Because of this, some less significant rocks seen in photos returned by Mars rovers have been named more than once, and others have even had their names changed later due to conflicts or even matters of opinion. Often rocks are named after the children or family members of astronauts or NASA employees. The name ''Jazzy'', for example, was taken from a girl named Jazzy who grew up in Grand Junction, CO, USA. Her father worked for NASA and contributed to the findings and naming of the rocks.


1976 – Viking program: ''Viking 1'' and ''Viking 2'' landers

''
Viking 1 ''Viking 1'' was the first of two spacecraft, along with '' Viking 2'', each consisting of an orbiter and a lander, sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. The lander touched down on Mars on July 20, 1976, the first successful Mars la ...
'' Lander – July 20, 1976; ''Last Earth Contact'' – November 13, 1982.
''Viking 1'' was operational on Mars for sols (
days A day is the time period of a full rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun. On average, this is 24 hours, 1440 minutes, or 86,400 seconds. In everyday life, the word "day" often refers to a solar day, which is the length between two ...
; ').
Mars landing coordinates:
''
Viking 2 The ''Viking 2'' mission was part of the American Viking program to Mars, and consisted of an orbiter and a lander essentially identical to that of the ''Viking 1'' mission. ''Viking 2'' was operational on Mars for sols ( days; '). The ''Vi ...
'' Lander – September 3, 1976; ''Last Earth Contact'' – April 11, 1980.
''Viking 2'' was operational on Mars for sols (
days A day is the time period of a full rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun. On average, this is 24 hours, 1440 minutes, or 86,400 seconds. In everyday life, the word "day" often refers to a solar day, which is the length between two ...
; ').
Mars landing coordinates:
''( Raw Images
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an
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NASA Image Viewer
)'' File:MarsViking1Lander-BigJoeRock-19780211.jpg, Big Joe rock on Mars – viewed by the ''
Viking 1 ''Viking 1'' was the first of two spacecraft, along with '' Viking 2'', each consisting of an orbiter and a lander, sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. The lander touched down on Mars on July 20, 1976, the first successful Mars la ...
'' Lander (February 11, 1978). File:Mars Viking 11h016.png, Big Joe rock on Mars – viewed by the ''
Viking 1 ''Viking 1'' was the first of two spacecraft, along with '' Viking 2'', each consisting of an orbiter and a lander, sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. The lander touched down on Mars on July 20, 1976, the first successful Mars la ...
'' Lander (February 11, 1978). File:PIA00572-MarsRock-BigJoe-19970228.jpg, Big Joe rock on Mars – viewed by the ''
Viking 1 ''Viking 1'' was the first of two spacecraft, along with '' Viking 2'', each consisting of an orbiter and a lander, sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. The lander touched down on Mars on July 20, 1976, the first successful Mars la ...
'' Lander. File:PIA00563-Viking1-FirstColorImage-19760721.jpg, Rocks on Mars – viewed by the ''Viking 1'' Lander (July 21, 1976). File:First Color Image of the Viking Lander 2 Site.jpg, Rocks on Mars – viewed by the ''
Viking 2 The ''Viking 2'' mission was part of the American Viking program to Mars, and consisted of an orbiter and a lander essentially identical to that of the ''Viking 1'' mission. ''Viking 2'' was operational on Mars for sols ( days; '). The ''Vi ...
'' Lander (September 5, 1976). File:Vl2 22g144-MarsViking2-19770925.gif, Rocks on Mars – viewed by the ''Viking 2'' Lander (September 25, 1977).


1997 – ''Sojourner'' rover (Mars Pathfinder)

' rover – July 4, 1997; ''Last Earth Contact'' – September 27, 1997.
''Sojourner'' was operational on Mars for sols (
days A day is the time period of a full rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun. On average, this is 24 hours, 1440 minutes, or 86,400 seconds. In everyday life, the word "day" often refers to a solar day, which is the length between two ...
; ').
Mars landing coordinates:
''( Raw Images
1-Camera/Sol
an

an

an
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NASA Image Viewer
)'' * Anthill * Auto * Baby Otter * Bama * Bambam * Barnacle Bill * Barsoom * Basket * Bebob * Blackhawk * Book Shelf * Booboo * Bosco * Boyle * Brak * Brick * Broken Wall * Bug * Bullwinkle * Bunky * Cabbage Patch * Calvin * Cardiac Hill * Casper * Chimp * Clumk * Contour * Couch * Cradle * Darth Vader * Desert Princess * Dilbert * Dilbert's Boss * Dogbert * Dragon * Duck * Elvis * Ender * Flat Top * Flipper * Flute Top * Frog * Froggy * Garfield * Garibaldi * Garrak * Geordi * Ginger * Goldilocks * Goose * Gosling * Grandma * Grizzly * Grommit * Gumby * Half Dome * Hamster * Hardstop * Hassock * Hedgehog * Hero * Hippo * Hobbs * Homer * Hoppy * Iggie * Iguana * Indiana Jones * Jailhouse * Janeway * Jazzy * Jedi * Jimmy Cricket * Kitten * Lamb * Landon * Little Flat Top * Longhorn * Lookout * Lozenge * Lumpy * Lunchbox * Mafalda * Marvin the Martian * Matterhorn * Mesa * Mini * Mint Julep * Moe * Mohawk * Mouse * Mr. Mole * Nibbles * Nigel * Obelisk * Otter * Pancake * Paz * Penguin * Picnic * Piglet * Pinky * Pinocchio * Piper * Platypus * Pokey * Poohbear * Poptart * Potato * Pumpkin * Pyramid * Pyramid Point * Ratbert * Ren * Rocky * Rolling Stone * Rye Bread * Sandworm * Sardine * Sassafras * Scooby Doo * Scout * Seawolf * Shaggy * Shark * Simba * Sisyphus * Smidgen * Snoopy * Snowy * Snukums * Souffle * Squash * Squeeze * Space Ghost * Spock * Spud * Stack * Stimpy * Stripe * Stump * Sulu * T. Rex * The Dice * Tick * Tigger * Titus * Torres * Troll * Trooper * Turtle * Tweak * Valentine * Warthog * Wedge * Woodie *
Yogi A yogi is a practitioner of Yoga, including a sannyasin or practitioner of meditation in Indian religions.A. K. Banerjea (2014), ''Philosophy of Gorakhnath with Goraksha-Vacana-Sangraha'', Motilal Banarsidass, , pp. xxiii, 297-299, 331 Th ...
* Zaphod * Zorak * Zucchini File:PIA01238.jpg, Rover Map of ''Sojourner's'' route on Mars (Sol 83, 1997)
Archive
. File:Sojourner and Barnacle Bill.jpg, Barnacle Bill rock on Mars – near the ''Sojourner'' rover. File:PIA00819left-MarsRock-BarnacleBill.gif, Barnacle Bill rock on Mars - viewed by the ''Sojourner'' rover. File:Yogi Rock.jpg,
Yogi A yogi is a practitioner of Yoga, including a sannyasin or practitioner of meditation in Indian religions.A. K. Banerjea (2014), ''Philosophy of Gorakhnath with Goraksha-Vacana-Sangraha'', Motilal Banarsidass, , pp. xxiii, 297-299, 331 Th ...
rock (circled) on Mars – near the ''Sojourner'' rover. File:Pathfinder01.jpg, Yogi rock on Mars – analyzed by the ''Sojourner'' rover. File:NASA-MarsRock-Yogi-SuperRes.jpg, Yogi rock on Mars - viewed by the ''Sojourner'' rover.


2004 – ''Spirit'' rover (MER-A)

' Rover – January 4, 2004; ''Last Earth Contact'' – May 25, 2011.
''Spirit'' was operational on Mars for sols (
days A day is the time period of a full rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun. On average, this is 24 hours, 1440 minutes, or 86,400 seconds. In everyday life, the word "day" often refers to a solar day, which is the length between two ...
; ').
Mars landing coordinates:
''( Raw Images
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NASA Image Viewer
)'' * Aboa * Adirondack * Allan Hills (
iron meteorite Iron meteorites, also known as siderites, or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most i ...
) * Arctowski * Belgrand * Bread-Basket * Casey Station * Castilla * ChanCheng * Cheyenne * Clovis * Coba * Cobra Hoods * Concordia * Davis * Druzhnaya * Ebenezer * El Dorado * Esperanza * Faget (geological feature) * Ferraz * Garruchaga * Gueslega * Halley *
Home Plate A baseball field, also called a ball field or baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term can also be used as a metonym for a baseball park. The term sandlot is sometimes used, although this usually refers ...
(geological feature) * Humphrey * Juan Carlos * Jubany * King George Island * Kohnen * Korolev * Macquarie * Magic Carpet * Marambio * Mazatzal * Melchior * Mimi * Molodezhnaya * Montalva * Oberth (geological feature) * O Higgens * Orcadas * Pot of Gold * Prat * Primero * Riquelme * San Martin * Sashimi * Scott Base * Sejong * Signy * Sobral * Stone Council * Sushi * Tetl * Tor * Tyrone * Vernadsky * Vostok * Wasa * White Boat * Wishstone * Zhong Shan (
iron meteorite Iron meteorites, also known as siderites, or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most i ...
) Image:SpiritTraverseMap.jpg, Rover Map of ''Spirit's'' route on Mars (Sol 1509, April 2, 2008)
Archive to Sol 2555, March 15, 2011
. Image:Adirondacksquare.jpg, " Adirondack" rock on Mars – viewed by the ''Spirit'' Rover. Image:PIA09089-RA3-hirise-closeup annotated.png, "
Home Plate A baseball field, also called a ball field or baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term can also be used as a metonym for a baseball park. The term sandlot is sometimes used, although this usually refers ...
"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – studied by the ''Spirit'' Rover. Image:Mars rock Mimi by Spirit rover.jpg, " Mimi" rock on Mars – viewed by the ''Spirit'' rover. Image:Pot of gold upclose.jpg, " Pot of Gold" rock on Mars – viewed by the ''Spirit'' rover.


2004 – ''Opportunity'' rover (MER-B)

' rover – January 25, 2004; Last Earth Contact June 10, 2018.
''Opportunity'' was operational on Mars for sols (
days A day is the time period of a full rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun. On average, this is 24 hours, 1440 minutes, or 86,400 seconds. In everyday life, the word "day" often refers to a solar day, which is the length between two ...
; ').
Mars landing coordinates:
''( Raw Images
Camera/Sol
an
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NASA Image Viewer
)'' * Amboy * Berry Bowl * Baltra *
Block Island Block Island is an island in the U.S. state of Rhode Island located in Block Island Sound approximately south of the mainland and east of Montauk Point, Long Island, New York, named after Dutch explorer Adriaen Block. It is part of Washingto ...
(''
iron meteorite Iron meteorites, also known as siderites, or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most i ...
'') * "Blueberries" * Bounce * Bylot * Carousel * Chapeco * Cheyenne * Chocolate Hills * Cookies N Cream * Diamond Jenness * Earhart *
El Capitan El Capitan ( es, El Capitán; "the Captain" or "the Chief") is a vertical rock formation in Yosemite National Park, on the north side of Yosemite Valley, near its western end. The granite monolith is about from base to summit along its tal ...
* Edmund * Ellesmere * Escher * Esperance * Flatrock * Florianopolis * Guadalupe *
Heat Shield In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary. A thermodynamic system does not ''contain'' heat. Nevertheless, the term is al ...
(''
iron meteorite Iron meteorites, also known as siderites, or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most i ...
'') * Homestake (''
vein Veins are blood vessels in humans and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated ...
'') * Igreja * Ice Cream * Joacaba * Jornada del Muerto * Joseph McCoy * Kalavrita * Kettlestone * Kirkwood * Lamination * Last Chance * Lion Stone *
Mackinac Island Mackinac Island ( ; french: Île Mackinac; oj, Mishimikinaak ᒥᔑᒥᑭᓈᒃ; otw, Michilimackinac) is an island and resort area, covering in land area, in the U.S. state of Michigan. The name of the island in Odawa is Michilimackinac ...
(''
iron meteorite Iron meteorites, also known as siderites, or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most i ...
'') * Marquette Island * McKittrick *
Meridiani Planum The Meridiani Planum (alternately Meridiani plain, Meridiani plains, Terra Meridiani, or Terra Meridiani plains) is either a large plain straddling the equator of Mars and covered with a vast number of spherules containing a lot of iron oxide or ...
(''
iron meteorite Iron meteorites, also known as siderites, or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most i ...
'') * Oileán Ruaidh (''
iron meteorite Iron meteorites, also known as siderites, or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most i ...
'') * Palemop * Pilbara * Pinnacle Island * Puffin * Pyrrho * Razorback * Santa Catarina * Sarah * Sergeant Charles Floyd * Shark Pellets * Shark's Tooth * Shelter Island (''
iron meteorite Iron meteorites, also known as siderites, or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most i ...
'') * Shoemaker * Slick * Snout * "Sparkling Spheres" * SpongeBob SquarePants * Steffers * Stone Mountain * Tennessee * The Outcrop * Tipuna * Tubarao * Videira * Wave Ripple * Whitewater River * Wopmay * Xanxer * Yuri Image:MERB Sol2055 1.jpg, Rover Map of ''Opportunity's'' route on Mars (Sol 2055, January 24, 2009)
Archive to Sol 3342, June 21, 2013
. Image:Block Island.jpg, "
Block Island Block Island is an island in the U.S. state of Rhode Island located in Block Island Sound approximately south of the mainland and east of Montauk Point, Long Island, New York, named after Dutch explorer Adriaen Block. It is part of Washingto ...
"
meteorite A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object ...
on Mars – viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover (July 31, 2009). Image:Blueberries eagle.gif, "Blueberries" ( hematite spheres) on
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
at
Eagle Crater Eagle is a 22-metre long impact crater located on the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain, situated within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) portion of the planet Mars. The ''Opportunity'' rover came to rest inside Eagle crater wh ...
– viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover (Sol 46 – March, 2004). Image:PIA16139 Puzzling Little Martian Spheres That Don't Taste Like 'Blueberries'.tif, "Blueberries" at "Kirkwood" near
Endeavour Crater Endeavour is an impact crater located in the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of the planet Mars. Endeavour is about in diameter. Using ''Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter'' data, phy ...
– ''Opportunity'' rover (September 6, 2012). Image:58606main image feature 167 jwfull.jpg, " Bounce" rock on Mars – viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover. Image:PIA05457 modest.jpg, "
El Capitan El Capitan ( es, El Capitán; "the Captain" or "the Chief") is a vertical rock formation in Yosemite National Park, on the north side of Yosemite Valley, near its western end. The granite monolith is about from base to summit along its tal ...
"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – studied by the ''Opportunity'' rover. Image:El Capitan sol27 pancam.jpg, "
El Capitan El Capitan ( es, El Capitán; "the Captain" or "the Chief") is a vertical rock formation in Yosemite National Park, on the north side of Yosemite Valley, near its western end. The granite monolith is about from base to summit along its tal ...
"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – studied by the ''Opportunity'' rover. Image:PIA17074-MarsOpportunityRover-EsperanceRock-20130223-fig1.jpg, " Esperance" rock on Mars – viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover (February 23, 2013). Image:PIA07269-Mars Rover Opportunity-Iron Meteorite.jpg, "
Heat Shield In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary. A thermodynamic system does not ''contain'' heat. Nevertheless, the term is al ...
"
meteorite A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object ...
(officially, Meridiani Planum meteorite) on Mars – viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover (January 6, 2005). Image:PIA16444-MarsOpportunityRover-HomestakeVein-20121112.jpg, "Homestake"
vein Veins are blood vessels in humans and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated ...
on Mars – viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover (November 12, 2012). Image:PIA23245-MarsOpportunityRover-Rock-JornadaDelMuerto-20190604.jpg, "Jornada del Muerto" – rock found in Perseverance Valley (posted June 4, 2019). Image:PIA05482 modest.jpg, " Last Chance"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover. Image:Mackinac Island.jpg, "
Mackinac Island Mackinac Island ( ; french: Île Mackinac; oj, Mishimikinaak ᒥᔑᒥᑭᓈᒃ; otw, Michilimackinac) is an island and resort area, covering in land area, in the U.S. state of Michigan. The name of the island in Odawa is Michilimackinac ...
"
meteorite A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object ...
on Mars – viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover (October 13, 2009). Image:PIA13418 - Oileán Ruaidh meteorite on Mars (false colour).jpg, " Oileán Ruaidh"
meteorite A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object ...
on Mars – viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover (September 24, 2010). Image:PIA17761-MarsOpportunityRover-MysteryRock-Sol3528-Sol3540-color.jpg, " Pinnacle Island" rock - "mysterious" appearance imaged by ''Opportunity'' (January 23, 2014). Image:MarsOpportunityRover-MysteryRock-Sol3528-Sol3540.jpg, " Pinnacle Island" rock - "mysterious" appearance imaged by ''Opportunity'' (January 17, 2014). Image:Mars Pinnacle Rock.png, " Pinnacle Island" rock - microscopic view by ''Opportunity'' (February 1, 2014). Image:PIA17942-MarsOpportunityRover-PinnacleIslandRockMysterySolved-20140204.jpg, " Pinnacle Island" rock - location where rock was dislodged by ''Opportunity'' (February 4, 2014). Image:Shelter Island meteorite cropped, sharpened and straightened.jpg, " Shelter Island"
meteorite A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object ...
on Mars – viewed by the ''Opportunity'' Rover (October 3, 2009). Image:391243main-MarsRover-ShelterIslandMeteorite-20091002-crop.jpg, " Shelter Island"
meteorite A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object ...
on Mars – viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover (October 1, 2009). Image:The Mystery of the Sparkling Spheres.jpg, "Sparkling Spheres" embedded in trench wall at
Meridiani Planum The Meridiani Planum (alternately Meridiani plain, Meridiani plains, Terra Meridiani, or Terra Meridiani plains) is either a large plain straddling the equator of Mars and covered with a vast number of spherules containing a lot of iron oxide or ...
- viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover (February, 2004). Image:PIA16445-MarsOpportunityRover-WhitewaterLakeRock-20121112.jpg, "Whitewater River" rock on Mars – viewed by the ''Opportunity'' rover (November 12, 2012).


2008 – ''Phoenix'' lander

'' '' lander – May 25, 2008; Green Valley,
Vastitas Borealis (Latin 'northern waste') is the largest lowland region of Mars. It is in the northerly latitudes of the planet and encircles the northern polar region. Vastitas Borealis is often simply referred to as the northern plains, northern lowlands or ...
− ''Last Earth Contact'' – November 10, 2008.
''Phoenix'' was operational on Mars for sols (
days A day is the time period of a full rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun. On average, this is 24 hours, 1440 minutes, or 86,400 seconds. In everyday life, the word "day" often refers to a solar day, which is the length between two ...
; ').
Mars landing coordinates: ()
''( Raw Images
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NASA Image Viewer
)'' * Baby Bear * Burn Alive * Burn Alive 3 * Dodo * Goldilocks * Lower Cupboard * Mama Bear * Neverland * Papa Bear * Rosy Red 2 * Rosy Red 3 * Runaway * Snow White * Stone Soup * Upper Cupboard


2012 – ''Curiosity'' rover (Mars Science Laboratory)

' rover – August 6, 2012;
Gale crater Gale is a crater, and probable dry lake, at in the northwestern part of the Aeolis quadrangle on Mars. It is in diameter and estimated to be about 3.5–3.8 billion years old. The crater was named after Walter Frederick Gale, an amateur ast ...
; CURRENTLY ACTIVE.
As of , , ''Curiosity'' has been active for sols ( total days; ').
Mars landing coordinates: ()
''( Raw Images
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)'' * Alexander Hills (area) * Amargosa Valley (area) *
Bathurst Inlet Bathurst Inlet, officially Kiluhiqtuq, is a deep inlet located along the northern coast of the Canadian mainland, at the east end of Coronation Gulf, into which the Burnside and Western rivers empty. The name, or its native equivalent ''Kingo ...
* Bonanza King * Book Cliffs (area) * Buckskin * Burwash * Chinle (area) * Confidence Hills (area) *
Coronation A coronation is the act of placement or bestowal of a crown upon a monarch's head. The term also generally refers not only to the physical crowning but to the whole ceremony wherein the act of crowning occurs, along with the presentation of o ...
* Crest * Crestaurum * Cumberland * Darwin Outcrop * Dingo Gap (area) * Discovery Ridge (area) * Egg Rock (meteorite) * Ekwir_1 * Et-Then * Flower-like rock * Garden City (area) * Gator-Back Rocks * Gillespie (area) * Gillespie Lake * Glenelg (area) *
Goulburn Goulburn ( ) is a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of the Australian state of New South Wales, approximately south-west of Sydney, and north-east of Canberra. It was proclaimed as Australia's first inland city through letters pate ...
* Harrison * Hidden Valley (area) * High Dune (area) * Hottah * Ithaca * Jake Matijevic * John Klein-A/B/C * Kimberley (area) * Knorr * Lamoose * Lebanon (''
iron meteorite Iron meteorites, also known as siderites, or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most i ...
'') * Link * Little Colonsay * Missoula * Mojave (area) * Mojave 2 * Murray Unit (area) * Namib Dune (area) * Not Bones * Nova * Old Soaker * Pahrump Hills (area) * Panorama Point (area) * Pink Cliffs (area) * Point Lake (area) * Portage * Rapitan * Rocknest (area) * Rocknest 3 * Sayunei * Selwyn * Shaler * Sheepbed * Shoemaker * Snake River * Stimson unit (area) * Strathdon * Sutton Inlier (area) * Telegraph Peak (area) * Tintina * Twin Cairns Island (area) * Unnamed-20120902 * Unnamed-20180102 * Vera Rubin Ridge (area) * Waypoint 1 (area) * Wernecke * Whale * Whimsical * Wildrose * Windjana * Winnipesaukee * Yellowjacket * Yellowknife Bay (area) Image:PIA17085-MarsCuriosityRover-TraverseMap-Sol351-20130801.jpg, First-Year and first-mil
Traverse Map
of the ''Curiosity'' rover on Mars (August 1, 2013
3-D
. Image:PIA19066-MarsCuriosityRover-AlexanderHillsRock-20141123-Fig1.jpg, "Alexander Hills"
bedrock In geology, bedrock is solid rock that lies under loose material ( regolith) within the crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet. Definition Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface material. An exposed portion of be ...
on Mars - viewed by ''Curiosity'' (November 23, 2014). Image:PIA14762-MarsCuriosityRover-BathurstInletRock.jpg, "
Bathurst Inlet Bathurst Inlet, officially Kiluhiqtuq, is a deep inlet located along the northern coast of the Canadian mainland, at the east end of Coronation Gulf, into which the Burnside and Western rivers empty. The name, or its native equivalent ''Kingo ...
" rock on Mars – as viewed by the MAHLI camera on the ''Curiosity'' rover (September 30, 2012). Image:PIA18477-MarsCuriosityRover-BonanzaKingRock-Drill-20140911.jpg, "Bonanza King" rock on Mars - dusted and initially drilled (September 11, 2014). Image:PIA18478-MarsCuriosityRover-Bonanz-KingRock-Drill-LightColorVein-20140911.jpg, "Bonanza King" rock on Mars - drilling stopped due to loose rock (September 11, 2014). Image:PIA19804-MarsCuriosityRover-Missoula-BuckskinRock-Drilling-20150701.jpg, "Buckskin" rock on Mars – ''Curiosity'' drilling site
(July 30, 2015). Image:PIA16237-MarsCuriosityRover-BurwashRock-20121029.jpg, "Burwash" rock on Mars – as viewed by the MAHLI camera on the ''Curiosity'' rover (October 29, 2012). Image:PIA18609 - First Sampling Hole in Mount Sharp .jpg, "Confidence Hills" rock on Mars - ''Curiosity'' first target at
Mount Sharp Mount Sharp, officially Aeolis Mons (), is a mountain on Mars. It forms the central peak within Gale crater and is located around , rising high from the valley floor. Its ID in the United States Geological Survey's Gazetteer of Planetary Nom ...
(September 24, 2014). Image:Mars Curiosity Rover-Coronation Rock-N165.jpg, "
Coronation A coronation is the act of placement or bestowal of a crown upon a monarch's head. The term also generally refers not only to the physical crowning but to the whole ceremony wherein the act of crowning occurs, along with the presentation of o ...
" rock on Mars – first target of the
ChemCam Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam) is a suite of remote sensing instruments on Mars for the ''Curiosity'' rover. As the name implies, ChemCam is actually two different instruments combined as one: a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIB ...
laser analyzer on the ''Curiosity'' rover (August 17, 2012). Image:MarsCuriosityRover-CoronationRock-N165-20120817-crop.jpg, "
Coronation A coronation is the act of placement or bestowal of a crown upon a monarch's head. The term also generally refers not only to the physical crowning but to the whole ceremony wherein the act of crowning occurs, along with the presentation of o ...
" rock on Mars – close-up - viewed by the ''Curiosity'' rover (August 17, 2012). Image:PIA16234-MarsCuriosityRover-CrestaurumSand-20121025.gif, "Crestaurum" sand patch on Mars – before/after ChemCam laser hits – as viewed by ''Curiosity'' (October 20, 2012). Image:PIA16927-MarsCuriosityRover-CumberlandBedrock-20130219.jpg, "Cumberland"
bedrock In geology, bedrock is solid rock that lies under loose material ( regolith) within the crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet. Definition Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface material. An exposed portion of be ...
on Mars - ''Curiosity'' second
drilling Drilling is a cutting process where a drill bit is spun to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at ...
site (Yellowknife Bay; February 19, 2013; white balanced). Image:PIA16935-MarsCuriosityRover-CumberlandBedrock-20130519.gif, "Cumberland"
bedrock In geology, bedrock is solid rock that lies under loose material ( regolith) within the crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet. Definition Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface material. An exposed portion of be ...
on Mars - ''Curiosity'' second
drilling Drilling is a cutting process where a drill bit is spun to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at ...
site - before/after (Yellowknife Bay; May 19, 2013). Image:PIA17481-MarsCuriosityRover-DarwinRock-20130910.jpg, "Darwin"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars - viewed by ''Curiosity'' (Waypoint 1; September 10, 2013; overview). Image:PIA17361-MarsCuriosityRover-Darwin-Closeup-Waypoint1-20130921.jpg, "Darwin"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
ridge - viewed by ''Curiosity'' (Waypoint1; September 21, 2013; context). Image:PIA17362-MarsCuriosityRover-Sandstone-Waypoint1-20130921.jpg, "Darwin"
sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicat ...
on Mars - viewed by the ''Curiosity'' rover (Waypoint 1; September 21, 2013; closeup). Image:PIA21134-MarsCuriosityRoverFindsMeteorite-EggRockContext-20161027.jpg, "Egg Rock"
meteorite A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object ...
on Mars - viewed by ''Curiosity'' (Murray formation; October 27, 2016; context). Image:PIA21133 Iron-Nickel Meteorite Zapped by Mars Rover's Laser, Figure 1.jpg, "Egg Rock"
meteorite A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object ...
on Mars - viewed by ''Curiosity'' (Murray formation; October 27, 2016; closeup). Image:PIA16619-MarsCuriosityRover-Ekwir1-CleanDRT-20130106.gif, "Ekwir_1" rock on Mars – cleaned with ''Curiosity'' " Dust Removal Tool" (DRT) (January 6, 2013
closeup
. Image:PIA16236-MarsCuriosityRover-EtThenRock-20121029.jpg, "Et-Then" rock on Mars – as viewed by the MAHLI camera on the ''Curiosity'' rover (October 29, 2012). Image:PIA25077-MarsCuriosityRover-RockFlower-20220224.jpg, "Flower"-like rock – as viewed by the ''Curiosity'' rover (February 24, 2022) Image:PIA19161-MarsCuriosityRover-GardenCityArea-20150318.jpg, "Garden City" rock – as viewed by the ''Curiosity'' rover (March 18, 2015). Image:PIA19162-MarsCuriosityRover-GardenCityArea-20150325.jpg, "Garden City" rock − closeup – as viewed by the MAHLI camera on the ''Curiosity'' rover (March 2, 2015). Image:PIA25175-MarsCuriosityRover-GatorBackRocks-Closeup-20220315.jpg, "Gator-Back" rocks − closeup as viewed by the ''Curiosity'' rover (March 15, 2022). Image:PIA16618 fig1-MarsCuriosityRover-GillespieRock-Texture.jpg, "Gillespie Lake" rock texture – as viewed by the MAHLI camera on the ''Curiosity'' rover (December 19, 2012). Image:PIA16187-MarsCuriosityRover-Goulburn-20120819.jpg, "
Goulburn Goulburn ( ) is a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of the Australian state of New South Wales, approximately south-west of Sydney, and north-east of Canberra. It was proclaimed as Australia's first inland city through letters pate ...
"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – ancient
streambed A stream bed or streambed is the bottom of a stream or river (bathymetry) or the physical confine of the normal water flow ( channel). The lateral confines or channel margins are known as the stream banks or river banks, during all but flood ...
viewed by ''Curiosity'' (August 17, 2012). Image:PIA16187-MarsCuriosityRover-GoulburnRock-20120817-crop.jpg, "
Goulburn Goulburn ( ) is a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of the Australian state of New South Wales, approximately south-west of Sydney, and north-east of Canberra. It was proclaimed as Australia's first inland city through letters pate ...
"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – close-up viewed by ''Curiosity'' (August 17, 2012). Image:PIA17768-MarsCuriosityRover-HarrisonRock-20140115.jpg, "Harrison" rock (and
crystal A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. In addition, macro ...
s) on Mars – viewed by the ''Curiosity'' rover (January 15, 2014). Image:PIA18590-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValleyTracks-20140804.jpg, " Hidden Valley"
sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class ...
- ''Curiosity'' tracks (August 4, 2014). Image:PIA19074-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValley-SedimentaryDepositLakebedRocks-20140807.jpg, " Hidden Valley" water-related sedimentary deposits on Mars – '' Curiosity'' rover (August 7, 2014). Image:PIA20171-MarsCuriosityRover-HighDune-Sand-Closeup-20151205.jpg, "High Dune"
sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class ...
(undisturbed) on Mars – ''Curiosity'' rover (December 5, 2015). Image:PIA17062-MarsCuriosityRover-HottahRockOutcrop-20120915.jpg, " Hottah"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – ancient
streambed A stream bed or streambed is the bottom of a stream or river (bathymetry) or the physical confine of the normal water flow ( channel). The lateral confines or channel margins are known as the stream banks or river banks, during all but flood ...
viewed by ''Curiosity'' (September 12, 2012
closeup3-D
. Image:PIA17592-MarsCuriosityRover-IthacaRock-20131030.jpg, "Ithaca" rock on Mars – target of the
ChemCam Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam) is a suite of remote sensing instruments on Mars for the ''Curiosity'' rover. As the name implies, ChemCam is actually two different instruments combined as one: a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIB ...
laser analyzer on ''Curiosity'' (October 30, 2013
closeup
. Image:Mars16.jpg, " Jake Matijevic" rock on Mars – a prime test target of the ''Curiosity'' rover (September 19, 2012). Image:PIA16192-MarsCuriosityRover-Target-JakeRock-20120927.jpg, Jake Matijevic rock on Mars – target of APSX &
ChemCam Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam) is a suite of remote sensing instruments on Mars for the ''Curiosity'' rover. As the name implies, ChemCam is actually two different instruments combined as one: a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIB ...
on ''Curiosity'' (September 22, 2012). Image:PIA16568-MarsCuriosityRover-JohnKleinSiteRocks.jpg, "John Klein" A/B/C
mudstone Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Mudstone is distinguished from '' shale'' by its lack of fissility (parallel layering).Blatt, H., and R.J. Tracy, 1996, ''Petrology.' ...
on Mars – near ''Curiosity'' first
drilling Drilling is a cutting process where a drill bit is spun to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at ...
site (December 25, 2012). Image:PIA16762-MarsCuriosityRover-DrilledHole-20130206.gif, "John Klein"
mudstone Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Mudstone is distinguished from '' shale'' by its lack of fissility (parallel layering).Blatt, H., and R.J. Tracy, 1996, ''Petrology.' ...
-
results A result is the outcome of an event. Result or Results may also refer to: Music * ''Results'' (album), a 1989 album by Liza Minnelli * ''Results'', a 2012 album by Murder Construct * "The Result", a single by The Upsetters * "The Result", a song ...
of ''Curiosity'' first
drilling Drilling is a cutting process where a drill bit is spun to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at ...
tests (Yellowknife Bay; February 6, 2013). Image:PIA17594-MarsCuriosityRover-JohKleinMudstoneDrillHole-20130510.jpg, "John Klein"
mudstone Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Mudstone is distinguished from '' shale'' by its lack of fissility (parallel layering).Blatt, H., and R.J. Tracy, 1996, ''Petrology.' ...
- drill hole () made by ''Curiosity'' (Yellowknife Bay; May 10, 2013). Image:PIA16792-MarsCuriosityRover-KnorrRock-20121220.jpg, "Knorr"
sedimentary rock Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by cementation. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause these particles ...
on Mars – as viewed by the MastCam on ''Curiosity'' (December 20, 2012). Image:PIA19828-MarsCuriosityRover-LamooseRock-20150711.jpg, "Lamoose" rock (high
silica Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula , most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is ...
levels) – viewed by ''Curiosity'' (July 11, 2015). Image:PIA18387-MarsCuriosityRover-Lebanon-IronMeteorite-20140525.jpg, "Lebanon"
meteorite A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object ...
on Mars – viewed by ''Curiosity'' (May 25, 2014). Image:NASA Curiosity rover - Link to a Watery Past (692149main Williams-2pia16188-43).jpg, " Link"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – ancient
streambed A stream bed or streambed is the bottom of a stream or river (bathymetry) or the physical confine of the normal water flow ( channel). The lateral confines or channel margins are known as the stream banks or river banks, during all but flood ...
viewed by ''Curiosity'' (September 2, 2012). Image:NASA-MarsCurioistyRover-ViewsShinyObject-20181126.png, "Little Colonsay" possible meteorite – viewed by ''Curiosity'' (November 26, 2018). Image:PIA19829-MarsCuriosityRover-MissoulaRockOutcrop-20150701-crop.jpg, "Missoula"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – viewed by ''Curiosity'' (July 1, 2015). Image:PIA19804-MarsCuriosityRover-Missoula-BuckskinRock-Drilling-20150701.jpg, "Missoula"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
– "Buckskin" drilling site (July 1, 2015). Image:PIA19115-MarsCuriosityRover-DrillingMojave2Rock-20150131.jpg, "Mojave 2" rock on Mars –
drilling Drilling is a cutting process where a drill bit is spun to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at ...
site - viewed by ''Curiosity'' (December 31, 2015). Image:PIA20322-MarsCuriosityRover-ErosionResistantNodules-MountSharp-20160309.jpg, "Murray Unit"
sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicat ...
nodules – viewed by ''Curiosity'' (March 9, 2016). Image:PIA20317-MarsCuriosityRover-NamibDune-Sand-NightCloseup-20160122.jpg, "Namib Dune"
sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class ...
on Mars (at night) – (''Curiosity'' rover; January 22, 2016). Image:MarsCuriosityRover-NotBones-20140821.jpg, "Not Bones" on Mars - viewed by ''Curiosity'' (August 21, 2014). Image:PIA18401-MarsCuriosityRover-NovaRock-LaserSpark-20140712.jpg, "Nova" rock on Mars – 1st laser spark imaged (''Curiosity'' rover; July 12, 2014
video (01:07)
. Image:PIA18388-MarsCuriosityRover-NovaRock-ChemCam-20140712.jpg, "Nova" rock on Mars –
ChemCam Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam) is a suite of remote sensing instruments on Mars for the ''Curiosity'' rover. As the name implies, ChemCam is actually two different instruments combined as one: a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIB ...
spectra (''Curiosity'' rover; July 12, 2014). Image:PIA21262-MarsCuriosityRover-PossibleMudCracks-OldSoaker-20161220.jpg, "Old Soaker" rock slab on Mars – Possible mud cracks (''Curiosity'' rover; December 20, 2016). Image:PIA18610-MarsCuriosityRover-PahrumpHillsOutcrop-Mahli-Sol758-20140923.jpg, "Pahrump Hills"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – viewed by ''Curiosity'' (September 23, 2014). Image:PIA18881-MarsCuriosityRover-PahrumpHillsBedrock-20141109.tif, "Pahrump Hills"
bedrock In geology, bedrock is solid rock that lies under loose material ( regolith) within the crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet. Definition Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface material. An exposed portion of be ...
on Mars - viewed by ''Curiosity'' (November 9, 2014). Image:PIA18883-MarsCuriosityRover-PahrumpHills-Sand-20141113.jpg, "Pahrump Hills"
sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class ...
- viewed by ''Curiosity'' (November 13, 2014). Image:PIA18882-MarsCuriosityRover-PahrumpHillsSand-WheelTrack-20141107.tif, "Pahrump Hills"
sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class ...
- ''Curiosity'' tracks (November 7, 2014). Image:PIA18880-MarsCuriosityRover-PinkCliffs-20141007.jpg, "Pink Cliffs"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars - viewed by ''Curiosity'' (October 7, 2014). Image:PIA17267-MarsCuriosityRover-PointOutlook-Outcrop-Detail-20130613.jpg, "Point Lake"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
(detail) on Mars – viewed by ''Curiosity'' (June 13, 2013
context
. Image:PIA16204-MarsCuriosityRover-Rocknest-20120928.jpg, " Rocknest" sand patch on Mars – target for the first use of ''Curiosity'' scoop (September 28, 2012). Image:PIA16174-MarsCuriosityRover-Sand-Rocknest-20121030.jpg, " Rocknest"
sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class ...
– first X-ray analysis of Martian soil (''Curiosity'' rover; October 30, 2012) Image:PIA16193-MarsCuriosityRover-ScoffmarkInSand-2011004.jpg, " Rocknest" sand on Mars – scoffmark made by the ''Curiosity'' rover ( MAHLI, October 4, 2012). Image:PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg, " Rocknest" sand patch on Mars – ''Curiosity'' scooper sifts a load of
sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class ...
(October 7, 2012). Image:PIA20170-MarsCuriosityRover-WheelTrackInSand-20151203.jpg, Sand tracks – uncover finer grains (''Curiosity'' rover; December 3, 2015). Image:PIA16452-MarsCuriosityRover-Rocknest3Rock-20121005.jpg, " Rocknest 3" rock on Mars – as viewed by the MastCam on ''Curiosity'' (October 5, 2012). Image:PIA21143 - Sand Moving Under Curiosity, One Day to Next, Animation.gif,
Sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class ...
moving on Mars – as viewed by ''Curiosity'' (January 23, 2017). Image:PIA16711-MarsCuriosityRover-SayunyeiRock-20130122wh.jpg, "Sayunei" rock on Mars – ''Curiosity'' view at night (January 22, 2013; wh light). Image:PIA16712-MarsCuriosityRover-SayuneiRock-20130122uv.jpg, "Sayunei" rock on Mars – ''Curiosity'' view at night (January 22, 2013; uv light). Image:PIA16550-MarsCuriosityRover-ShalerOutcrop-20121207.jpg, "Shaler"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – as viewed by the MastCam on the ''Curiosity'' rover (December 7, 2012). Image:PIA16705 fig1-MarsCuriosityRover-SheepbedOutcrop-20121213.jpg, "Sheepbed"
rock outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most places the bedrock or superficia ...
on Mars – as viewed by the MastCam on ''Curiosity'' (December 13, 2012). Image:MarsCuriosityRover-SnakeRiverRockFeature-PIA16564.jpg, "Snake River" rock feature on Mars – as viewed by ''Curiosity'' (December 20, 2012). Image:PIA23348-MarsCuriosityRover-StrathdonRock-20190709.jpg, "Strathdon" rock on Mars – viewed by the ''Curiosity'' rover (July 9, 2019). Image:PIA23347-MarsCuriosityRover-StrathdonRock-CloseUp-20190710.jpg, "Strathdon-closeup" rock on Mars – viewed by the ''Curiosity'' rover (July 10, 2019). Image:PIA16804-MarsCuriosityRover-SuttonInlierRock-20130131.jpg, "Sutton Inlier" rock on Mars – broken by the ''Curiosity'' rover (January 31, 2013). Image:PIA17262-MarsCuriosityRover-SuttonInlierRockLaserTarget-20130511.gif, "Sutton Inlier"
soil Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Some scientific definitions distinguish ''dirt'' from ''soil'' by restricting the former ...
on Mars - target of
ChemCam Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam) is a suite of remote sensing instruments on Mars for the ''Curiosity'' rover. As the name implies, ChemCam is actually two different instruments combined as one: a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIB ...
's laser - ''Curiosity'' rover (May 11, 2013). Image:PIA16795-MarsCuriosityRover-TintinaRock-Context-20130119.jpg, Tintina broken
hydrated Drinking is the act of ingesting water or other liquids into the body through the mouth, proboscis, or elsewhere. Humans drink by swallowing, completed by peristalsis in the esophagus. The physiological processes of drinking vary widely among o ...
rock on Mars – viewed by ''Curiosity'' (January 19, 2013; context). Image:PIA16796-MarsCuriosityRover-TintinaRock-Hydration-20130119.jpg, Tintina broken
hydrated Drinking is the act of ingesting water or other liquids into the body through the mouth, proboscis, or elsewhere. Humans drink by swallowing, completed by peristalsis in the esophagus. The physiological processes of drinking vary widely among o ...
rock on Mars – viewed by ''Curiosity'' (January 19, 2013; analysis). Image:PIA16803-MarsCuriosityRover-UnnamedRock-20120902.jpg, "Unnamed-20120902" rock on Mars – as viewed by the ''Curiosity'' rover (September 2, 2012). Image:Mars-Curiosity-RockStructures-20180102.jpg, "Unnamed-20180102" curious rock shapes (bio or geo?) on Mars – as viewed by ''Curiosity'' (January 2, 2018). Image:Mars-CuriosityRover-PossibleFossilizedAlienFootprints.jpg, "Unnamed-20180305" curious rock shapes (bio or geo?) on Mars – as viewed by ''Curiosity'' (March 5, 2018). Image:PIA16790-MarsCuriosityRover-WerneckeRock-20130126.jpg, "Wernecke" rock on Mars – cleaned with ''Curiosity'' " Dust Removal Tool" (DRT) (January 26, 2013). Image:PIA19076-MarsCuriosityRover-WhaleRock-CrossBedding-20141102.jpg, "Whale" rock on Mars -
cross-bedding In geology, cross-bedding, also known as cross-stratification, is layering within a stratum and at an angle to the main bedding plane. The sedimentary structures which result are roughly horizontal units composed of inclined layers. The origina ...
due to passage of water - as viewed by ''Curiosity'' (November 2, 2014). Image:MarsCuriosityRover-WhimsicalRock-20210727.png, "Whimsical" rock on Mars as viewed from the ''Curiosity'' rover (July 27, 2021). Image:PIA18087-MarsCuriosityRover-WindjanaRockContext-20140423a.jpg, "Windjana"
sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicat ...
on Mars - as viewed by the ''Curiosity'' rover (Kimberley; April 23, 2014; context). Image:PIA18089-MarsCuriosityRover-WindjanaRockDrilling-20140429.jpg, "Windjana"
sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicat ...
on Mars - drill hole () made by ''Curiosity'' (Kimberley; April 29, 2014). Image:PIA18396-MarsCuriosityRover-WinnipesaukeeRock-20140625.jpg, "Winnipesaukee" rock on Mars - target of the
ChemCam Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam) is a suite of remote sensing instruments on Mars for the ''Curiosity'' rover. As the name implies, ChemCam is actually two different instruments combined as one: a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIB ...
laser analyzer on ''Curiosity'' (June 8, 2014). Image:PIA19661-MarsCuriosityRover-YellowjacketRock-20150515.jpg, "Yellowjacket" rock on Mars – as viewed by the ''Curiosity'' rover (May 15, 2015).


2018 – ''InSight'' lander

– May 8, 2018; Elysium Planitia; CURRENTLY ACTIVE.
As of , , ''InSight'' has been active for sols (
days A day is the time period of a full rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun. On average, this is 24 hours, 1440 minutes, or 86,400 seconds. In everyday life, the word "day" often refers to a solar day, which is the length between two ...
; ').
Mars landing coordinates: ()
''( Raw Images
NASA
an
JPL

NASA Image Viewer
)''


2021 – ''Perseverance'' rover (Mars 2020)

' rover – February 18, 2021;
Jezero crater Jezero is a crater on Mars in the Syrtis Major quadrangle, about in diameter. Thought to have once been flooded with water, the crater contains a fan- delta deposit rich in clays. The lake in the crater was present when valley networks were for ...
; CURRENTLY ACTIVE.
As of , , ''Perseverance'' has been active for sols ( total days; ').
Mars landing coordinates: ()
''( Raw Images
Camera
an
Sol
an
1-JPL

2-JPL

3-JPL

NASA Image Viewer
)'' * Landing Site (area) * AEGIS_0442B rock * Artuby outcrop (area) * Brac rock * Cine rock * "Crater Floor Fractured Rough" (area) * Delta sediment (area) * Dourbes rock * Faillefeu rock * First borehole (Roubion) * Foux rock * Garde rock * Intriguing rocks * Máaz – 1st study target * Máaz rock * Odd Rock * "Paver rocks" * Rochette rock * SnakeHead rock * Wind-carved rock * Yeehgo rock Image:Perseverance's First Full-Color Look at Mars.png, First color image
(February 18, 2021) Image:PIA24485-MarsPerseveranceRover-OctaviaEButlerLanding-DeltaSediment-20210222.jpg, Delta sediment
(February 22, 2021) Image:PIA24484-MarsPerseveranceRover-FirstStudyTarget-20210222.jpg, Máaz - 1st study target
(February 22, 2021) Image:PIA24264-MarsPerseveranceRover-WindCarvedRock-20210224c.jpg, Wind-carved rock
(February 24, 2021) Image:MarsPerseveranceRover-MáazRock-20210302.jpg, Máaz rock
(March 2, 2021) Image:PIA24492-MarsPerseveranceRover-YeehgoRock-20210310.jpg, Yeehgo rock
(March 7, 2021) Image:NASA-MarsPerseveranceRover-OddRock-20210328.jpg, Odd rock
(March 28, 2021) Image:PIA24627-MarsPerseveranceRover-IntriguingRocks-20210427.jpg, Intriguing rocks
(April 27, 2021) Image:PIA24641-MarsPerseveranceRover-WatsonCameraViewsRocks-20210510.webm, Focus test (
video Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) sy ...
; 0:05)
(May 10, 2021) Image:PIA24747-MarsPerseveranceRover-ArtubyOutcrop-20210617.jpg, Artuby outcrop
(June 17, 2021) Image:PIA24748-MarsPerseveranceRover-PaverRocks-20210710.gif, Examining "paver rocks"
(July 10, 2021) Image:PIA24728-Mars2020-FouxRock-20210711.jpg, Foux rock
(July 11, 2021) Image:PIA24796-MarsPerseveranceRover-1stBoreHole-20210807.jpg, First borehole (Roubion)
(August 7, 2021) Image:PIA24749-MarsPerseveranceRover-LaserHoles-RoubionHole-20210808.jpg, Rubion laser holes
(August 8, 2021) Image:PIA24767-MarsPerseveranceRover-RochetteRock-20210826.jpg, Rochette rock
(August 26, 2021) Image:PIA24805 - Navcam of Borehole - Sol190 by rover Perseverance.jpg, Rochette rock borehole
(September 1, 2021) Image:Perseverance-Selfie-at-Rochette-Horizontal-V2 (cropped).gif, Rochette rock boreholes
(September 10, 2021) Image:PIA24810-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-FaillefeuRock-20210904.jpg, Faillefeu rock
(September 4, 2021) Image:PIA24936-MarsPerseveranceRover-CineRock-20210917.jpg, Cine Rock
(September 17, 2021) Image:PIA25042-MarsPerseveranceRover-GardeRock-SHERLOC-20210918.jpg, Garde rock-SHERLOC
(September 18,2021) Image:PIA25043-MarsPerseveranceRover-GardeRock-Close-SHERLOC-20210918.jpg, Garde rock-SHERLOC
(September 18, 2021) Image:PIA24940-MarsPerseveranceRover-DourbesRock-WATSON-20211105.jpg, Dourbes rock-WATSON
(November 5, 2021) Image:PIA25041-MarsPerseveranceRover-DourbesRock-PIXL.jpg, Dourbes rock-PIXL
(November 5, 2021) Image:The “Brac” rock target in Jezero crater on Mars.png, Brac rock
(November 15, 2021) Image:PIA25289-MarsPerseveranceRover-SuperCam-RockB-20220518.jpg, "AEGIS_0442B" rock (May 18, 2022) Image:NASA-MarsPerseveranceRover-SnakeHeadRock-20220612.jpg, SnakeHead rock
(June 12, 2022)


Other rock formations

* Cave entrances *
Face on Mars Cydonia (, ) is a region on the planet Mars that has attracted both scientific and popular interest. The name originally referred to the albedo feature (distinctively coloured area) that was visible from earthbound telescopes. The area borders ...
* Mars monolith * Mars rootless cones Image:Martian face viking cropped.jpg, "
Face on Mars Cydonia (, ) is a region on the planet Mars that has attracted both scientific and popular interest. The name originally referred to the albedo feature (distinctively coloured area) that was visible from earthbound telescopes. The area borders ...
" – due to Sun's lighting ( ''Viking 1'' orbiter; July 25, 1976)
(). Image:Galle crater.gif, "
Smiley face A smiley, sometimes referred to as a smiley face, is a basic ideogram that represents a smiling face. Since the 1950s it has become part of popular culture worldwide, used either as a standalone ideogram, or as a form of communication, such a ...
" in Galle Crater on
Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin at ...
.
( ''Viking 1'' orbiter; 1970s). Image:NASA-Mars-$tarTrekFleetLogo-20190612.jpg, ''"
Star Trek ''Star Trek'' is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry, which began with the eponymous 1960s television series and quickly became a worldwide pop-culture phenomenon. The franchise has expanded into vari ...
"''
Starfleet Starfleet is a fictional organization in the ''Star Trek'' media franchise. Within this fictional universe, Starfleet is a uniformed space force maintained by the United Federation of Planets ("the Federation") as the principal means for conduc ...
emblem – formed from
dunes A dune is a landform composed of wind- or water-driven sand. It typically takes the form of a mound, ridge, or hill. An area with dunes is called a dune system or a dune complex. A large dune complex is called a dune field, while broad, fl ...
on
Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin at ...
. Image:NASA-MarsCuriosityRover-RockSpikes-20220517.jpg, "Finger"-like rocks ( ''Curiosity'' rover; May 17, 2022) Image:NASA-MarsCuriosityRover-20141007-CropEnlarge.jpg, "
Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in L ...
"-like rock formation. ( ''Curiosity'' rover; October 7, 2014). Image:MarsCuriosityRover-DoorwayRockStructure-20220507.jpg, "Door"-like structure - ''Curiosity'' rover
(May 7, 2022). Image:The Mars Monolith.jpg, "Monolith" on Mars – rectangular
boulder In geology, a boulder (or rarely bowlder) is a rock fragment with size greater than in diameter. Smaller pieces are called cobbles and pebbles. While a boulder may be small enough to move or roll manually, others are extremely massive. In ...
( MRO; July 24, 2008)
(). Image:PIA18594-Mars-UprightBoulder-20140703.jpg, Oblong
boulder In geology, a boulder (or rarely bowlder) is a rock fragment with size greater than in diameter. Smaller pieces are called cobbles and pebbles. While a boulder may be small enough to move or roll manually, others are extremely massive. In ...
on Mars – lands upright after rolling down a hill ( MRO; July 3, 2014)
(). Image:Hearts-of-mars.jpg, "Heart-shaped" features on Mars ( MGS, MOC; February 14, 2004). Image:MarsHole-Near-PavonisMons-20200301.jpg, Mars hole near
Pavonis Mons Pavonis Mons (Latin for "peacock mountain") is a large shield volcano located in the Tharsis region of the planet Mars. It is the middle member of a chain of three volcanic mountains (collectively known as the Tharsis Montes) that straddle the ...
. Image:PIA24614-Mars-CollapsePit-20210427.jpg, Collapse pit
(December 28, 2020) Image:Mars caves from NASA orbiters.jpg, Cave entrances (possible) on Mars (
2001 Mars Odyssey ''2001 Mars Odyssey'' is a robotic spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars. The project was developed by NASA, and contracted out to Lockheed Martin, with an expected cost for the entire mission of US$297 million. Its mission is to use ...
; September 24, 2007). Image:MarsCones-ESP_030192_2020.jpg, Rootless cones on Mars – due to
lava flows Lava is molten or partially molten rock (magma) that has been expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet (such as Earth) or a moon onto its surface. Lava may be erupted at a volcano or through a fracture in the crust, on land or und ...
interacting with
water Water (chemical formula ) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as ...
( MRO; January 4, 2013)
(). Image:NASA-Mars-BlueDunes-20210412.jpg, Mars blue dunes
(April 12, 2021). Image:PIA24036-Mars-SandDuneRipples-20200812.jpg, Mars sand dune ripples (August 12, 2020). Image:ESP 031221 1315-Mars-CopernicusCrater-OlivineDuneTerrain-20190831.jpg, Copernicus crater -
olivine The mineral olivine () is a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula . It is a type of nesosilicate or orthosilicate. The primary component of the Earth's upper mantle, it is a common mineral in Earth's subsurface, but weathers qui ...
sand dune terrain. Image:PIA23527-Mars-SandDunes-NHemisphereSpring-20190716.jpg, Sand dunes on Mars during springtime in the Northern Hemisphere. Image:PIA24420-Mars-FrostySandDunes-20210322.jpg, Mars frosty sand dunes
(March 22, 2021). Image:PIA23581-Mars-FrostedPolygons-20190708.jpg, Polygonal patterns highlighted by
carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is t ...
frost. Image:PIA23529-Mars-DustDeposits-SyriaPlanum-20190811.jpg, Dust deposits-transverse aeolian ridges (TARs)-Syria Planum. Image:PIA23513-Mars-DustTower-20101130.jpg, Dust tower on Mars between
Olympus Mons Olympus Mons (; Latin for Mount Olympus) is a large shield volcano on Mars. The volcano has a height of over 21.9 km (13.6 mi or 72,000 ft) as measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA). Olympus Mons is about two and a ha ...
and
Valles Marineris Valles Marineris (; Latin for '' Mariner Valleys'', named after the ''Mariner 9'' Mars orbiter of 1971–72 which discovered it) is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region. At more than long, wide and ...
. Image:PIA24468-Mars-Scallops-20210322.jpg, Scallop landforms (March 22, 2021). Image:PIA22896-Mars-SpiderlikeTerrain-20181211.jpg, Spider-like terrain on Mars. Image:PIA24470-Mars-Ridges-20210322.jpg, Mars ridges
(March 22, 2021). Image:Avalanche on North pole scarp on Mars.jpg, Mars
avalanche An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a slope, such as a hill or mountain. Avalanches can be set off spontaneously, by such factors as increased precipitation or snowpack weakening, or by external means such as humans, animals, and ea ...

North pole The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. It is called the True North Pole to distinguish from the Ma ...

(November 27, 2011). Image:PIA24035-Mars-Avalanche-20190529.jpg, Mars
avalanche An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a slope, such as a hill or mountain. Avalanches can be set off spontaneously, by such factors as increased precipitation or snowpack weakening, or by external means such as humans, animals, and ea ...

North pole The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. It is called the True North Pole to distinguish from the Ma ...

(May 29, 2019).


See also

* * * * *
List of craters on Mars __NOTOC__ This is a list of craters on Mars. Impact craters on Mars larger than exist by the hundreds of thousands, but only about one thousand of them have names. Names are assigned by the International Astronomical Union after petitioning by ...
*
List of minerals This is a list of minerals for which there are articles on Wikipedia. Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various ''species''. Within a m ...
*
List of mountains on Mars This is a list of all named mountains on Mars. Most mountains have a name including one of the following elements: * ''Mons'': a large, isolated, mountain. * ''Montes'', plural of ''mons'': a mountain range. * '' Tholus'': a small dome-shaped moun ...
* List of quadrangles on Mars *
List of rock formations A rock formation is an isolated, scenic, or spectacular surface rock outcrop. Rock formations are usually the result of weathering and erosion sculpting the existing rock. The term ''rock formation'' can also refer to specific sedimen ...
*
List of rock types The following is a list of rock types recognized by geologists. There is no agreed number of specific types of rocks. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinguishing characteristics can des ...
*
List of valles on Mars Valles (singular vallis) on Mars are similar to valleys on Earth. Some features that take this title may be better described as canyons or chasmata; see List of Chasmata on Mars. Coordinates are given as planetocentric latitude with east longitud ...
* * Mineralogy of Mars * * *


References


External links


Mars - Geologic Map
(
USGS The United States Geological Survey (USGS), formerly simply known as the Geological Survey, is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, ...
, 2014)
original
/
crop A crop is a plant that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. When the plants of the same kind are cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop. Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or hydropon ...
/ full
video (00:56)
. * Google Images
Rocks on Mars
an
Martian Rocks

Rocks on Mars (Geology.com)



Named Rocks on Mars (ppt file)

NASA – Mars Exploration Program

Understanding 35 weird objects on Mars

The Origins of Life
(
Robert Hazen Robert Miller Hazen (born November 1, 1948) is an American mineralogist and astrobiologist. He is a research scientist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Geophysical Laboratory and Clarence Robinson Professor of Earth Science at George ...
,
NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. NASA was established in 1958, succeedin ...
) (video, 38m, April 2014). * (
Robert Hazen Robert Miller Hazen (born November 1, 1948) is an American mineralogist and astrobiologist. He is a research scientist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Geophysical Laboratory and Clarence Robinson Professor of Earth Science at George ...
,
NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. NASA was established in 1958, succeedin ...
) (video, 70m, July 2019). {{Portal bar, Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Solar System * *