This is a list of

monarch A monarch is a head of stateWebster's II New College DictionarMonarch Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707. for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power ...

s (and other

royalty Royalty may refer to: * Any individual monarch, such as a king, queen, emperor, empress, etc. * Royal family, the immediate family of a king or queen regnant, and sometimes his or her extended family * Royalty payment for use of such things as in ...

and

nobility Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteris ...

) sorted by

nickname A nickname is a substitute for the proper name of a familiar person, place or thing. Commonly used to express affection, a form of endearment, and sometimes amusement, it can also be used to express defamation of character. As a concept, it is ...

. This list is divided into two parts: * Cognomens: Also called ''cognomina''. These are names which are appended before or after the person's name, like the '' epitheton necessarium'', or Roman

victory titles A victory title is an honorific title adopted by a successful military commander to commemorate his defeat of an enemy nation. The practice is first known in Ancient Rome and is still most commonly associated with the Romans, but it was also adop ...

. Examples are "William the Conqueror" for

William I of England William I; ang, WillelmI (Bates ''William the Conqueror'' p. 33– 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087 ...

, and "Frederick Barbarossa" for

Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (german: link=no, Friedrich I, it, Federico I), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later. He was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt o ...

. *

Sobriquet A sobriquet ( ), or soubriquet, is a nickname, sometimes assumed, but often given by another, that is descriptive. A sobriquet is distinct from a pseudonym, as it is typically a familiar name used in place of a real name, without the need of expla ...

s: Names which have become identified with a particular person, and are recognizable when used instead of the personal name. Some are used only in a particular context: for example, " Grandmother of Europe" for

Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days was longer than that of any previo ...

is generally only used when referring to her family links throughout the

royal families A royal family is the immediate family of kings/queens, emirs/emiras, sultans/ sultanas, or raja/ rani and sometimes their extended family. The term imperial family appropriately describes the family of an emperor or empress, and the term pa ...

of Europe. On the other hand, in some cases the nickname supersedes the personal name, and the individual is referred to by this nickname even in scholarly works: for example, Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus is universally known by his nickname,

Caligula Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula (), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 until his assassination in 41. He was the son of the popular Roman general Germanic ...

. Notes: * Nicknames are listed in each section alphabetically, ignoring articles and prepositions. * Non-English words are rendered in ''

italics In typography, italic type is a cursive font based on a stylised form of calligraphic handwriting. Owing to the influence from calligraphy, italics normally slant slightly to the right. Italics are a way to emphasise key points in a printed tex ...

'', and translated where possible. * When the name and nickname are rendered in a non-English language, the nickname will be in ''

boldface In typography, emphasis is the strengthening of words in a text with a font in a different style from the rest of the text, to highlight them. It is the equivalent of prosody stress in speech. Methods and use The most common methods in W ...

''.

Cognomen

A swung dash, or tilde ( ~) is used to indicate where the personal name occurs in the nickname; thus "~ the Accursed" means "Sviatopolk the Accursed".

A

* "~ the Abandoned":

John I of Aragon John I (27 December 1350 – 19 May 1396), called by posterity the Hunter or the Lover of Elegance, but the Abandoned in his lifetime, was the King of Aragon from 1387 until his death. Biography John was the eldest son of Peter IV and his third ...

( ca, Joan el Descurat; also known as John the Hunter or John the Lover of Elegance) *"~ the Absolutist": Miguel I of Portugal ( pt, Miguel o Absolutista) *"~ the Accursed": **

Sviatopolk I of Kiev Sviatopolk I Vladimirovich (''Sviatopolk the Accursed'', the ''Accursed Prince''; orv, Свѧтоплъкъ, translit=Svętoplŭkŭ; russian: Святополк Окаянный; uk, Святополк Окаянний; c. 980 – 1019) was the ...

(russian: Святопо́лк Окая́нный) ** Iskander the Accursed (

Middle Persian Middle Persian or Pahlavi, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg () in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire. For some time after the Sasanian collapse, Middle Pe ...

: ''Gizistag Aleksandar''; more commonly known as Alexander the Great) ** Tekle Haymanot I of Ethiopia ( am, እርጉም ተክለ ሃይማኖት ''irgum tekle hāymānōt'') *"~ the Adopted": Childebert of Austrasia () *"~ (the) '' Ætheling''": Edgar Ætheling of England ( ang, Eadgar Æþeling) *"~ the Affable":

Charles VIII of France Charles VIII, called the Affable (french: l'Affable; 30 June 1470 – 7 April 1498), was King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498. He succeeded his father Louis XI at the age of 13.Paul Murray Kendall, ''Louis XI: The Universal Spider'' (New ...

(french: Charles l'Affable) *"~ the African":

Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V () (15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481), known by the sobriquet the African (), was King of Portugal from 1438 until his death in 1481, with a brief interruption in 1477. His sobriquet refers to his military conquests in Northern Africa. ...

() *"~ the Aggressor": Indulf of Alba ( gd, Ildulb An Ionsaighthigh) * "~ the Alchemist":

John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach John, nicknamed the Alchemist (german: Johann der Alchimist; 1406 – 16 November 1464) was a Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and served as the peace-loving Margrave of Brandenburg after the abdication of his father, Frederick I, the first membe ...

(german: Johann der Alchimist) *"~ Albanian-slayer": Thomas of Epirus ( gr, Θωμάς Ἀλβανιτόκτονος, ) *"~ All-fair":

Eadwig of England Eadwig (also Edwy or Eadwig All-Fair, 1 October 959) was King of England from 23 November 955 until his death in 959. He was the elder son of Edmund I and his first wife Ælfgifu, who died in 944. Eadwig and his brother Edgar were young ...

*"~ the Apostate": Julian, Roman Emperor () *"~ the Arab": Philip I, Roman Emperor () *"~ the Artist-King":

Ferdinand II of Portugal '' Dom'' Ferdinand II ( Portuguese: ''Fernando II'') (29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885) was a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, and King of Portugal ''jure uxoris'' as the husband of Queen Maria II, from the birth o ...

( pt, Fernando o Rei-Artista) *"~ the Asleep":

Sebastian of Portugal Sebastian ( pt, Sebastião I ; 20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578) was King of Portugal from 11 June 1557 to 4 August 1578 and the penultimate Portuguese monarch of the House of Aviz. He was the son of João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, and h ...

( pt, Sebastião o Adormecido) *"~ the Astrologer":

Alfonso X of Castile Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, es, el Sabio; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death in 1284. During the election of 1257, a dissident faction chose him to be king of Germ ...

( es, Alfonso el Astrólogo; more commonly known as Afonso the Wise) *"~ the Avenger":

Alfonso XI of Castile Alfonso XI (13 August 131126 March 1350), called the Avenger (''el Justiciero''), was King of Castile and León. He was the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and his wife Constance of Portugal. Upon his father's death in 1312, several disputes ...

(; also known as Afonso the Just)

B

*"~ the Bad": ** Alexander III of Wallachia ( Romanian: ''Alexandru cel Rău'') **

Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria Arnulf II (birth unknown; died 14 July 937), also known as the Bad (german: der Schlimme), the Evil (''der Böse'') or the Wicked, a member of the Luitpolding dynasty, held the title of Duke of Bavaria from about 907 until his death in 937. He ...

() **

Charles II of Navarre Charles II (10 October 1332 – 1 January 1387), called Charles the Bad, was King of Navarre 1349–1387 and Count of Évreux 1343–1387. Besides the Pyrenean Kingdom of Navarre, Charles had extensive lands in Normandy, inherited from his father ...

(french: Charles le Mauvais) ** Emund of Sweden ( sv, Emund Slemme; more commonly known as Emund the Old) ** Mihnea of Wallachia ( Romanian: ''Mihnea cel Rău'') **

Ordoño IV of León Ordoño IV, called the Wicked or the Bad (c. 926– Córdoba, c. 962 or 963) was the king of León from 958 until 960, interrupting the reign of Sancho the Fat for a two-year period. He was the son of Alfonso IV of León and his queen, Onneca ...

() ** Sigurd Magnusson, pretender of Norway ( non, Sigurd Slembe or ) **

William I of Sicily William I (1120 or 1121May 7, 1166), called the Bad or the Wicked ( scn, Gugghiermu lu Malu), was the second king of Sicily, ruling from his father's death in 1154 to his own in 1166. He was the fourth son of Roger II and Elvira of Castile. Wi ...

( it, Guglielmo il Malo) *"~ the Bald": ** Charles II of France (french: Charles le Chauve) **

Baldwin II, Count of Flanders Baldwin II ( 865 – 10 September 918) was the second margrave (or count) of Flanders, ruling from 879 to 918. He was nicknamed the Bald (''Calvus'') after his maternal grandfather, Emperor Charles the Bald. Rule Baldwin II was born around 86 ...

( nl, Boudewijn II de Kale; la, Balduinus Calvus) ** Idwal ab Anarawd of Gwynedd ( cy, Idwal Foel) **

Radu II of Wallachia Radu II Praznaglava (Radu II Empty Head/in Old Slavic/), (? – 1428?) was a ruler of Wallachia in the 15th century, ruling for 4 terms, each time preceded by Dan II, his rival for the throne, and each time succeeded by him. Of those 4 periods ...

(

Church Slavonic Church Slavonic (, , literally "Church-Slavonic language"), also known as Church Slavic, New Church Slavonic or New Church Slavic, is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Belarus, Bosnia and Herzeg ...

: ''Radu Praznaglava'') *"~ ''Barbarossa''":

(german: Friederich Barbarossa) *"~ Barefoot" or "~ Bareleg":

Magnus III of Norway Magnus Olafsson (Old Norse: ''Magnús Óláfsson'', Norwegian: ''Magnus Olavsson''; 1073 – 24 August 1103), better known as Magnus Barefoot (Old Norse: ''Magnús berfœttr'', Norwegian: ''Magnus Berrføtt''), was King of Norway (being Ma ...

( non, Magnus Barfot) *"~ Barn-Lock":

Magnus III of Sweden Magnus III ( 1240 – 18 December 1290), also called Magnus Ladulås, was King of Sweden from 1275 until his death in 1290. Name He was the ''first Magnus'' to rule Sweden for any length of time, not generally regarded as a usurper or ...

( sv, Magnus Ladulås) *"~ the Bastard": **

Ebalus, Duke of Aquitaine Ebalus, or Ebles Manzer, or Manser (c. 870 – 935), was Count of Poitou and Duke of Aquitaine on two occasions: from 890 to 892; and then from 902 until his death in 935 (Poitou) and from 928 until 932 (Aquitaine). Early life Ebles was an illegi ...

(, ) **

Henry II of Castile Henry II (13 January 1334 – 29 May 1379), called Henry of Trastámara or the Fratricidal (''el Fratricida''), was the first King of Castile and León from the House of Trastámara. He became king in 1369 by defeating his half-brother Peter the ...

(; more commonly known as Henry of Trastámara) **

John I of Portugal John I ( pt, João �uˈɐ̃w̃ 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433), also called John of Aviz, was King of Portugal from 1385 until his death in 1433. He is recognized chiefly for his role in Portugal's victory in a succession war with Castil ...

( pt, João o Bastardo; more commonly known John of Avis, John the Great, or John of Fond Memory) **

(french: Guillaume le Bâtard; ang, Wyllelm or ; more commonly known as William the Conqueror) *"~ the Battler":

Alfonso I of Aragon Alfonso I (''c''. 1073/10747 September 1134), called the Battler or the Warrior ( es, el Batallador), was King of Aragon and Navarre from 1104 until his death in 1134. He was the second son of King Sancho Ramírez and successor of his brother Pet ...

( es, Alfonso, el Batallador; also known as Alfonso the Warrior) *"~ the Bavarian": Louis IV of Germany (german: Ludwig der Bayer) *"~ the Bear":

Albert the Bear Albert the Bear (german: Albrecht der Bär; 1100 – 18 November 1170) was the first margrave of Brandenburg from 1157 to his death and was briefly duke of Saxony between 1138 and 1142. Life Albert was the only son of Otto, Count of Ball ...

(german: Albrecht der Bär) *"~ the Bearded": **

Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders Baldwin IV (980 – 30 May 1035), called the Bearded, was the count of Flanders from 987 until his death. Baldwin IV was the son of Count Arnulf II of Flanders (c. 961 — 987) and Rozala of Italy (950/60 – 1003), of the House of Ivrea.Detlev S ...

() **

Berthold II, Duke of Carinthia Berthold II, Duke of Carinthia (c. 1000 – 6 November 1078), also known as Berthold I of Zähringen, was a progenitor of the Swabian House of Zähringen. From 1061 until 1077, he was the Duke of Carinthia and Margrave of Verona. Life He was pos ...

() ** Constans II, Byzantine Emperor () **

Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg Eberhard I of Württemberg (11 December 144524 February 1496) was known as Count ''Eberhard V'' from 1459 to 1495, and from July 1495 he was the first Duke of Württemberg. He is also known as ''Eberhard im Bart'' (Eberhard the Bearded). Ear ...

() ** Egino IV, Count of Urach () ** Geoffrey III of Anjou (french: Geoffroy le Barbu) *"~ Beauclerk" or "~ ''Beauclerc''" ( French, "Good Clerk"):

Henry I of England Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135. He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. On William's death in ...

(french: Henri Beauclerc) *"~ the Beer Jug":

John George I, Elector of Saxony John George I (5 March 1585 – 8 October 1656) was Elector of Saxony from 1611 to 1656. He led Saxony through the Thirty Years' War, which dominated his 45 year reign. Biography Born in Dresden, John George was the second son of the Elector Ch ...

(german: Johann Georg der Bierkrug) *"~ the Beloved":

Louis XV of France Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (french: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reached ...

(french: Louis le Bien-Aimé) *"~ the Bewitched":

Charles II of Spain Charles II of Spain (''Spanish: Carlos II,'' 6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700), known as the Bewitched (''Spanish: El Hechizado''), was the last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire. Best remembered for his physical disabilities and the War o ...

( es, Carlos el Hechizado) *"~ the Bibliophile":

Manuel II of Portugal '' Dom'' Manuel II (15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932), "the Patriot" ( pt, "o Patriota") or "the Unfortunate" (), was the last King of Portugal, ascending the throne after the assassination of his father, King Carlos I, and his elder brother, ...

( pt, Manuel o Bibliófilo; more commonly known as Manuel the Patriot or Manuel the Unfortunate) *"~ the Big Nest": Vsevolod III Yuriyevich of Vladimir (russian: Все́волод III Ю́рьевич Большо́е Гнездо́, ) *"~ the Black Prince":

Edward the Black Prince Edward of Woodstock, known to history as the Black Prince (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376), was the eldest son of King Edward III of England, and the heir apparent to the English throne. He died before his father and so his son, Richard II, su ...

() *"~ the Black": **

Leszek II the Black Leszek II the Black (c. 1241 – 30 September 1288), was a Polish prince of the House of Piast, Duke of Sieradz since 1261, Duke of Łęczyca since 1267, Duke of Inowrocław in the years 1273-1278, Duke of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland fro ...

( pl, Leszek Czarny) **

Fulk III of Anjou Fulk III, the Black ( 987–1040; fro, Foulque Nerra), was an early count of Anjou celebrated as one of the first great builders of medieval castles. It is estimated Fulk constructed approximately 100 castles, along with abbeys throughout the Lo ...

(french: Foulque Nerra) **

Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor Henry III (28 October 1016 – 5 October 1056), called the Black or the Pious, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1046 until his death in 1056. A member of the Salian dynasty, he was the eldest son of Conrad II and Gisela of Swabia. Henry was raised by ...

(; also called the pious) **

Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria Henry IX (107513 December 1126), called the Black, a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria from 1120 to 1126. Life and reign Henry was the second son of Duke Welf I of Bavaria (died 1101) from his marriage with Judith, daughter of Co ...

() **

Margaret II, Countess of Flanders Margaret, often called Margaret of Constantinople (1202 – 10 February 1280), ruled as Countess of Flanders during 1244–1278 and Countess of Hainaut during 1244–1253 and 1257–1280. She was the younger daughter of Baldwin IX, Count of F ...

() *"~ the Blessed":

Alexander I of Russia Alexander I (; – ) was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first King of Congress Poland from 1815, and the Grand Duke of Finland from 1809 to his death. He was the eldest son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. The son of Gra ...

() *"~ the Blind": ** Boleslaus III of Bohemia ( cs, Boleslav Slepý; also known as Boleslaus the Red) **

Béla II of Hungary Béla the Blind ( hu, Vak Béla; hr, Bela Slijepi; sk, Belo Slepý; 1109 – 13 February 1141) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1131 to 1141. He was blinded along with his rebellious father Álmos on the order of Álmos's brother, K ...

( hu, II. Vak Béla) **

Magnus IV of Norway Magnus Sigurdsson (c. 1115 – 12 November 1139), also known as Magnus the Blind, was King of Norway (being Magnus IV) from 1130 to 1135 and again from 1137 to 1139. His period as king marked the beginning of the civil war era in Norway, which las ...

( non, Magnus Blinde) **

Stefan Branković Stefan Branković ( sr-Cyrl, Стефан Бранковић; c. 1417 – 9 October 1476), also known in historiography as Stefan the Blind (Стефан Слепи), was briefly the despot (ruler) of the Serbian Despotate between 1458 and 1459, m ...

( sr, Стефан Слепи) ** Vasily II Vasiliyevich (russian: Василий II Темный) ** Bogdan III of Moldavia () **

John of Bohemia John the Blind or John of Luxembourg ( lb, Jang de Blannen; german: link=no, Johann der Blinde; cz, Jan Lucemburský; 10 August 1296 – 26 August 1346), was the Count of Luxembourg from 1313 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King o ...

( lb, Jang de Blannen; german: Johann der Blinde; cz, Jan Slepý) *"~ the Blind Earl": Edward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon *"~ the Blond": Selim II of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Sarı Sultân Selim) *"~ Bloodaxe": Eric I of Norway ( non, Eiríkr Blóðöx) *"~ the Bloodthirsty":

Ismail of Morocco Moulay Ismail Ibn Sharif ( ar, مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف), born around 1645 in Sijilmassa and died on 22 March 1727 at Meknes, was a Sultan of Morocco from 1672–1727, as the second ruler of the Alaouite dynasty. He was the se ...

() *"Bloody ~":

Mary I of England Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, and as "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents, was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 and Queen of Spain from January 1556 until her death in 1558. Sh ...

*"~ the Bloody":

Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov; spelled in pre-revolutionary script. ( 186817 July 1918), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer,. was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Polan ...

(russian: Николай II Кровавый) *"~ Bluetooth": Harold I of Denmark ( non, Haraldr blátönn) *"~ the Bold": ** Boleslaw II of Poland ( pl, Bolesław Śmiały) ** Charles of Burgundy (french: Charles le Téméraire) **

Philip the Bold Philip II the Bold (; ; 17 January 1342 – 27 April 1404) was Duke of Burgundy and ''jure uxoris'' Count of Flanders, Artois and Burgundy. He was the fourth and youngest son of King John II of France and Bonne of Luxembourg. Philip II was t ...

(french: Philippe le Hardi) **

Philip III of France Philip III (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold (french: le Hardi), was King of France from 1270 until his death in 1285. His father, Louis IX, died in Tunis during the Eighth Crusade. Philip, who was accompanying him, returne ...

(french: Philippe le Hardi) *"~ the Boneless": Ivar Ragnarsson ( non, Ívarr hinn Beinlausi) *"~ the Bookish" or "~ the Book-Lover":

Coloman of Hungary Coloman the Learned, also the Book-Lover or the Bookish ( hu, Könyves Kálmán; hr, Koloman; sk, Koloman Učený; 10703February 1116) was King of Hungary from 1095 and King of Croatia from 1097 until his death. Because Coloman and his younge ...

( hu, Könyves Kálmán; more commonly known as Coloman the Learned) *"~ the Boulonnais":

Afonso III of Portugal Afonso III (; rare English alternatives: ''Alphonzo'' or ''Alphonse''), or ''Affonso'' (Archaic Portuguese), ''Alfonso'' or ''Alphonso'' (Portuguese-Galician) or ''Alphonsus'' (Latin), the Boulonnais ( Port. ''o Bolonhês''), King of Portugal ( ...

( pt, Afonso o Bolonhês) *"~ the Brash": Olof of Denmark *"~ the Brave": **

Afonso IV of Portugal Afonso IVEnglish: ''Alphonzo'' or ''Alphonse'', or ''Affonso'' (Archaic Portuguese), ''Alfonso'' or ''Alphonso'' (Portuguese-Galician) or ''Alphonsus'' (Latin). (; 8 February 129128 May 1357), called the Brave ( pt, o Bravo, links=no), was King ...

( pt, Afonso o Bravo) ** Boleslaw I of Poland ( pl, Bolesław Chrobry; also known as Boleslaw the Great) **

Dan II of Wallachia Dan or DAN may refer to: People * Dan (name), including a list of people with the name ** Dan (king), several kings of Denmark * Dan people, an ethnic group located in West Africa ** Dan language, a Mande language spoken primarily in Côte d'Iv ...

( ro, Dan al II-lea cel Viteaz) ** John III of Moldavia ( Romanian: ''Ioan Vodă cel Viteaz; more commonly known as John the Terrible'') ** Michael of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia ( ro, Mihai Viteazul) *"~ the Brilliant":

George V of Georgia George V the Brilliant ( ka, გიორგი V ბრწყინვალე, ''Giorgi V Brtskinvale''; also translated as the ''Illustrious'', or ''Magnificent''; 1286/1289–1346) was King of Georgia from 1299 to 1302 and again from 1314 un ...

( ka, გიორგი V ბრწყინვალე, tr) *"~ the Broad-shouldered":

Haakon II of Norway Haakon Sigurdsson (1147 – 7 July 1162), also known as Haakon Herdebrei, was King of Norway (being Haakon II) from 1157 until 1162 during the Civil war era in Norway. Biography His nickname, ''Herdebrei'', means broad-shouldered. An illegitimate ...

( non, Hákon Herdebrei) *"~ Broom-plant":

Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou Geoffrey V (24 August 1113 – 7 September 1151), called the Handsome, the Fair (french: link=no, le Bel) or Plantagenet, was the count of Anjou, Touraine and Maine by inheritance from 1129, and also Duke of Normandy by conquest from 1144. Hi ...

(french: Geoffroy Plantagenet; also known as Geoffrey the Handsome or Geoffrey the Fair) *"~ the Brown": Donnchadh mac Flainn, High King of Ireland () *"~ the Bruce":

Robert I of Scotland Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Scottish Gaelic: ''Raibeart an Bruis''), was King of Scots from 1306 to his death in 1329. One of the most renowned warriors of his generation, Robert eventuall ...

(

Medieval Gaelic Middle Irish, sometimes called Middle Gaelic ( ga, An Mheán-Ghaeilge, gd, Meadhan-Ghàidhlig), is the Goidelic language which was spoken in Ireland, most of Scotland and the Isle of Man from AD; it is therefore a contemporary of late Old Engli ...

: ) *"~ Builder": **

David IV of Georgia David IV, also known as David the Builder ( ka, დავით აღმაშენებელი, ') (1073–1125), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the 5th king of United Georgia from 1089 until his death in 1125. Popularly considered to be ...

( ka, დავით აღმაშენებელი, tr) **

Peter III of Portugal Dom Peter III ( pt, Pedro III, ; 5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786), nicknamed the Builder, was King of Portugal from 24 February 1777 to his death in 1786 as the co-ruler of his wife and niece, Queen Dona Maria I.David Birmingham ''A Concise Histo ...

( pt, Pedro o Edificador) *"~ the Builder King":

Leopold II of Belgium * german: link=no, Leopold Ludwig Philipp Maria Viktor , house = Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , father = Leopold I of Belgium , mother = Louise of Orléans , birth_date = , birth_place = Brussels, Belgium , death_date = ...

(, ) *"~ Bulgar-Slayer": Basil II, Byzantine Emperor ( el, Βασίλειος Βουλγαροκτόνος, )

C

*"~ Capet":

Hugh Capet Hugh Capet (; french: Hugues Capet ; c. 939 – 14 October 996) was the King of the Franks from 987 to 996. He is the founder and first king from the House of Capet. The son of the powerful duke Hugh the Great and his wife Hedwige of Saxony, h ...

() *"~ the Cabbage":

Ivaylo of Bulgaria Ivaylo (died 1281), also spelled Ivailo ( bg, Ивайло), was a rebel leader who ruled briefly as tsar of Bulgaria. In 1277, he spearheaded a peasant uprising and forced the Bulgarian nobility to accept him as emperor. He reigned as emperor fr ...

( bg, Ивайло Лахана, ) *"~ the ''Capacidónio''":

( pt, Pedro o Capacidónio; also known as Peter the Builder) *"~ the Cardinal-King":

Henry, King of Portugal Henry ( pt, Henrique ; 31 January 1512 — 31 January 1580), dubbed the Chaste ( pt, o Casto, links=no) and the Cardinal-King ( pt, o Cardeal-Rei, links=no), was king of Portugal and a cardinal of the Catholic Church, who ruled Portugal between ...

( pt, Henrique o Cardeal-Rei) *"~ the Capuched":

Sancho II of Portugal Sancho II (; 8 September 1209 – 4 January 1248), nicknamed the Cowled or the Capuched ( pt, o Capelo), alternatively, the Pious ( pt, o Piedoso), was King of Portugal from 1223 to 1248. He was succeeded on the Portuguese throne by his bro ...

( pt, Sancho o Capelo; also known as Sancho the Hooded or Sancho the Pious) *"~ the Catholic": **

Alfonso I of Asturias Alfonso I of Asturias, called the Catholic (''el Católico''), (c. 693 – 757) was the third King of Asturias, reigning from 739 to his death in 757. His reign saw an extension of the Christian domain of Asturias, reconquering Galicia and Le ...

( es, Alonso el Católico) **

Andrew I of Hungary Andrew I the White or the Catholic ( hu, I. Fehér or ; 1015 – before 6 December 1060) was King of Hungary from 1046 to 1060. He descended from a younger branch of the Árpád dynasty. After spending fifteen years in exile, he ascended ...

( hu, András Katolikus; more commonly known as Andrew the White) **

Ferdinand II of Aragon Ferdinand II ( an, Ferrando; ca, Ferran; eu, Errando; it, Ferdinando; la, Ferdinandus; es, Fernando; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), also called Ferdinand the Catholic (Spanish: ''el Católico''), was King of Aragon and Sardinia from ...

( es, Fernando el Católico, ca, Ferran el Catòlic) **

Isabella I of Castile Isabella I ( es, Isabel I; 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504), also called Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: ''la Católica''), was Queen of Castile from 1474 until her death in 1504, as well as Queen consort of Aragon from 1479 until 1504 by ...

( es, Isabel la Católica) **

Peter II of Aragon Peter II the Catholic (; ) (July 1178 – 12 September 1213) was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona from 1196 to 1213. Background Peter was born in Huesca, the son of Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile. In 1205 he acknowledge ...

( es, Pedro II el Católico, ca, Pere el Catòlic) ** Frederick I, Duke of Austria (german: Friedrich der Katholische) *"~ the Caulker": Michael V, Byzantine Emperor ( el, Μιχαήλ Καλαφάτης, Michaíl Kalaphátis) *"~ the Ceremonious":

Peter IV of Aragon Peter IV, ; an, Pero, ; es, Pedro, . In Catalan, he may also be nicknamed ''el del punyalet'': "he of the little dagger". ( Catalan: ''Pere IV''; 5 September 1319 – 6 January 1387), called the Ceremonious (Catalan: ''el Cerimoniós''), ...

( es, Pedro el Ceremonioso, ca, Pere el Cerimoniós) *"~ the Chaste": **

Alfonso II of Aragon Alfonso II (1–25 March 1157Benito Vicente de Cuéllar (1995)«Los "condes-reyes" de Barcelona y la "adquisición" del reino de Aragón por la dinastía bellónida» p. 630-631; in ''Hidalguía''. XLIII (252) pp. 619–632."Alfonso II el Casto, hi ...

( ca, Alfons el Cast; es, Alfonso el Casto; french: Alphonse le Chaste; also known as Alfonso the Troubador) **

Alfonso II of Asturias Alfonso II of Asturias (842), nicknamed the Chaste ( es, el Casto), was the king of Asturias during two different periods: first in the year 783 and later from 791 until his death in 842. Upon his death, Nepotian, a family member of undeterm ...

( es, Alfonso el Casto) **

Bolesław V the Chaste Bolesław V the Chaste ( pl, Bolesław Wstydliwy; 21 June 1226 – 7 December 1279) was Duke of Sandomierz in Lesser Poland from 1232 and High Duke of Poland from 1243 until his death, as the last male representative of the Lesser Polish branch ...

( pl, Bolesław Wstydliwy) **

( pt, Henrique o Casto) *"~ the Chief":

Kenneth III of Scotland Cináed mac Duib ( Modern Gaelic: ''Coinneach mac Dhuibh''; c. 966 – c. 25 March 1005), anglicised as Kenneth III, and nicknamed ''An Donn'' ("the Chief" or "the Brown"), was King of Scots from 997 to 1005. He was the son of Dub (Dub mac Maíl ...

( gd, Coinneach An Donn) *"~ the Child" ** Henry II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal (german: Heinrich das Kind) **

Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse Henry I of Hesse "the Child" ( German: ''Heinrich das Kind'') (24 June 1244 – 21 December 1308) was the first Landgrave of Hesse. He was the son of Henry II, Duke of Brabant and Sophie of Thuringia. Life In 1247, as Heinrich Raspe, L ...

(german: Heinrich das Kind) ** Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (german: Otto das Kind) ** Louis III of East Francia (german: Ludwig das Kind) ** Louis of Sicily ( it, Ludovico il Fanciullo) ** Nicholas I, Lord of Rostock (german: Nikolaus das Kind) *"~ the Clement":

John VI of Portugal , house = Braganza , father = Peter III of Portugal , mother = Maria I of Portugal , birth_date = , birth_place = Queluz Palace, Queluz, Portugal , death_date = , death_place = Bemposta Palace, Lisbon, Portugal ...

( pt, João o Clemente) *"~ the Clubfoot":

Sverker I of Sweden Sverker I or Sverker the Elder ( Old Swedish: ''Swærkir konongær gambli''), murdered 25 December 1156, was King of Sweden from about 1132 till his death. Of non-royal descent, he founded the House of Sverker, the rulers of which alternated wi ...

( sv, Sverker Klumpfot) *"~ Coal-Burner": Anund Jacob of Sweden ( non, Emund Kolbränna) *"~ the Confessor":

Edward the Confessor Edward the Confessor ; la, Eduardus Confessor , ; ( 1003 – 5 January 1066) was one of the last Anglo-Saxon English kings. Usually considered the last king of the House of Wessex, he ruled from 1042 to 1066. Edward was the son of Æthe ...

(of England), also known as ''Saint Edward'' *"~ the Colonizer": John III of Portugal ( pt, João o Colonizador) *"~ the Conqueror": **

Afonso I of Portugal Afonso I of PortugalOr also ''Affonso'' (Archaic Portuguese-Galician) or ''Alphonso'' (Portuguese-Galician) or ''Alphonsus'' (Latin version), sometimes rendered in English as ''Alphonzo'' or ''Alphonse'', depending on the Spanish or French inf ...

( pt, Afonso o Conquistador) **

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, french: Charles Quint, it, Carlo V, nl, Karel V, ca, Carles V, la, Carolus V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain ( Castile and Aragon) f ...

( es, Carlos el Conquistador; german: Karl der Eroberer) **

James I of Aragon James I the Conqueror ( es, Jaime el Conquistador, ca, Jaume el Conqueridor; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was King of Aragon and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276; King of Majorca from 1231 to 1276; and Valencia from 1238 to 12 ...

( ca, Jaume el Conqueridor) **

John V, Duke of Brittany John V, sometimes numbered as VI, (24 December 1389 – 29 August 1442) bynamed John the Wise ( br, Yann ar Fur; french: Jean le Sage), was Duke of Brittany and Count of Montfort from 1399 to his death. His rule coincided with the height of ...

(french: Jean le Conquérant) ** Mehmed II of The Ottoman Empire (

Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish ( ota, لِسانِ عُثمانى, Lisân-ı Osmânî, ; tr, Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language used by the citizens of the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extens ...

: ) **

Nicholas I of Russia , house = Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp , father = Paul I of Russia , mother = Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg) , birth_date = , birth_place = Gatchina Palace, Gatchina, Russian Empire , death_date = ...

( ang, Wilhelm se Gehīersumiend; french: Guillaume le Conquérant) **

Valdemar II of Denmark Valdemar (28 June 1170 – 28 March 1241), later remembered as Valdemar the Victorious (), was the King of Denmark (being Valdemar II) from 1202 until his death in 1241. Background He was the second son of King Valdemar I of Denmark and Sophi ...

( non, Valdemar Sejr) *"~ the Constable Prince":

John, Constable of Portugal Infante John, Constable of Portugal ( pt, João, ; 13 January 1400 – 18 October 1442) was a Portuguese ''infante'' (prince) of the House of Aviz, Constable of Portugal and master of the Portuguese Order of St. James (Santiago). In Portugal, h ...

( pt, João o Infante Condestável) *"~ the Constant":

John, Elector of Saxony Johann (30 June 146816 August 1532), known as Johann the Steadfast or Johann the Constant (''Johann, der Beständige''), was Elector of Saxony from 1525 until 1532 from the House of Wettin. He is notable for organising the Lutheran Church in th ...

(german: Johann der Beständige) *"~ Corvinus" (from

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

"like a raven"):

Matthias Corvinus of Hungary Matthias Corvinus, also called Matthias I ( hu, Hunyadi Mátyás, ro, Matia/Matei Corvin, hr, Matija/Matijaš Korvin, sk, Matej Korvín, cz, Matyáš Korvín; ), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1458 to 1490. After conducting several mi ...

( hu, Corvinus Mátyás; ro, Matei Corvin) *"~ the Courteous":

William, Duke of Austria William ( – 15 July 1406), known as William the Courteous (german: Wilhelm der Freundliche), a member of the House of Habsburg and Wilhelm, was Duke of Austria from 1386. As head of the Leopoldian line, he ruled over the Inner Austrian duchies o ...

(german: Wilhelm der Freundliche) *"~ the Crosseyed": Vasili Kosoi, Muscovian usurper (russian: Василий Косой, ) *"~ Crouchback": **

Inge I of Norway Inge Haraldsson (Old Norse: ''Ingi Haraldsson''; 1135 – 3 February 1161) was king of Norway (being Inge I) from 1136 to 1161. Inge’s reign fell within the start of the period known in Norwegian history as the civil war era. He was never the s ...

( non, Inge Krokrygg) **

Richard III of England Richard III (2 October 145222 August 1485) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 26 June 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat and death at the Batt ...

(also known as Crookback) *"~ the Cruel": **

Boleslaus I of Bohemia Boleslaus I ( cs, Boleslav I. Ukrutný) (915 – 972), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was ruler ('' kníže'', "duke") of the Duchy of Bohemia from 935 to his death. He is notorious for the murder of his elder brother Wenceslaus, through w ...

( cs, Boleslav I. Ukrutný) ** Boleslaus II of Poland ( pl, Bolesław Okrutny) **

Louis XI of France Louis XI (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), called "Louis the Prudent" (french: le Prudent), was King of France from 1461 to 1483. He succeeded his father, Charles VII. Louis entered into open rebellion against his father in a short-lived revol ...

Peter I of Portugal Peter I (Portuguese: ''Pedro I'', ; 8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367), called the Just (''o Justiceiro'') or the Cruel (''o Cruel''), was King of Portugal from 1357 until his death. He was the third but only surviving son of Afonso IV of Portuga ...

( pt, Pedro o Cruel) **

Peter of Castile Peter ( es, Pedro; 30 August 133423 March 1369), called the Cruel () or the Just (), was King of Castile and León from 1350 to 1369. Peter was the last ruler of the main branch of the House of Ivrea. He was excommunicated by Pope Urban V for ...

( es, Pedro el Cruel) *"~ the Crusader": ** Sigurd I of Norway ( non, Sigurðr Jórsalafarinn; no, Sigurd Jorsalfare) **

Robert II, Count of Flanders Robert II, Count of Flanders (c. 1065 – 5 October 1111) was Count of Flanders from 1093 to 1111. He became known as Robert of Jerusalem (''Robertus Hierosolimitanus'') or Robert the Crusader after his exploits in the First Crusade. Early li ...

(french: Robert le Croisé) **

Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn Gaston IV (died 1131) was viscount of Béarn from 1090 to 1131. He was called ''le Croisé––''the Crusader––because of his participation in the First Crusade as part of the army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles. (cf. also Spanish Wikipedia, Gas ...

(french: Gaston le Croisé) *"~ the Curly"

Bolesław IV the Curly Bolesław IV the Curly (; 1122 – 5 January 1173), a member of the Piast dynasty, was Duke of Masovia from 1138 and High Duke of Poland from 1146 until his death. Early life Bolesław was the third son of Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland ...

( pl, Bolesław Kędzierzawy) *"~ Curthose" (

Middle English Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English ...

, "short stockings"): Robert II, Duke of Normandy (french: Robert Courtehouse) *"~ Curtmantle" (

, "short cloak"):

Henry II of England Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (french: link=no, Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress, or Henry Plantagenet, was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189, and as such, was the first Angevin king ...

D

*"~ the Damned" or "~ the Accursed":

(russian: Святополк Окаянный, ; uk, Святополк Окаянний, ) *"~ the Deacon":

Bermudo I of Asturias Bermudo I (also Vermudo or Veremund), called the Deacon or the Monk (c. 750 – 797), was the King of Asturias from 788 or 789 until his abdication in 791. He was a son of Fruela of Cantabria, a nephew of Alfonso I, and a brother of Aurelius. T ...

( ast, Bermudo el Diáconu; es, Bermudo el Diácono) *"~ the Debonaire":

Louis I of France Louis the Pious (german: Ludwig der Fromme; french: Louis le Pieux; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. He was also King of Aqui ...

(french: Louis le Débonnaire) *"~ the Deed-Doer":

Edmund I of England Edmund I or Eadmund I (920/921 – 26 May 946) was King of the English from 27 October 939 until his death in 946. He was the elder son of King Edward the Elder and his third wife, Queen Eadgifu, and a grandson of King Alfred the Great. After ...

*"~ the Desired": **

Ferdinand VII of Spain , house = Bourbon-Anjou , father = Charles IV of Spain , mother = Maria Luisa of Parma , birth_date = 14 October 1784 , birth_place = El Escorial, Spain , death_date = , death_place = Madrid, Spain , burial_pla ...

Louis XVIII of France Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as the Desired (), was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a brief interruption during the Hundred Days in 1815. He spent twenty-three years in e ...

( pt, Sebastião o Desejado) *"~ the Determined": Anthony I of Portugal ( pt, António o Determinado) *"~ the Devil": **

Robert I, Duke of Normandy Robert the Magnificent (french: le Magnifique;He was also, although erroneously, said to have been called 'Robert the Devil' (french: le Diable). Robert I was never known by the nickname 'the devil' in his lifetime. 'Robert the Devil' was a fic ...

(french: Robert le Diable) ** Vlad II of Wallachia ( ro, Vlad Dracul) ** Hugh VI, Lord of Lusignan (french: Hughes le Diable) ** Robert II, Lord of Bellême (french: Robert le Diable) *"~ the Diplomat": Charles I of Portugal ( pt, Carlos o Diplomata) *"~ Do-Nothing", "~ the Indolent" or "~ the Sluggard":

Louis V of France Louis V ( – 22 May 987), also known as Louis the Do-Nothing (french: Louis le Fainéant), was a king of West Francia from 979 (co-reigning first with his father Lothair until 986) to his early death in 987. During his reign, the nobility essent ...

(french: Louis le Fainéant) *"~ ''Dracul''" ( Romanian, "The Devil" or "The Dragon"): Vlad II of Wallachia ( ro, Vlad Dracul) *"~ ''Dracula''" ( Romanian, "Son of the Devil" or "Son of the Dragon"): Vlad III of Wallachia *"~ the Drunkard": ** Michael III, Byzantine Emperor ( el, Μιχαήλ Γ' ο Μέθυσος, ) ** Selim II, Ottoman Emperor ( tr, Selim Sarhoş) **

Wenceslaus, King of the Romans Wenceslaus IV (also ''Wenceslas''; cs, Václav; german: Wenzel, nicknamed "the Idle"; 26 February 136116 August 1419), also known as Wenceslaus of Luxembourg, was King of Bohemia from 1378 until his death and King of Germany from 1376 until he ...

(german: Wenzel der Säufer; cs, Václav Opilec) *"~ the Dung-Named": Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor ( el, Κωνσταντίνος Ε' Κοπρόνυμος, Konstantínos E' Koprónymos)

E

*"Earth-Shaker ~": Inca Yupanqui (

Quechua Quechua may refer to: *Quechua people, several indigenous ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru *Quechuan languages, a Native South American language family spoken primarily in the Andes, derived from a common ancestral language **So ...

: ''Pachakutiq'' ''Inka Yupanki'') *"~ the Ecclesiastic" or "~ the Priest":

Martin I of Aragon Martin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the ...

( ca, Martí l'Eclesiàstic;

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

: "Martín el Eclesiástico" o "el Cura") *"~ the Edifier":

( pt, Pedro o Edificador) *"~ the Educator":

Maria II of Portugal , image = Queen Maria II by John Simpson.jpg , caption = Portrait by John Simpson, 1835 , succession = Queen of Portugal , reign = , predecessor = Pedro IV , successor = Miguel I , reg-type = Regents , regent ...

( pt, Maria a Educadora) *"~ the Elbow-High" or "The Ell-High": Władysław I of Poland ( pl, Władysław I Łokietek) *"~ the Elder": ** Eadweard I of England ( ang, Ēadweard se Ieldra?) **

Mircea I of Wallachia Mircea the Elder ( ro, Mircea cel Bătrân, ; c. 1355 – 31 January 1418) was the Voivode of Wallachia from 1386 until his death in 1418. He was the son of Radu I of Wallachia and brother of Dan I of Wallachia, after whose death he inherited ...

( ro, Mircea cel Batran) ** Tarquin I (

: Tarquinius Senior) ** Mircea I of Wallachia () ** Boso III of Turin *"~ the Eloquent":

Edward of Portugal Edward ( pt, Duarte (; 31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438), also called Edward the King Philosopher (''Duarte o Rei-Filósofo'') or the Eloquent (''o Eloquente''), was the King of Portugal from 1433 until his death. He was born in Viseu, the son ...

( pt, Duarte o Eloquente) *"~ the Emperor-King":

*"~ the Emperor-Sacristan":

Joseph II of Austria Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; English: ''Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam''; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 29, 1780 unt ...

*"~ the Enabler":

*"~ the Enemy-Son":

( pt, Pedro o Filho-Inimigo) *"~ the Enlightened":

Charles III of Spain it, Carlo Sebastiano di Borbone e Farnese , house = Bourbon-Anjou , father = Philip V of Spain , mother = Elisabeth Farnese , birth_date = 20 January 1716 , birth_place = Royal Alcazar of Madrid, Spain , death_da ...

( es, Carlos el Ilustrado) *"~ Epiphanes" (

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

"the manifest"): several Hellenistic kings, including **

Ptolemy V Epiphanes egy, Iwaennetjerwymerwyitu Seteppah Userkare Sekhem-ankhamun Clayton (2006) p. 208. , predecessor = Ptolemy IV , successor = Ptolemy VI , horus = '' ḥwnw-ḫꜤj-m-nsw-ḥr-st-jt.f'Khunukhaiemnisutkhersetitef'' The youth who ...

*"~ Euergetes" (

"the benefactor"): several Hellenistic kings, including **

Ptolemy III Euergetes , predecessor = Ptolemy II , successor = Ptolemy IV , nebty = ''ḳn nḏtj-nṯrw jnb-mnḫ-n-tꜢmrj'Qen nedjtinetjeru inebmenekhentamery''The brave one who has protected the gods, a potent wall for The Beloved Land , nebty_hiero ...

Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon ( gr, Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης Τρύφων, ''Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs Tryphon'' "Ptolemy the Benefactor; c. 184 BC – 28 June 116 BC), nicknamed Physcon ( "Fatty"), was a king of the Ptolemai ...

*"~ Eupator" (

"of noble father"): **

Antiochus V Antiochus V Eupator (Greek: ''Αντίοχος Ε' Ευπάτωρ''), whose epithet means "of a good father" (c. 172 BC – 161 BC) was a ruler of the Greek Seleucid Empire who reigned from late 164 to 161 BC (based on dates from 1 Maccabees 6 ...

( gr, Αντίοχος Ευπάτωρ) ** Mithridates VI of Pontus ( gr, Μιθριδάτης Ευπάτωρ) **

Ptolemy Eupator Ptolemy Eupator was the son of Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II, Dodson and Hilton (2004) p. 280 and for a short time in 152 BCE reigned as co-ruler on Cyprus with his father. It is thought that Ptolemy Eupator died in August of that s ...

*"~ the Executioner": Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Mehmed I Kirişçi) *"~ the Exile": **

Władysław II the Exile : ''This article refers to the 12th century Polish monarch. For the 14th century founder of the Jagiellon dynasty, see Jogaila, and for other monarchs with similar names, see Ladislaus II (disambiguation).'' Vladislaus II the Exile ( pl, Władys ...

( pl, Władysław Wygnaniec') **

Edward the Exile Edward the Exile (1016 – 19 April 1057), also called Edward Ætheling, was the son of King Edmund Ironside and of Ealdgyth. He spent most of his life in exile in the Kingdom of Hungary following the defeat of his father by Cnut the Great. E ...

F

*"~ the Fair": **

Charles IV of France Charles IV (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), called the Fair (''le Bel'') in France and the Bald (''el Calvo'') in Navarre, was last king of the direct line of the House of Capet, King of France and King of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322 ...

(french: Charles le Bel) **

Donald III of Scotland Donald III (Medieval Gaelic: Domnall mac Donnchada; Modern Gaelic: ''Dòmhnall mac Dhonnchaidh''), and nicknamed "Donald the Fair" or "Donald the White" (Medieval Gaelic:"Domnall Bán", anglicised as Donald Bane/Bain or Donalbane/Donalbain) (c. ...

( gd, Domnall Bán) **

(french: Geoffroy le Bel) **

Ivan II of Moscow Ivan () is a Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John) from Hebrew meaning 'God is gracious'. It is associated worldwide with Slavic countries. The earliest person known to bear the name was Bulgari ...

(russian: Иван Красный) **

Philip IV of France Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (french: Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 12 ...

(french: Philippe le Bel) **

Leopold II, Margrave of Austria Leopold II (1050 – 12 October 1095), known as Leopold the Fair (german: Luitpold der Schöne), a member of the House of Babenberg, was Margrave of Austria from 1075 until his death. A supporter of the Gregorian Reforms, he was one of the main opp ...

(german: Luitpold der Heilige) *"~ Fairhair":

Harald I of Norway Harald Fairhair no, Harald hårfagreModern Icelandic: ( – ) was a Norwegian king. According to traditions current in Norway and Iceland in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, he reigned from 872 to 930 and was the first King of Norw ...

( non, Haraldr inn hárfagri) *"~ the Fair Sun":

Vladimir I of Kiev Vladimir I Sviatoslavich or Volodymyr I Sviatoslavych ( orv, Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь, ''Volodiměrъ Svętoslavičь'';, ''Uladzimir'', russian: Владимир, ''Vladimir'', uk, Володимир, ''Volodymyr''. Se ...

( uk, Володимир Красне Сонечко) *"Farmer ~": **

George III of Great Britain George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Br ...

*"~ the Farmer":

Denis of Portugal Denis (, ; 9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 in Santarém), called the Farmer King (''Rei Lavrador'') and the Poet King (''Rei Poeta''), was King of Portugal. The eldest son of Afonso III of Portugal by his second wife, Beatrice of Castile, an ...

( pt, Dinis o Lavrador) *"~ The Swift(?): Eystein Halfdansson of Romerike and Vestfold ( non, Eysteinn Fret) *"~ the Fat": ** Afonso II of Portugal ( pt, Afonso o Gordo) ** Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor (french: Charles le Gros) **

Conan III, Duke of Brittany Conan III, also known as Conan of Cornouaille and Conan the Fat ( br, Konan III a Vreizh, and ; c. 1093–1096 – September 17, 1148) was duke of Brittany, from 1112 to his death. He was the son of Alan IV, Duke of Brittany and Ermengarde of An ...

(french: Conan III le Gros) **

Henry I of Cyprus Henry I of Cyprus, nicknamed the Fat (french: Henri de Lusignan; 3 May 1217 – 18 January 1253 at Nicosia) was King of Cyprus from 1218 to 1253. He was the son of Hugh I of Cyprus and Alice of Champagne. When his father Hugh I died on January 10 ...

(french: Henri le Gros) **

Henry I of Navarre Henry the Fat ( Basque: ''Henrike I.a, Gizena'', French: ''Henri le Gros'', Spanish: ''Enrique el Gordo'') (c. 1244 – 22 July 1274) was King of Navarre (as Henry I) and Count of Champagne and Brie (as Henry III) from 1270 until his death. ...

(french: Henri le Gros; es, Enrique el Gordo) **

Louis VI of France Louis VI (late 1081 – 1 August 1137), called the Fat (french: link=no, le Gros) or the Fighter (french: link=no, le Batailleur), was King of the Franks from 1108 to 1137. Chronicles called him "King of Saint-Denis". Louis was the first member ...

(french: Louis le Gros) ** Ptolemy VIII of Ptolemaic Egypt **

Sancho I of León Sancho I of León, nicknamed Sancho the Fat (c. 932 – 19 December 966) was a king of León twice. He was succeeded in 958 by Ordoño IV and, on his death, by his son Ramiro. Reign He was the son of Ramiro II of León and his second wife ...

*"~ the Fearless":

John the Fearless John I (french: Jean sans Peur; nl, Jan zonder Vrees; 28 May 137110 September 1419) was a scion of the French royal family who ruled the Burgundian State from 1404 until his death in 1419. He played a key role in French national affairs during ...

(french: Jean sans Peur) *"~ the Frank":

Alfonso III of Aragon Alfonso III (4 November 1265, in Valencia – 18 June 1291), called the Liberal (''el Liberal'') or the Free (also "the Frank," from ''el Franc''), was the king of Aragon and Valencia, count of Roussillon, Cerdanya and Barcelona (as ) from ...

( ca, Alfons el Franc; es, Alfonso el Franco; also known as Alfonso the Liberal or Alfonso the Free) *"~ the Fighter": Anthony I of Portugal ( pt, António o Lutador) *"~ First-Crowned": Stefan of Raška ( sr, Стефан Првовенчани) *"~ Fitzempress":

*"~ Flatnose": Ketil of Man ( non, Ketil Flatnef) *"~ Forkbeard":

Sweyn I of Denmark Sweyn Forkbeard ( non, Sveinn Haraldsson tjúguskegg ; da, Svend Tveskæg; 17 April 963 – 3 February 1014) was King of Denmark from 986 to 1014, also at times King of the English and King of Norway. He was the father of King Harald II of D ...

( non, Svend Tjugeskæg or ; ang, Sweyn Forcbeard) *"~ the Fortunate": **

Manuel I of Portugal Manuel I (; 31 May 146913 December 1521), known as the Fortunate ( pt, O Venturoso), was King of Portugal from 1495 to 1521. A member of the House of Aviz, Manuel was Duke of Beja and Viseu prior to succeeding his cousin, John II of Portugal, as ...

( pt, Manuel O Venturoso) ** Dietrich of Oldenburg ( la, Teudericus Fortunatus) **

Philip VI of France Philip VI (french: Philippe; 1293 – 22 August 1350), called the Fortunate (french: le Fortuné, link=no) or the Catholic (french: le Catholique, link=no) and of Valois, was the first king of France from the House of Valois, reigning from 1328 ...

(french: Philippe le Fortuné) *"~ the Founder":

( pt, Afonso o Fundador) *"~ the Fowler":

Henry I of Germany Henry the Fowler (german: Heinrich der Vogler or '; la, Henricus Auceps) (c. 876 – 2 July 936) was the Duke of Saxony from 912 and the King of East Francia from 919 until his death in 936. As the first non- Frankish king of East Francia, he ...

(german: Heinrich der Vogler or ) *"~ the Fratricide": ** Berengar Raymond II, Count of Barcelona ( ca, Berenguer Ramon el Fratricida) ** Francis I of Brittany **

( es, Enrique el Fratricida) *"~ From Overseas":

Louis IV of France Louis IV (September 920 / September 921 – 10 September 954), called ''d'Outremer'' or ''Transmarinus'' (both meaning "from overseas"), reigned as King of West Francia from 936 to 954. A member of the Carolingian dynasty, he was the only son of ...

(french: Louis d'Outremer)

G

*"~ the Generous" or "~ the Liberal": **

( ca, Alfons el Liberal; es, Alfonso el Liberal) ** Boleslaus II of Poland ( pl, Bolesław Szczodry) **

Leopold, Duke of Bavaria Leopold (german: Luitpold, c. 1108 – 18 October 1141), known as Leopold the Generous (german: Luitpold der Freigiebige), was margrave of Austria (appearing in lists as Leopold IV) from 1136, and duke of Bavaria from 1139 until his death in 1141. ...

(german: Luitpold der Freigiebige) *"~ the Gentle": **

Rupert of Germany Rupert of the Palatinate (german: Ruprecht von der Pfalz; 5 May 1352 – 18 May 1410), sometimes known as Robert of the Palatinate, a member of the House of Wittelsbach, was Elector Palatine from 1398 (as Rupert III) and King of Germany from ...

Frederick II, Elector of Saxony Frederick II, The Gentle (''Friedrich, der Sanftmütige''; Frederick the Gentle) (22 August 1412 – 7 September 1464) was Elector of Saxony (1428–1464) and was Landgrave of Thuringia (1440–1445). Biography Frederick was born in Leipzig ...

(german: Friedrich der Sanftmütige) **

Harald III of Denmark Harald Hen (Danish for "Harald the Whetstone"; – 17 April 1080) was King of Denmark from 1076 to 1080. Harald III was an illegitimate son of Danish king Sweyn II Estridsson, and contested the crown with some of his brothers. He was a peaceful ...

( non, Harald Hen); see also "~ ''Hen''" below *"~ the German": Louis I of the East Franks (french: Louis le Germanique) *"~ the Glorious": ** Athelstan of England (

Old English Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th c ...

: Æþelstan, ætniman) **

Elizabeth I of England Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth was the last of the five House of Tudor monarchs and is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". Eli ...

(''Gloriana'') **

Leopold VI, Duke of Austria Leopold VI (15 October 1176 – 28 July 1230), known as Leopold the Glorious, was Duke of Styria from 1194 and Duke of Austria from 1198 to his death in 1230. He was a member of the House of Babenberg. Biography Leopold VI was the younger son o ...

(german: Luitpold der Glorreiche) *""~the God-Given":

Louis XIV , house = Bourbon , father = Louis XIII , mother = Anne of Austria , birth_date = , birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France , death_date = , death_place = Palace of Ve ...

(french: Louis le Dieu-Donné) *"~ the God-Like One": Murad I, Ottoman Emperor ( tr, Murat Hüdavendigar) *"~ the God-Loving": Andrey I Bogolubsky (russian: Андрей Боголюбский) *"~ the Good": ** Alfonso IV of Aragon ( ca, Alfons el Benigne; an, Alifonso o Beninno; es, Alfonso el Benigno) ** Alexandru of Moldavia ( ro, Alexandru cel Bun) **

Fulk II of Anjou Fulk II of Anjou (c. 905 — 960), called ("the Good") was Count of Anjou from 942 to his death.Refer to Bernard S. Bachrach, "Fulk Nerra: Neo-Roman Consul, 987-1040" (California, 1993) 261 and 262 for a useful genealogy of the Angevin comital l ...

(french: Foulques le Bon?) ** Hywel ap Cadell of Wales ( cy, Hywel Dda) **

Haakon I of Norway Haakon Haraldsson (c. 920–961), also Haakon the Good (Old Norse: ''Hákon góði'', Norwegian: ''Håkon den gode'') and Haakon Adalsteinfostre (Old Norse: ''Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri'', Norwegian: ''Håkon Adalsteinsfostre''), was the king o ...

( non, Hákon góði) **

( pt, João o Bom) **

John II of France John II (french: Jean II; 26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: ''Jean le Bon''), was King of France from 1350 until his death in 1364. When he came to power, France faced several disasters: the Black Death, which killed ...

(french: Jean le Bon) ** Louis I of Holland ( nl, Lodewijk de Goede) **

Magnus I of Norway Magnus Olafsson (Old Norse: ''Magnús Óláfsson''; Norwegian and Danish: ''Magnus Olavsson''; – 25 October 1047), better known as Magnus the Good (Old Norse: ''Magnús góði'', Norwegian and Danish: ''Magnus den gode''), was King of Norwa ...

( non, Magnus den Gode) ** Philip III of Burgundy (french: Philippe le Bon) **

William II of Sicily William II (December 115311 November 1189), called the Good, was king of Sicily from 1166 to 1189. From surviving sources William's character is indistinct. Lacking in military enterprise, secluded and pleasure-loving, he seldom emerged from his ...

( it, Guglielmo il Buono) *" Good King ~": **

Edward III of England Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death in 1377. He is noted for his military success and for restoring ro ...

''(Good King Edward)'' **

Henry IV of France Henry IV (french: Henri IV; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first monarch ...

''(Bon Roi Henri)'' ** René of Two Sicilies (then deposed, remained duke of Anjou and count of Provence) (french: le bon roi René) ** Wenceslas I of Bohemia ''(Good King Wenceslas)'' *"~ Good Queen":

''(Good Queen Bess)'' *"~ of Good Memory" or "~ the One with Good Memory":

( pt, João o de Boa Memória) *"~ the Good Mother":

( pt, Maria a Boa Mãe) *"~ the Gouty": ** Piero I de Medici of Florence ( it, Piero il Gottoso) **

Bermudo II of León Bermudo (or Vermudo) II (c. 953 – September 999), called the Gouty ( es, el Gotoso), was first a rival king in Galicia (982–984) and then king of the entire Kingdom of León (984–999). His reign is summed up by Justo Pérez de Urbel's descr ...

( es, Bermudo el Gotoso) *"~ the Great": ''see'' List of people known as The Great *"the Great Elector":

Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg Frederick William (german: Friedrich Wilhelm; 16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia, from 1640 until his death in 1688. A member of the House of Hohenzollern, he i ...

(german: Großer Kurfürst) *"~ Greyfell" or "~ Greyhide":

Harald II of Norway Harald Greycloak (Old Norse: ''Haraldr gráfeldr'', lit. "Harald Grey-hide"; Norwegian: ; Danish: ; c. 935 – c. 970) was a king of Norway from the Fairhair dynasty. Harald acquired his nickname "Gray-hide" after an encounter with the crew of ...

( non, Haraldr gráfeldr) *"~ Greymantle":

Geoffrey I of Anjou Geoffrey I of Anjou ( – 21 July 987), known as ("Grey Gown" or "Greymantle"), was count of Anjou from 960 to 987. Life Geoffrey was the eldest son of Fulk II, Count of Anjou and his first wife Gerberga. He succeeded his father as Count of A ...

(french: Geoffroy Grisegonelle) *"~ the Grim" or "~ the Brave" or "~ the Inexorable": Selim I of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Yavuz Sultan Selim) *"~ the Grocer-King" or "~ the Spices-King":

( pt, Manuel O Rei-Merceeiro, pt, Manuel O Rei das Especiarias and french: Emmanuel Le Roi-Épicier), a nickname given to him by

Francis I of France Francis I (french: François Ier; frm, Francoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his first cousin once ...

with a

double entendre A double entendre (plural double entendres) is a figure of speech or a particular way of wording that is devised to have a double meaning, of which one is typically obvious, whereas the other often conveys a message that would be too socially ...

, as the French word épicier refers to a grocer, and is derived from épice, "''spice''") *"~ ''Gylle''": (

Old Norse Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian, is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlement ...

, "Servant"): Harald IV of Norway

H

*"~ the Hairy": Wilfred I of Urgel *"~ the Hammer": ** Charles Martel of the Franks ** Geoffrey II of Anjou ** Geoffrey IV of Anjou *"~ The Hammer of the Scots":

Edward I of England Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he ruled the duchies of Aquitaine and Gascony as a vassal o ...

(see also ''Longshanks'' below). *"~ the Handsome": **

Ferdinand I of Portugal Ferdinand I ( pt, Fernando; 31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383), sometimes called the Handsome () or occasionally the Inconstant (), was the King of Portugal from 1367 until his death in 1383. His death led to the 1383–85 crisis, also k ...

( pt, Fernando o Formoso) ** Frederick I of Austria ** John II Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor ( el, Καλο ϊωάννης) ** Philip I of Spain ( es, Felipe el Hermoso) ** Radu of Wallachia ( ro, cel Frumos) *"~ the Hardy": Canute III of Denmark ( non, Hardeknud; ang, Harthacnut) *"~ ''Hardrada''" (from

"''Harðráði''", "Stern Counsel"):

Harald III of Norway Harald Sigurdsson (; – 25 September 1066), also known as Harald III of Norway and given the epithet ''Hardrada'' (; modern no, Hardråde, roughly translated as "stern counsel" or "hard ruler") in the sagas, was King of Norway from 1046 to ...

*"~ Harefoot": Harold I of England *"~ the Hero of Two Worlds" ( pt, D. Pedro, o Herói de Dois Mundos): Peter I of Brazil & IV of Portugal *"~ the Hidden":

( pt, Sebastião o Encoberto) *"~ the Holy": **

Canute IV of Denmark Canute IV ( – 10 July 1086), later known as Canute the Holy ( da, Knud IV den Hellige) or Saint Canute (''Sankt Knud''), was King of Denmark from 1080 until 1086. Canute was an ambitious king who sought to strengthen the Danish monarchy, ...

Eric IX of Sweden Eric IX, ( Swedish: ''Erik Jedvardsson; Erik den helige; Sankt Erik''; d. 18 May 1160) also called Eric the Holy, Saint Eric, and Eric the Lawgiver, was a Swedish king in the 12th century, 1156–1160. The '' Roman Martyrology'' of the Catholi ...

Olaf II of Norway Olaf II Haraldsson ( – 29 July 1030), later known as Saint Olaf (and traditionally as St. Olave), was King of Norway from 1015 to 1028. Son of Harald Grenske, a petty king in Vestfold, Norway, he was posthumously given the title ''Rex Perpet ...

*"~ the Holy Prince": Ferdinand of Portugal ( pt, Fernando o Infante Santo) *"~ the Hopeful":

Peter V of Portugal Peter V ( pt, Pedro V ; 16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861), nicknamed "the Hopeful" ( pt, o Esperançoso), was King of Portugal from 1853 to 1861. Early life and reign As the eldest son of Queen Maria II and King Ferdinand II, Peter was a ...

( pt, Pedro o Esperançoso) *"~ the Hunchback": Pippin the Hunchback *"~ the Humane" or "~ the Humanist":

*"~ Hunger":

Olaf I of Denmark Olaf I ( da, Oluf; – 18 August 1095), nicknamed Olaf Hunger, was king of Denmark from 1086 to 1095, following the death of his brother Canute IV the Holy. He was a son of king Sweyn II Estridsson, and the third of Sweyn's sons to rule. He m ...

*"~ the Hunter": ** Gudrød **

( es, Juan el Cazador; ca, Joan el Caçador) ** Mehmed IV of the Ottoman Empire (

: ) *"~ the Hunter-King": ** Charles I of Portugal ( pt, Carlos I, o Rei-Caçador)

I

*"~ the Ill-Tempered":

Fulk IV of Anjou Fulk is an old European personal name, probably deriving from the Germanic ''folk'' ("people" or "chieftain"). It is cognate with the French Foulques, the German Volk, the Italian Fulco and the Swedish Folke, along with other variants such as ...

*"~ the Illustrious": **

Otto II, Duke of Bavaria Otto II (7 April 1206 – 29 November 1253), called the Illustrious (german: der Erlauchte), was the Duke of Bavaria from 1231 and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1214. He was the son of Louis I and Ludmilla of Bohemia and a member of the W ...

(german: Otto der Erlauchte) **

Otto I, Duke of Saxony Otto ( – 30 November 912), called the Illustrious (german: Otto der Erlauchte) by later authors, a member of the Ottonian dynasty, was Duke of Saxony from 880 to his death. Family Otto was a younger son of the Saxon count Liudolf (d. 866), t ...

(german: Otto der Erlauchte) **

Henry III, Margrave of Meissen Henry III, called Henry the Illustrious (''Heinrich der Erlauchte'') (c. 1215 – 15 February 1288) from the House of Wettin was Margrave of Meissen and last Margrave of Lusatia (as Henry IV) from 1221 until his death; from 1242 also Landgrave ...

(german: Heinrich der Erlauchte) **

Leopold I, Margrave of Austria Leopold I (also ''Luitpold''; 940 – 10 July 994), known as the Illustrious (german: der Erlauchte), a member of the House of Babenberg, was Margrave of Austria from 976 until his death.Lingelbach 1913, p. 89. He was the first margrave of the Ba ...

(german: Luitpold der Erlauchte) *"~ the Impaler": Vlad III of Wallachia *"~ the Impotent"

Henry IV of Castile Henry IV of Castile ( Castilian: ''Enrique IV''; 5 January 1425 – 11 December 1474), King of Castile and León, nicknamed the Impotent, was the last of the weak late-medieval kings of Castile and León. During Henry's reign, the nobles became ...

( es, Enrique el Impotente) *"~ the Inconstant" or "~ the Fickle":

( pt, Fernando o Inconstante) *"~ the Indolent":

*"~ the Independentist": Anthony I of Portugal ( pt, António o Independentista) *"~ the Invincible":

Demetrius I of Bactria Demetrius I Anicetus ( grc, Δημήτριος Ἀνίκητος, Dēmētrios Anikētos, "the unconquered"), also called Damaytra was a Greco-Bactrian and later Indo-Greek king (Yona in Pali language, "Yavana" in Sanskrit) (reigned c. 200–167 B ...

*"~ the Iron": ** Ernest of Austria (german: Ernest der Eiserne) ** Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (german: Ludwig der Eiserne) **

Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse Henry II of Hesse (German: ''Heinrich''), (c. 1299 – 3 June 1376) called "the Iron" was Landgrave of Hesse from 1328–1376. Henry was the son of Otto I, Landgrave of Hesse and Adelheid of Ravensburg. With his wife Elisabeth of Thuringia, d ...

(german: Heinrich der Eiserne) **

Henry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg Count Henry II of Holstein-Rendsburg (nickname ''Iron Henry''; – ) was count of Holstein-Rendsburg and pledge lord of Southern Schleswig. He ruled jointly with his younger brother, Count Nicholas (d. 1397). Life Henry was the elder son o ...

(german: Heinrich der Eiserne) ** Henry III, Duke of Żagań (german: Heinrich der Eiserne; pl, Henryk Żelazny) **

Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg Frederick II of Brandenburg () (19 November 1413 – 10 February 1471), nicknamed "the Iron" (''der Eiserne'') and sometimes "Irontooth" (''Eisenzahn''), was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg from 1440 until his abdication in 14 ...

(german: Friedrich der Eiserne) *"~ Ironside": ** Edmund II of England **

Björn Ironside according to Norse legends, was a Norse Viking chief and Swedish king. According to the 12th- and 13th-century Scandinavian histories, he was the son of notorious Viking king Ragnar Lodbrok and lived in the 9th century, between 855 and 858. Björ ...

J

*"~ the Just": ** Casimir II, Duke of Poland () **

Ferdinand VI of Spain , house = Bourbon-Anjou , father = Philip V of Spain , mother = Maria Luisa of Savoy , birth_date = 23 September 1713 , birth_place = Royal Alcazar of Madrid, Madrid, Spain , death_date = , death_place = Villavici ...

( es, Fernando el Justo) **

James II of Aragon James II (Catalan: ''Jaume II''; Spanish: ''Jaime II;'' 10 April 1267 – 2 or 5 November 1327), called the Just,, an, Chaime lo Chusto, es, Jaime el Justo. was the King of Aragon and Valencia and Count of Barcelona from 1291 to 1327. He ...

( es, Jaime el Justo) **

Leopold III, Duke of Austria Leopold III (1 November 1351 – 9 July 1386), known as the Just, a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria from 1365. As head and progenitor of the Leopoldian line, he ruled over the Inner Austrian duchies of Carinthia, Styria an ...

(german: Leopold der Gerechte) **

Louis XIII of France Louis XIII (; sometimes called the Just; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown ...

** Matthias I of Hungary **

( es, Pedro o Justo) ** Bayezid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

K

*"~ the Kind": ** Alexandru of Moldavia ** Alfonso IV of Aragon *"~ the Kind-Hearted":

Eric I of Denmark Eric I ( – 10 July 1103), also known as Eric the Good ( da, Erik Ejegod), was King of Denmark following his brother Olaf I Hunger in 1095. He was a son of Sweyn II. His mother's identity is unknown. He married Boedil Thurgotsdatter. Biogr ...

*"~ the Khazar" (Gr. ''Chozar''): Leo IV of the Byzantine Empire

L

*"~ Lackland": **

John of England John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Emp ...

(french: Jean sans Terre) ** John, Count of Eu (french: Jean sans Terre) **

Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal Margrave Henry I (nicknamed ''Henry Lackland''; 21 March 1256 – 14 February 1318) was a member of the House of Ascania and Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal and Landsberg. Life Henry was a son of Margrave John I of Brandenburg and his secon ...

(german: Heinrich ohne Land ) *"~ the Lamb":

Eric III of Denmark Eric III Lamb ( da, Erik III Lam, – 27 August 1146) was the King of Denmark from 1137 until 1146. He was the grandson of Eric I of Denmark and the nephew of Eric II of Denmark, whom he succeeded on the throne. He abdicated in 1146, as t ...

*"~ the Lame": **

Timur Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Kür ...

(

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

: ) ** Sigobert King of the Ripuarian Franks **See also under "the Lisp and Lame" below *"~ the Last": ** Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Wales ( cy, Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf) **

Louis XVI of France Louis XVI (''Louis-Auguste''; ; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as ''Citizen Louis Capet'' during the four months just before he was ...

(french: Louis le Dernier) *"~ Law-Mender":

Magnus VI of Norway Magnus Haakonsson ( non, Magnús Hákonarson, no, Magnus Håkonsson, label=Modern Norwegian; 1 (or 3) May 1238 – 9 May 1280) was King of Norway (as Magnus VI) from 1263 to 1280 (junior king from 1257). One of his greatest achievements was the m ...

*"~ the Lawgiver": **

** Süleyman I of the Ottoman Empire ( ota, انونى سلطان سليمان, ) *"~ the Learned":

*"~ the Leprous": Afonso II of Portugal ( pt, Afonso o Gafo) *"~ the Liberal": **

** Edward of Savoy **

Henry I of Champagne Henry I (December 1127 – March 16, 1181), known as the Liberal, was count of Champagne from 1152 to 1181. He was the eldest son of Count Theobald II of Champagne, who was also count of Blois, and his wife, Matilda of Carinthia. Biography Henr ...

*"~ the Liberator": **

Alexander II of Russia Alexander II ( rus, Алекса́ндр II Никола́евич, Aleksándr II Nikoláyevich, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ftɐˈroj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ; 29 April 181813 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finlan ...

** Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal ( pt, Pedro o Libertador) *"~ the Lion": ** Albert II of Mecklenburg ** Brian Boruma of Ireland ** Heinrich II, Lord of Mecklenburg ** Henry III, Duke of Saxony **

Louis VIII of France Louis VIII (5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226), nicknamed The Lion (french: Le Lion), was King of France from 1223 to 1226. As prince, he invaded England on 21 May 1216 and was excommunicated by a papal legate on 29 May 1216. On 2 June 1216 ...

(french: Louis le Lion) **

William I of Scotland William the Lion, sometimes styled William I and also known by the nickname Garbh, "the Rough"''Uilleam Garbh''; e.g. Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1214.6; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1213.10. ( 1142 – 4 December 1214), reigned as King of Scots from 11 ...

( Mediaeval Gaelic: ''Uilliam mac Eanric'') **

Richard I of England Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was over ...

(french: Richard le Lion) *"~ the Lionheart":

(french: Richard Cœur de Lion) *"~ the Lisp and Lame"

Eric XI of Sweden Eric "XI" the Lisp and Lame Swedish: ''Erik Eriksson'' or ''Erik läspe och halte''; Old Norse: ''Eiríkr Eiríksson'' (1216 – 2 February 1250) was king of Sweden in 1222–29 and 1234–50. Being the last ruler of the House of Eric, he stoo ...

( sv, Erik läspe och halte) *"~ the Little Impaler": Basarab Ţepeluş cel Tânăr of Wallachia ( ro, Basarab Ţepeluş) *"~ (the) Longhaired (king)":

Chlodio Chlodio (probably died after 450), also Clodio, Clodius, Clodion, Cloio or Chlogio, was a Frankish king who attacked and then apparently ruled Roman-inhabited lands around Cambrai and Tournai, near the modern border of Belgium and France. He is k ...

*"~ Longshanks":

*"~ the Lover of Elegance":

( ca, Joan l'Amador de la Gentilesa; es, Juan el Amador de la gentileza)

M

*"~ the Mad": **

Charles VI of France Charles VI (3 December 136821 October 1422), nicknamed the Beloved (french: le Bien-Aimé) and later the Mad (french: le Fol or ''le Fou''), was King of France from 1380 until his death in 1422. He is known for his mental illness and psychotic ...

(french: Charles le fol) **

Joanna of Castile Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), historically known as Joanna the Mad ( es, link=no, Juana la Loca), was the nominal Queen of Castile from 1504 and Queen of Aragon from 1516 to her death in 1555. She was married by arrangement to Ph ...

( es, Juana la Loca) **

Ludwig II of Bavaria Ludwig II (Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm; 25 August 1845 – 13 June 1886) was King of Bavaria from 1864 until his death in 1886. He is sometimes called the Swan King or ('the Fairy Tale King'). He also held the titles of Count Palatine of t ...

Maria I of Portugal , succession = Queen of Portugal , image = Maria I, Queen of Portugal - Giuseppe Troni, atribuído (Turim, 1739-Lisboa, 1810) - Google Cultural Institute.jpg , caption = Portrait attributed to Giuseppe Troni, , reign ...

( pt, Maria a Louca) *"~ the Madman":

Donald II of Scotland Domnall mac Causantín ( Modern Gaelic: , IPA: �t̪oːvnəɫ̪ˈmaʰkˈxoːʃɪm, anglicised as Donald II (died 900), was King of the Picts or King of Alba in the late 9th century. He was the son of Constantine I (Causantín mac Cináeda). Donald ...

( gd, Dòmhnall Dásachtach) *"~ the Magnanimous": **Emperor

Pedro II of Brazil Dom PedroII (2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimous" ( pt, O Magnânimo), was the second and last monarch of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. He was born in Rio de Janeiro, the seventh child of Emp ...

( pt, Pedro o Magnânimo) **King Alfonso V of Aragon ( ca, Alfons el Magnànim) **

John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony John Frederick I (30 June 1503 in Torgau – 3 March 1554 in Weimar), called the Magnanimous, was the Elector of Saxony (1532–1547) and head of the Schmalkaldic League. Early years John Frederick was the eldest son of Elector John by his firs ...

(german: Johann Friedrich der Großmütige) **

Otto Henry, Elector Palatine Otto-Henry, Elector Palatine, (; 10 April 1502, Amberg – 12 February 1559, Heidelberg) a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty was Count Palatine of Palatinate-Neuburg from 1505 to 1559 and prince elector of the Palatinate from 1556 to 1559. ...

(german: Ottheinrich der Großmütige) **King

John V of Portugal Dom John V ( pt, João Francisco António José Bento Bernardo; 22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750), known as the Magnanimous (''o Magnânimo'') and the Portuguese Sun King (''o Rei-Sol Português''), was King of Portugal from 9 December 170 ...

( pt, João o Magnânimo) **Landgrave

Philipp I of Hesse Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (13 November 1504 – 31 March 1567), nicknamed (in English: "the Magnanimous"), was a German nobleman and champion of the Protestant Reformation, notable for being one of the most important of the early Protesta ...

**King

Ladislaus of Naples Ladislaus the Magnanimous ( it, Ladislao, hu, László; 15 February 1377 – 6 August 1414) was King of Naples from 1386 until his death and an unsuccessful claimant to the kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia. Ladislaus was a skilled political and m ...

Inca Roca Inca Roca (Quechua ''Inka Roq'a'', " magnanimous Inca") was the sixth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco (beginning around CE 1350) and the first of the Hanan ("upper") Qusqu dynasty.Steele, Paul Richard and Allen, Catherine J. (2004) ''Handbook o ...

(

: ''Inka Roq'a'') **

Charles II of Alençon Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English and French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''*karilaz'' (in Latin alphabet), whose meaning was " ...

(french: Charles le Magnanime) *"~ the Magnificent": **

Amenhotep III Amenhotep III ( egy, jmn-ḥtp(.w), ''Amānəḥūtpū'' , "Amun is Satisfied"; Hellenized as Amenophis III), also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent or Amenhotep the Great, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. According to different ...

Pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: '' pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until the ...

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...

( ang, Eadmund Glenglic) **

Lorenzo de' Medici Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici (; 1 January 1449 – 8 April 1492) was an Italian statesman, banker, ''de facto'' ruler of the Florentine Republic and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy. Also known as Lorenzo ...

( it, Lorenzo il Magnifico) **

Robert I of Normandy Robert the Magnificent (french: le Magnifique;He was also, although erroneously, said to have been called 'Robert the Devil' (french: le Diable). Robert I was never known by the nickname 'the devil' in his lifetime. 'Robert the Devil' was a fic ...

(french: Robert le Magnifique) ** Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire **

Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (5 January 1352/53 – 13 July 1417), ''The Magnificent'', of Berkeley Castle and of Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, was an English peer and an admiral. His epithet, and that of each previous and su ...

*"~ the Maiden": ** Eystein of Norway **

Malcolm IV of Scotland Malcolm IV ( mga, Máel Coluim mac Eanric, label=Medieval Gaelic; gd, Maol Chaluim mac Eanraig), nicknamed Virgo, "the Maiden" (between 23 April and 24 May 11419 December 1165) was King of Scotland from 1153 until his death. He was the eldest ...

*"~ ''Martel''" ( Old French, "The Hammer"): ** Charles Martel of the Franks ** Geoffrey II of Anjou ** Geoffrey IV of Anjou *"~ the Man":

John II of Portugal John II ( pt, João II; ; 3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495), called the Perfect Prince ( pt, o Príncipe Perfeito, link=no), was King of Portugal from 1481 until his death in 1495, and also for a brief time in 1477. He is known for re-establishi ...

( es, Juan el Hombre, a nickname given to him by

Isabella of Castile Isabella I ( es, Isabel I; 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504), also called Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: ''la Católica''), was Queen of Castile from 1474 until her death in 1504, as well as Queen consort of Aragon from 1479 until 1504 by ...

) *"~ the Martyr": ** Edward the Martyr of England **

King Charles I of England Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. He was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after ...

** Charles I of Portugal ( pt, o Martirizado) **

*"~ the Master of Avis":

( pt, João o Mestre de Avis, a reference to his position as Master of the Order of Avis before his election as King) *"~ the Memorable":

Eric II of Denmark Eric II the Memorable ( da, Erik II Emune; – 18 September 1137) was king of Denmark between 1134 and 1137. Eric was an illegitimate son of Eric I of Denmark, who ruled Denmark from 1095 to 1103. Eric the Memorable rebelled against his uncle Nie ...

*"~ the Merry":

Charles II of England Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651, and King of England, Scotland and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685. Charles II was the eldest surviving child of ...

*"~ the Mild": Halfdan of Romerike and Vestfold *"~ the Middle":

Pippin of Herstal Pepin II (c. 635 – 16 December 714), commonly known as Pepin of Herstal, was a Frankish statesman and military leader who de facto ruled Francia as the Mayor of the Palace from 680 until his death. He took the title Duke and Prince of the F ...

*"~ the Mighty":

Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia Stephen or Steven is a common English first name. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen ( grc-gre, Στέφανος ), an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; h ...

*"~ Minus-a-Quarter": Michael VII Dukas, Byzantine Emperor *"~ Moneybags":

Ivan I of Russia Iván I Danilovich Kalitá ( Russian: Ива́н I Данилович Калита́; 1 November 1288 – 31 March 1340 or 1341Basil Dmytryshyn, ''Medieval Russia:A source book, 850-1700'', (Academic International Press, 2000), 194.) was Grand ...

*"~ the Monk": ** Alfonso IV of Leon ** Fortun I of Pamplona **

Ramiro II of Aragon Ramiro II (24 April 1086 – 16 August 1157), called the Monk, was King of Aragon from 1134 until withdrawing from public life in 1137. Although a monk, he was elected king by the Aragonese nobility upon the death of his childless brother, Alfonso ...

** Vlad IV of Wallachia *"~ Monk's-Cloak"?: Jon Kuvlung of Norway *"~ ''Monomakh''" (

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries * Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and p ...

''""'', from

''""'', "One who fights alone"): Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev *"~ ''Monomakhos''" (from

''""'', "One who fights alone"): Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor *"~ the Moor": Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan *"the Most Beautiful ~":

Maria of Portugal, Queen of Castile Maria of Portugal () (9 February 1313 – 18 January 1357) was a Portuguese princess who became Queen of Castile upon her marriage to Alfonso XI in 1328. She was the first daughter of King Afonso IV of Portugal and his first wife Beatrice of ...

( pt, Fermosíssima Maria) *"Mother ~":

Menelik II of Ethiopia , spoken = ; ''djānhoi'', lit. ''"O steemedroyal"'' , alternative = ; ''getochu'', lit. ''"Our master"'' (pl.) Menelik II ( gez, ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ ; horse name Abba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው ''abba daññäw''); 17 ...

( am, እምዬ ምኒልክ ''imiyē Minīlik'' *"~ the Missed-King":

( pt, Manuel o Rei-Saudade) *"The Mouth": Sigurd II of Norway *"~ the Musician-King: **

John IV of Portugal John IV ( pt, João, ; 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656), nicknamed John the Restorer ( pt, João, o Restaurador), was the King of Portugal whose reign, lasting from 1640 until his death, began the Portuguese restoration of independence from H ...

( pt, João IV, o Rei-Músico) **

Louis I of Portugal Louis may refer to: * Louis (coin) * Louis (given name), origin and several individuals with this name * Louis (surname) * Louis (singer), Serbian singer * HMS ''Louis'', two ships of the Royal Navy See also Derived or associated terms * Lewis ...

( pt, Luís I, o Rei-Músico)

N

*"~ the Navigator": Henry of Portugal *"~ New-Day":

Valdemar IV of Denmark Valdemar IV Atterdag (the epithet meaning "Return of the Day"), or Waldemar (132024 October 1375) was King of Denmark from 1340 to 1375. He is mostly known for his reunion of Denmark after the bankruptcy and mortgaging of the country to finance w ...

*"~ of the Nine Hostages" ( ga, Noigíallach): Niall Noigíallach *"~ the Noble": **

Charles III of Navarre Charles III (1361 – 8 September 1425), called the Noble, was King of Navarre from 1387 to his death and Count of Évreux from 1387 to 1404, when he exchanged it for the title Duke of Nemours. He spent his reign improving the infrastructure of ...

*"~ No-Counsel" or "~ the Unready": Ethelred II of England ( ang, Æþelræd Unræd; enm, Ethelred the Redeless) *"~ the Nun's-Lover" ( pt, D. João, o Freirático):

O

*"The Oath-Taker": Henry III of Reuss (1337–1378) *"The Oberhofrichter": Henry of Reuss-Plauen (1271–1303) *"The Oceanographer": **

Albert I, Prince of Monaco Albert I (Albert Honoré Charles Grimaldi; 13 November 1848 – 26 June 1922) was Prince of Monaco from 10 September 1889 until his death. He devoted much of his life to oceanography, exploration and science. Alongside his expeditions, Albert I ...

** Charles I of Portugal (

Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...

: ''Carlos o oceanógrafo'') *"~ The Old" (Cat. ''el Vell'', Fr. ''l'Ancien'', ''le Vieux'', Nor. ''den Gamle'', Pol. ''Stary'', Rum. ''cel Batran'', Sp. ''el Velloso'', Swe. ''den Gamle''): **Albert I of Carpi **Albert II of Wedenberg-Heiligenberg (1327–1370) **

Arnulf I, Count of Flanders Arnulf I (c. 893/899 – 27 March 965), called "the Great", was the first Count of Flanders. Life Arnulf was the son of margrave Baldwin II of Flanders and Ælfthryth of Wessex, daughter of Alfred the Great.Detlev Schwennicke, '' Europäische S ...

(also known as "the great" ** Basarab Laiota, Prince of Wallachia **Boso I, Count of La Marche **

Coel Hen Coel (Old Welsh: ''Coil''), also called ''Coel Hen'' (Coel the Old) and King Cole, is a figure prominent in Welsh literature and legend since the Middle Ages. Early Welsh tradition knew of a Coel Hen, a 4th-century leader in Roman or Sub-Roman ...

(Welsh for "Coel the Old"; king of the Brittonic "

Hen Ogledd Yr Hen Ogledd (), in English the Old North, is the historical region which is now Northern England and the southern Scottish Lowlands that was inhabited by the Brittonic people of sub-Roman Britain in the Early Middle Ages. Its population spo ...

" ("Old North"); possibly legendary) ** Konrad III of Silesia () **

Dyfnwal Hen Dyfnwal Hen or Dumnagual Hen ("Dyfnwal the Old") was a ruler of the Brittonic kingdom of Alt Clut, later known as Strathclyde, probably sometime in the early 6th century. His biography is vague, but he was regarded as an important ancestor figure ...

(Welsh for "Dyfnwal the Old") of

Alt Clut Dumbarton Castle ( gd, Dùn Breatainn, ; ) has the longest recorded history of any stronghold in Scotland. It sits on a volcanic plug of basalt known as Dumbarton Rock which is high and overlooks the Scottish town of Dumbarton. History Dumba ...

** Emund II of Sweden **

Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Eric I, the Elder (german: Erich I., der Ältere; 16 February 1470 – 30 July 1540) was Duke of Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1495 and the first reigning prince of Calenberg-Göttingen. Life and works Ancestry Eric I was born on 16 Feb ...

, 1495–1540 ** Frederick the Great (Prussia), also named "the Old Fritz" (german: der Alte Fritz) ** George V, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, 1620–1623 ** Gorm of Denmark **

Guthrum Guthrum ( ang, Guðrum, c. 835 – c. 890) was King of East Anglia in the late 9th century. Originally a native of what is now Denmark, he was one of the leaders of the "Great Summer Army" that arrived in Reading during April 871 to join forces ...

Haakon IV of Norway Haakon IV Haakonsson ( – 16 December 1263; Old Norse: ''Hákon Hákonarson'' ; Norwegian: ''Håkon Håkonsson''), sometimes called Haakon the Old in contrast to his namesake son, was King of Norway from 1217 to 1263. His reign lasted for 46 ...

Igor of Kiev Igor the Old (Old East Slavic: , ''Igor''; russian: Игорь Рюрикович; uk, Ігор Рюрикович; Old Norse: '; died 945) was a Rurikid ruler of Kievan Rus' from 912 to 945. Biography Information about Igor comes mostly from th ...

**Michael II of Beloozero (1432–1486) ** Mieszko III of Poland **

Pippin of Landen Pepin I (also Peppin, Pipin, or Pippin) of Landen (c. 580 – 27 February 640), also called the Elder or the Old, was the Mayor of the palace of Austrasia under the Merovingian King Dagobert I from 623 to 629. He was also the Mayor for Sig ...

**Raymond VI of Toulouse **Raymond Berengar I, Count of Barcelona **

Rudolph II, Count of Habsburg Rudolph II (or Rudolph the Kind) (died 10 April 1232) was Count of Habsburg in the Aargau and a progenitor of the royal House of Habsburg. He was the only son of Count Albert III of Habsburg and Ita of Pfullendorf Pfullendorf is a small town ...

(died 1232); also "the Kind" **

Sigismund I of Poland Sigismund I the Old ( pl, Zygmunt I Stary, lt, Žygimantas II Senasis; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until his death in 1548. Sigismund I was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the ...

**Theodore II of Beloozero (13??-1380) **William, Count of Nassau, 1538–1559 *"The Old Dessauer": Leopold I of Anhalt-Dessau *"The One-Eyed" (Ger. ''der Einaugige''): ** John II, Count of Holstein-Kiel ** William I, Margrave of Meissen *"~ the One-Eyed": ** Fortun I of Pamplona **

Antigonus I Monophthalmus Antigonus I Monophthalmus ( grc-gre, Ἀντίγονος Μονόφθαλμος , 'the One-Eyed'; 382 – 301 BC), son of Philip from Elimeia, was a Macedonian Greek nobleman, general, satrap, and king. During the first half of his life he serve ...

Wenceslaus I of Bohemia Wenceslaus I ( cs, Václav I.; c. 1205 – 23 September 1253), called One-Eyed, was King of Bohemia from 1230 to 1253. Wenceslaus was a son of Ottokar I of Bohemia and his second wife Constance of Hungary. Marriage and children In 1224, Wence ...

Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse ( 1041 – 28 February 1105), sometimes called Raymond of Saint-Gilles or Raymond I of Tripoli, was a powerful noble in southern France and one of the leaders of the First Crusade (1096–1099). He was the Count of ...

*"The Oppressed": Dietrich, Margrave of Meissen () *"~ the Oppressor":

Philip IV of Spain Philip IV ( es, Felipe, pt, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered f ...

(in Portugal: pt, Filipe o Opressor) *"The Orphan": Henry I of Reuss (1250–1295) *"~ the Outlaw": Edgar Ætheling of England *"~ ''d'Outremer''" ( French, "from Overseas"):

P

*"~ the Pacific":

Peter II of Portugal '' Dom'' Pedro II (Peter II; 26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706), nicknamed "the Pacific", was King of Portugal from 1683 until his death, previously serving as regent for his brother Afonso VI from 1668 until his own accession. He was the fifth ...

( pt, Pedro o Pacífico) *"~ the Painter-King": ** Charles I of Portugal ( pt, Carlos, o Rei-Pintor) **

( pt, Luís, o Rei-Pintor) *"~ the Pale": Constantius I, Roman Emperor *"~ the Patriot":

( pt, Manuel o Patriota) *"~ the Peaceful": **

Edgar of England Edgar ( ang, Ēadgār ; 8 July 975), known as the Peaceful or the Peaceable, was King of the English from 959 until his death in 975. The younger son of King Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury, he came to the throne as a teenager followin ...

** Olaf III of Norway ** Aymon, Count of Savoy **

Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy Amadeus VIII (4 September 1383 – 7 January 1451), nicknamed the Peaceful, was Count of Savoy from 1391 to 1416 and Duke of Savoy from 1416 to 1440. He was the son of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. He was a claimant to the pap ...

*"~ the Peacemaker": **

Alexander III of Russia Alexander III ( rus, Алекса́ндр III Алекса́ндрович, r=Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 18451 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. ...

Alfonso XII of Spain Alfonso XII (Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo; 28 November 185725 November 1885), also known as El Pacificador or the Peacemaker, was King of Spain from 29 December 1874 to his death in 1885 ...

( es, Alfonso el Pacificador) *"~ the Perfect Prince":

( pt, João o Príncipe Perfeito) *"~ the Philosopher" or "~ the Philosopher King":

( pt, Duarte o Filósofo or ) *"~ the Pilgrim: ** Ermengol II, Count of Urgell ( ca, Ermengol el Pelegrí) ( es, Armengol el Peregrino) ** Henry I, Lord of Mecklenburg (german: Heinrich der Pilger) *"~ the Pious": ** Boleslav II of Bohemia ** Edward VI, King of England ** John III of Portugal ( pt, João o Piedoso) **

(french: Louis le Pieux) **

( pt, Maria a Pia) **

Philip III of Spain Philip III ( es, Felipe III; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. As Philip II, he was also King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death in 1621. A member of the House of Habsburg, Phi ...

( es, Felipe el Piadoso) **

Robert II of France Robert II (c. 972 – 20 July 1031), called the Pious (french: link=no, le Pieux) or the Wise (french: link=no, le Sage), was King of the Franks from 996 to 1031, the second from the Capetian dynasty. Crowned Junior King in 987, he assisted his ...

(french: Robert le Pieux) **

( pt, Sancho o Pio) ** William V, Duke of Bavaria (german: Wilhelm der Fromme) **

Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg Otto III, nicknamed ''the pious'' (1215 – 9 October 1267 in Brandenburg an der Havel) was Margrave of Brandenburg jointly with his elder brother John I until John died in 1266. Otto III then ruled alone, until his death, the following year. ...

(german: Otto der Fromme) *"~ Ploughpenny": Eric IV of Denmark *"~ the Poet" or "~ the Poet King":

( pt, Dinis o Poeta or pt, Dinis o Rei Poeta) *"The Poet Prince": Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd *"~ the Poison King": Mithridates VI of Pontus *"~ the Popular":

( pt, Luís o Popular) *"~ the Populator":

Sancho I of Portugal Sancho I of Portugal (), nicknamed "the Populator" ( pt, "o Povoador"), King of Portugal (Coimbra, 11 November 115426 March 1211) was the second but only surviving legitimate son and fifth child of Afonso I of Portugal by his wife, Maud of Savoy ...

( pt, Sancho o Povoador) *"~ the Posthumous": **

John I of France John I (15 – 20 November 1316), called the Posthumous (, oc, Joan Ièr lo Postume), was King of France and Navarre, as the posthumous son and successor of Louis X, for the five days he lived in 1316. He is the youngest person to be king o ...

** Ladislaus I of Bohemia **

Theobald IV of Champagne Theobald I (french: Thibaut, es, Teobaldo; 30 May 1201 – 8 July 1253), also called the Troubadour and the Posthumous, was Count of Champagne (as Theobald IV) from birth and King of Navarre from 1234. He initiated the Barons' Crusade, was famous ...

*"~ the Powerful": Uroš IV of Serbia *"~ the Precious": Stephen II of Serbia *"~ the Priest Hater":

Eric II of Norway Eric Magnusson (1268 – 15 July 1299) (Old Norse: ''Eiríkr Magnússon''; Norwegian: ''Eirik Magnusson'') was the King of Norway from 1280 until 1299. Background Eirik was the eldest surviving son of King Magnus the Lawmender of Norway, and hi ...

*"~ the

Prior of Crato The Prior of Crato (''Prior do Crato''), was the traditional title given to the head of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Hospitaller) in Portugal. It is a reference to the domains of the order around Crato, Portugal. The Port ...

": Anthony I of Portugal ( pt, António o Prior do Crato, a reference to his position as Master of the Portuguese branch of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Hospitaller) before his acclamation as King) *"~ the Proud": ** Simeon of Moscow **

Tarquin the Proud Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (died 495 BC) was the legendary seventh and final king of Rome, reigning 25 years until the popular uprising that led to the establishment of the Roman Republic.Livy, ''ab urbe condita libri'', wikisource:From_the_Found ...

( la, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus) *"~ the Prudent": **

( French: ''Louis le Prudent'') **

Philip II of Spain Philip II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I ( pt, Filipe I). (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent ( es, Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from ...

( es, Felipe el Prudente) *"~ the Purple-Born" (Greek ''Porphyrogenetes''): **

Baldwin II of Constantinople Baldwin II, also known as Baldwin of Courtenay (french: Baudouin de Courtenay; late 1217 – October 1273), was the last Latin Emperor ruling from Constantinople. Biography Baldwin II was born in Constantinople (the only Latin emperor to be b ...

** Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor

Q

*"~ the Quarreller": ** Frederick of Saxony **

Louis X of France Louis X (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), known as the Quarrelsome (french: le Hutin), was King of France from 1314 and King of Navarre as Louis I from 1305 until his death. He emancipated serfs who could buy their freedom and readmitted Jews in ...

*"~ the Queen of Sad Mischance":

Isabella II of Spain Isabella II ( es, Isabel II; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904), was Queen of Spain from 29 September 1833 until 30 September 1868. Shortly before her birth, the King Ferdinand VII of Spain issued a Pragmatic Sanction to ensure the successio ...

( es, Isabel II la de los Tristes Destinos) *"~ the Quiet": Olaf III of Norway

R

*"~ the Rash":

James III of Majorca James III ( – ), known as James the Rash (or the Unfortunate), was King of Majorca from 1324 to 1344. He was the son of Ferdinand of Majorca and Isabella of Sabran. Life James was born in Catania, Sicily. Margaret of Villehardouin, Jame ...

*"~ the Red": ** Håkan of Sweden ( sv, Håkan Röde) **

Fulk I of Anjou Fulk I of Anjou ( 870 – 942) — ("Fulk the Red", i.e., "Red Falcon") — held the county of Anjou first as viscount, then count, until his death. Life Born about 870, Fulk was the son of Ingelger of Anjou and Adelais of Amboise. He was t ...

John I, Duke of Brittany John I ( br, Yann, french: Jean; c. 1217/12188 October 1286), known as John the Red due to the colour of his beard, was Duke of Brittany from 1221 to his death and 2nd Earl of Richmond in 1268. John was the eldest of three children born to Duche ...

Odo I, Duke of Burgundy Odo I (1060 – 1102Constance Brittain Bouchard, ''Sword, Miter, and Cloister: Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980–1198'', (Cornell University Press, 1987), 256. at Tarsus), also known as Eudes, surnamed Borel and called ''the Red'', was ...

(french: Eudes le Roux) **

Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor Otto II (955 – 7 December 983), called the Red (''der Rote''), was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983. A member of the Ottonian dynasty, Otto II was the youngest and sole surviving son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy. ...

William II of England William II ( xno, Williame; – 2 August 1100) was King of England from 26 September 1087 until his death in 1100, with powers over Normandy and influence in Scotland. He was less successful in extending control into Wales. The third so ...

(

: William Rufus) **

Rupert I, Elector Palatine Rupert I "the Red", Elector Palatine (; 9 June 1309, Wolfratshausen – 16 February 1390, Neustadt an der Weinstraße) was Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1353 to 1356, and Elector Palatine from 10 January 1356 to 16 February 1390. He was the ...

(german: Ruprecht der Rote) ** Ralph I, Count of Clermont (french: Raoul le Roux) *"~ the Red King":

Macbeth of Scotland Macbeth ( – 15 August 1057) was King of Scots from 1040 until his death. He ruled over the Kingdom of Alba, which covered only a portion of present-day Scotland. Little is known about Macbeth's early life, although he was the son of Findlá ...

(

: ) *"~ the Redemptress":

Isabel of Brazil , house = Braganza , father = Pedro II of Brazil , mother = Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies , birth_date = , birth_place = Palace of São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil , death_date = , death_place = ...

( pt, Isabel a Redentora) *"~ the Redless" or "~ the Redeless": Ethelred II of England ( ang, Æthelred Unræd) *"~ the Reformer":

Joseph I of Portugal Dom Joseph I ( pt, José Francisco António Inácio Norberto Agostinho, ; 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777), known as the Reformer (Portuguese: ''o Reformador''), was King of Portugal from 31 July 1750 until his death in 1777. Among other acti ...

( pt, José o Reformador) *"~ the Resistant": Anthony I of Portugal ( pt, António o Resistente) *"~ the Restorer": **

Casimir I of Poland Casimir I the Restorer (; 25 July 1016 – 28 November 1058), a member of the Piast dynasty, was the duke of Poland from 1040 until his death. Casimir was the son of Mieszko II Lambert and Richeza of Lotharingia. He is known as the Restorer beca ...

( pl, Kazimierz Odnowiciel) ** García Ramírez of Navarre ** Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire **

( pt, João o Restaurador) *"~ the Righteous": **

(german: Ruprecht der Gerechte) ** Henry IV of Silesia ( pl, Henryk Prawy) (german: Heinrich der Gerechte) **

Frederick IV, Elector Palatine Frederick IV, Elector Palatine of the Rhine (german: Kurfürst Friedrich IV. von der Pfalz; 5 March 1574 – 19 September 1610), only surviving son of Louis VI, Elector Palatine and Elisabeth of Hesse, called "Frederick the Righteous" (german ...

(german: Friedrich der Aufrichtige) *"~ the Rightly Guided":

Harun al-Rashid Abu Ja'far Harun ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi ( ar , أبو جعفر هارون ابن محمد المهدي) or Harun ibn al-Mahdi (; or 766 – 24 March 809), famously known as Harun al-Rashid ( ar, هَارُون الرَشِيد, translit=Hārūn ...

( ar, هَارُون الرَشِيد) *"~ the Romanslayer": Kaloyan ( Bulgarian: Калоян ромеубиеца) *"~ Roundhead": Ragnvald of Sweden ( sv, Ragnvald Knaphövde; the exact meaning of the nickname is unclear)

S

*"~ the Sacrificer": Sweyn of Sweden ( sv, Blot-Sven; unclear if "Sven" was his actual name or part of the nickname) *"~ the Sacristan":

( pt, Pedro o Sacristão) *"~ the Sailor King":

William IV of the United Kingdom William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III, William succeeded ...

*"~ the Saint": **

, also known as Saint Edward **

Ferdinand III of Castile Ferdinand III ( es, Fernando, link=no; 1199/120130 May 1252), called the Saint (''el Santo''), was King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 as well as King of Galicia from 1231. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela o ...

( es, Fernando el Santo) **

Lulach of Scotland Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin ( Modern Gaelic: ''Lughlagh mac Gille Chomghain'', known in English simply as Lulach, and nicknamed Tairbith, "the Unfortunate" and Fatuus, "the Simple-minded" or "the Foolish"; before 1033 – 17 March 1058) was King of ...

Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis or Louis the Saint, was King of France from 1226 to 1270, and the most illustrious of the Direct Capetians. He was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the ...

(french: Saint Louis) **

William X, Duke of Aquitaine William X (Occitan: ''Guillém X''; 1099 – 9 April 1137), called the Saint, was Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, and Count of Poitou (as William VIII) from 1126 to 1137. Early life William was the son of William IX by his second wife, ...

Leopold III, Margrave of Austria Leopold III (german: Luitpold, 1073 – 15 November 1136), known as Leopold the Good, was the Margrave of Austria from 1095 to his death in 1136. He was a member of the House of Babenberg. He was canonized on 6 January 1485 and became the patron ...

(german: Luitpold der Heilige) ** Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia (german: Ludwig der Heilige) ** Raymond Benergar IV, Count of Barcelona ( ca, Ramon Berenguer el Sant) *"~ the Saver of Europe":

Tervel of Bulgaria Khan Tervel ( bg, Тервел) also called ''Tarvel'', or ''Terval'', or ''Terbelis'' in some Byzantine sources, was the khan of Bulgaria during the First Bulgarian Empire at the beginning of the 8th century. In 705 Emperor Justinian II name ...

*"~ the Savior": **

Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy I Soter (; gr, Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, ''Ptolemaîos Sōtḗr'' "Ptolemy the Savior"; c. 367 BC – January 282 BC) was a Macedonian Greek general, historian and companion of Alexander the Great from the Kingdom of Macedon ...

Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy IX Soter II Ptolemy IX also took the same title 'Soter' as Ptolemy I. In older references and in more recent references by the German historian Huss, Ptolemy IX may be numbered VIII. ( el, Πτολεμαῖος Σωτ� ...

Antiochus I Soter Antiochus I Soter ( grc-gre, Ἀντίοχος Σωτήρ, ''Antíochos Sōtér''; "Antiochus the Saviour"; c. 324/32 June 261 BC) was a Greek king of the Seleucid Empire. Antiochus succeeded his father Seleucus I Nicator in 281 BC and reigned du ...

Demetrius I Soter Demetrius I (Greek: ''Δημήτριος Α`'', 185 – June 150 BC), surnamed Soter (Greek: ''Σωτήρ'' - "Savior"), reigned as king (basileus) of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire from November 162 – June 150 BC. Demetrius grew up in Rome a ...

** Diodotus I Soter ** Menander I Soter *"~ the Seer":

Oleg of Novgorod Oleg ( orv, Ѡлегъ, Ольгъ; non, Helgi; died 912), also known as Oleg the Wise (russian: Олег Вещий, lit=Oleg the Prophet; uk, Олег Віщий), was a Varangian prince of the Rus' who was ruler of Novgorod. He later con ...

*"~ of the Seven Parts (of the World)":

Peter, Duke of Coimbra Infante D. Pedro, Duke of Coimbra KG (; en, Peter), (9 December 1392 – 20 May 1449) was a Portuguese ''infante'' (prince) of the House of Aviz, son of King John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt. I ...

( pt, Pedro das Sete Partidas (do Mundo)) *"~ the She-Wolf of France:

Isabella of France Isabella of France ( – 22 August 1358), sometimes described as the She-Wolf of France (), was Queen of England as the wife of King Edward II, and regent of England from 1327 until 1330. She was the youngest surviving child and only surviving ...

*"~ the Be-shitten":

James II of England James VII and II (14 October 1633 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II, and King of Scotland The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional form o ...

and Ireland, also James VII of Scotland ( gd, Séamus a' Cháca) *"~ the Short": Pippin III, King of the Franks *"~ of Showers": Niall Frossach, High King of Ireland *"~ the Silent": ** Olav III of Norway **

William I of Orange William the Silent (24 April 153310 July 1584), also known as William the Taciturn (translated from nl, Willem de Zwijger), or, more commonly in the Netherlands, William of Orange ( nl, Willem van Oranje), was the main leader of the Dutch Rev ...

*"~ the Simple": **

Charles III of France Charles III (17 September 879 – 7 October 929), called the Simple or the Straightforward (from the Latin ''Carolus Simplex''), was the king of West Francia from 898 until 922 and the king of Lotharingia from 911 until 919–923. He was a mem ...

William, Count of Sully William the Simple ( – c. 1150) was Count of Blois and Count of Chartres from 1102 to 1107, and jure uxoris Count of Sully. Biography William was the eldest son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy, daughter of William the Conquer ...

Frederick III of Sicily Frederick II (or III) (13 December 1272 – 25 June 1337) was the regent of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1291 until 1295 and subsequently King of Sicily from 1295 until his death. He was the third son of Peter III of Aragon and served in the W ...

Peter II, Duke of Brittany Peter II (in Breton Pêr II, in French Pierre II) (1418–1457), was Duke of Brittany, Count of Montfort and titular earl of Richmond, from 1450 to his death. He was son of Duke John VI and Joan of France, and a younger brother of Francis I. ...

*"~ the Singer": David III of Ethiopia ( am, ዳዊት አዝማሪ ''Dawīt āzimarī'') *"~ ''Skötkonung''" (

"Tax-King"?): Olof of Sweden *"~ the Sluggard":

*"~ the Soldier":

Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Victor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele Ferdinando Maria Gennaro di Savoia; 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946. He also reigned as Emperor of Ethiopia (1936–1941) and K ...

*"~ the Soldier-King": **

Frederick William I of Prussia Frederick William I (german: Friedrich Wilhelm I.; 14 August 1688 – 31 May 1740), known as the "Soldier King" (german: Soldatenkönig), was King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until his death in 1740, as well as Prince of Neuch ...

Peter IV of Portugal Dom Pedro I (English: Peter I; 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834), nicknamed "the Liberator", was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil. As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal, where he also becam ...

( pt, Pedro o Rei-Soldado) **

Albert I of Belgium Albert I (8 April 1875 – 17 February 1934) was King of the Belgians from 23 December 1909 until his death in 1934. Born in Brussels as the fifth child and second son of Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders and Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Si ...

(French: ''le Roi-Soldat'' or ''le Roi-Chevalier'') *"~ the Sorcerer":

Vseslav of Polotsk Vseslav of Polotsk or Vseslav Bryachislavich ( 1029 – 24 April 1101), also known as ''Vseslav the Sorcerer'' or ''Vseslav the Seer'', was the most famous ruler of Polotsk and was briefly Grand Prince of Kiev in 1068–1069. Together with Rostis ...

*"~ the Sorrowful":

( pt, Manuel o Desventurado) *"~ the Spider":

''(l'Universelle Aragne)'' *"~ the Spirited":

Philip V of Spain Philip V ( es, Felipe; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724, and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746. His total reign of 45 years is the longest in the history of the Spanish mona ...

( es, Felipe el Animoso) *"~ Split-Nose": Justinian II, Byzantine Emperor *"~ the Stammerer":

Louis II of France Louis II, known as Louis the Stammerer (french: Louis le Bègue; 1 November 846 – 10 April 879), was the king of Aquitaine and later the king of West Francia. He was the eldest son of Emperor Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orléans. Louis t ...

*"~ the Stout":

*"The Strict": **

Louis II, Duke of Bavaria Louis the Strict (german: Ludwig der Strenge) (13 April 1229 – 2 February 1294) was Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1253. He is known as Louis II or Louis VI following an alternative numbering. Born in Heidelberg, ...

(german: Ludwig der Strenge) ** Boleslaus I, Duke of Jawor ( pl, Bolko Srogi) **

Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia Frederick III, the Strict (''Friedrich III. der Strenge''; 14 December 1332, Dresden – 21 May 1381, Altenburg), Landgrave of Thuringia and Margrave of Meissen, was the son of Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen and Mathilde of Bavaria.Harald ...

(german: Friedrich der Strenge) *"~ the Strong": **

Augustus II the Strong Augustus II; german: August der Starke; lt, Augustas II; in Saxony also known as Frederick Augustus I – Friedrich August I (12 May 16701 February 1733), most commonly known as Augustus the Strong, was Elector of Saxony from 1694 as well as Ki ...

** Magnus Nilsson, Swedish pretender **

Sancho VII of Navarre Sancho VII ( eu, Antso VII.a; 11577 April 1234) called the Strong ( eu, Azkarra, es, el Fuerte) was King of Navarre from 1194 until his death in 1234. He was the son and heir of Sancho VI, whom he followed as the second king to hold the tit ...

** Uroš IV of Serbia *"~ the Studious":

( pt, Manuel o Estudioso) *"~ the Stutterer":

( pt, Pedro o Tartamudo) *"~ the Sun King":

Louis XIV of France , house = Bourbon , father = Louis XIII , mother = Anne of Austria , birth_date = , birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France , death_date = , death_place = Palace of Ve ...

**"The Portuguese Sun King":

T

*"~ the Tall": **

Canute II of Sweden Canute II the Tall ( sv, Knut Långe; Knut Holmgersson), was King of Sweden from 1229 until his death in 1234. He was the father of Holmger Knutsson, a later pretender for the Swedish throne. Both father and son were members of the House of Fol ...

Philip V of France Philip V (c. 1293 – 3 January 1322), known as the Tall (french: Philippe le Long), was King of France and Navarre (as Philip II) from 1316 to 1322. Philip was the second son of King Philip IV of France and Queen Joan I of Navarre. He was grant ...

''(Philippe le Long)'' ** Stephen of Serbia ** Thorkell of East Anglia *"~ the Terrible": **

Charles, Duke of Burgundy Charles I (Charles Martin; german: Karl Martin; nl, Karel Maarten; 10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), nicknamed the Bold (German: ''der Kühne''; Dutch: ''de Stoute''; french: le Téméraire), was Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477. ...

Ivan IV of Russia Ivan IV Vasilyevich (russian: Ива́н Васи́льевич; 25 August 1530 – ), commonly known in English as Ivan the Terrible, was the grand prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and the first Tsar of all Russia from 1547 to 1584. Ivan ...

(russian: Иван Грозный, ''Ivan Groznyy)'' **

Shingas Shingas (fl. 17401763), was a Lenape chief and warrior who participated in military activities in Ohio Country during the French and Indian War. Allied with the French, Shingas led numerous raids on Anglo-American settlements during the war, for w ...

Krum of Bulgaria Krum ( bg, Крум, el, Κροῦμος/Kroumos), often referred to as Krum the Fearsome ( bg, Крум Страшни) was the Khan of Bulgaria from sometime between 796 and 803 until his death in 814. During his reign the Bulgarian territor ...

*"~ the Theologian": John I of Mecklenburg *"~ the Thunderbolt": ** Bayezid I, Ottoman Sultan ** Ptolemy, King of Macedon ( gr, Πτολεμαῖος Κεραυνός, translit=Ptolemaîos Keraunós *"~ the Till-the-End-of-the-World-Passionate":

( pt, Pedro o Até-ao-Fim-do-Mundo-Apaixonado) *"~ the Tough":

Helen of Bosnia Helen ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=/, Jelena, Јелена; 1345 – after 18 March 1399), also known by the name sh-Latn-Cyrl, label=none, separator=/, Gruba, Груба, ruled the Kingdom of Bosnia from September 1395 until late April or early Ma ...

( sh-Latn, Jelena Gruba) *"~ the Traditionalist": Miguel I of Portugal ( pt, Miguel o Tradicionalista) *"~ the Traditional Queen":

( es, Isabel II la Reina Castiza) *"~ Transmarinus": (

: ''transmarinus'' "from Outerseas")

(french: Louis d'Outremer) *"~ the Treacherous":

Leonor Telles de Meneses Leonor Teles (or Teles de Meneses; ) was queen consort of Portugal by marriage to King Ferdinand I, and one of the protagonists, along with her brothers and her daughter Beatrice, of the events that led to the succession crisis of 1383–1385, ...

( pt, Leonor Telles de Meneses a Aleivosa) *"~ the Trembling": Garcia IV of Pamplona *"~ the Tremulous": Garcia II of Navarre *"~ of the Tributes":

Brian Boru Brian Boru ( mga, Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig; modern ga, Brian Bóramha; 23 April 1014) was an Irish king who ended the domination of the High Kingship of Ireland by the Uí Néill and probably ended Viking invasion/domination of Ireland. Bri ...

, High King of Ireland ( ga, Brian Borúma) *"~ the Troubadour": **

Dinis of Portugal Denis (, ; 9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 in Santarém), called the Farmer King (''Rei Lavrador'') and the Poet King (''Rei Poeta''), was King of Portugal. The eldest son of Afonso III of Portugal by his second wife, Beatrice of Castile, and ...

( pt, Dinis o Trovador) **

Theobald I of Navarre Theobald I (french: Thibaut, es, Teobaldo; 30 May 1201 – 8 July 1253), also called the Troubadour and the Posthumous, was Count of Champagne (as Theobald IV) from birth and King of Navarre from 1234. He initiated the Barons' Crusade, was famous ...

(french: Thibault le Trouvère; es, Teobaldo el Trovador; also called Theobald the Posthumous) *"~ Twistedbeard":

Alan II, Duke of Brittany Alan may refer to: People *Alan (surname), an English and Turkish surname *Alan (given name), an English given name ** List of people with given name Alan ''Following are people commonly referred to solely by "Alan" or by a homonymous name.'' * ...

(french: Alain Barbetorte) () *"~ the Tyrant": **

Christian II of Denmark Christian II (1 July 1481 – 25 January 1559) was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union who reigned as King of Denmark and Norway, from 1513 until 1523, and Sweden from 1520 until 1521. From 1513 to 1523, he was concurrently Duke ...

(In Sweden) **

(in Portugal: pt, Filipe o Tirano)

U

*"~ the Unfortunate":

( pt, Manuel o Desventurado) *"~ the Unique":

Frederick II of Prussia Frederick II (german: Friedrich II.; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King in Prussia from 1740 until 1772, and King of Prussia from 1772 until his death in 1786. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Sil ...

*"~ the Unlucky": **

Arnulf III of Flanders Arnulf III (died 22 February 1071) was Count of Flanders from 1070 until his death at the Battle of Cassel in 1071. Born , Arnulf was the eldest son of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders, and Richilde, Countess of Mons and Hainaut.Detlev Schwennicke, ...

**Henry III of Reuss *"~ the Unready": Ethelred II of England *"~ the Usurper": **

Mauregato of Asturias Mauregatus the Usurper () was the king of Asturias from 783 to 788 or 789. He was an illegitimate son of Alfonso I, supposedly by a Moorish serf. He usurped the throne on the death of Silo, the husband of his half sister Adosinda and earning ...

** Miguel I of Portugal ( pt, Miguel o Usurpador)

V

*"~ the Vain":

James I of England James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until hi ...

(VI of Scots) *"~ the Valiant": **

John IV, Duke of Brittany John IV the Conqueror KG (in Breton Yann IV, in French Jean IV, and traditionally in English sources both John of Montfort and John V) (1339 – 1 November 1399), was Duke of Brittany and Count of Montfort from 1345 until his death and 7th Ea ...

(french: Jean le Vaillant), (John V in some English sources) **

Ralph I, Count of Vermandois Ralph I of Vermandois ( French: ''Raoul Ier'') (d. 14 October 1152) was Count of Vermandois. He was a son of Hugh, Count of Vermandois and his wife, Adelaide, Countess of Vermandois. Ralph was a grandson of Henry I of France, while Ralph‘s mot ...

(french: Raoul le Vaillant) ** Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine (french: Thierry le Vaillant) **

Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine Rudolph (1320 – 26 August 1346), called the Valiant (''le Vaillant''), was the Duke of Lorraine from 1328 to his death. He was the son and successor of Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine and Elisabeth of Austria, the daughter of Albert I of G ...

(french: Raoul le Vaillant) *"~ the Venetian":

Andrew III of Hungary Andrew III the Venetian ( hu, III. Velencei András, hr, Andrija III. Mlečanin, sk, Ondrej III.; 1265 – 14 January 1301) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1290 and 1301. His father, Stephen the Posthumous, was the posthumous son of ...

(& III of Croatia) *"~ the Vengeful":

( pt, Pedro o Vingativo) *"~ the Victorious": **

Afonso VI of Portugal Afonso VI (; 21 August 164312 September 1683), known as "the Victorious" (), was the second king of Portugal of the House of Braganza from 1656 until his death. He was initially under the regency of his mother, Luisa de Guzmán, until 1662, whe ...

( pt, Afonso o Vitorioso) **

Charles VII of France Charles VII (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461), called the Victorious (french: le Victorieux) or the Well-Served (), was King of France from 1422 to his death in 1461. In the midst of the Hundred Years' War, Charles VII inherited the throne of ...

** Eric of Sweden ( sv, Erik Segersäll) ** Frederick I of the Palatinate **

( da, Valdemar Sejr; also "Valdemar the Conqueror") *"~ the Virgin Queen":

*"~the Virtuous":

Leopold V, Duke of Austria Leopold V (1157 – 31 December 1194), known as the Virtuous (german: der Tugendhafte) was a member of the House of Babenberg who reigned as Duke of Austria from 1177 and Duke of Styria from 1192 until his death. The Georgenberg Pact resulted in ...

(german: Leopold der Tugendhafte)

W

*"~ the Warlike": ** Albert, Prince of Beyreuth ** Bernard VII of Lippe **

Frederick I, Elector of Saxony Frederick I, the Belligerent or the Warlike (german: Friedrich der Streitbare; 11 April 1370 – 4 January 1428), a member of the House of Wettin, ruled as Margrave of Meissen from 1407 and Elector of Saxony (as Frederick I) from 1423 until ...

Frederick II of Austria Frederick II (german: Friedrich II.; 25 April 1211 – 15 June 1246), known as Frederick the Quarrelsome (''Friedrich der Streitbare''), was Duke of Austria and Styria from 1230 until his death. He was the fifth and last Austrian duke from the H ...

**Herman of Schwarzenberg ** Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor **

Svyatoslav I of Kiev ; (943 – 26 March 972), also spelled Svyatoslav, was Grand Prince of Kiev famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire. He ...

*"~ the Warrior":

Charles I of Savoy Charles I (28 March 1468 Carignano, Piedmont – 13 March 1490 Pinerolo), called the Warrior, was the Duke of Savoy from 1482 to 1490 and titular king of Cyprus, Jerusalem, and Armenia from 1485 to 1490. Life Charles was son of Amadeus IX, ...

*"~ the Weak": Uroš V of Serbia *"~ Wearing-a-Cape": Hugh Capet of France *"~ the Well-Beloved": **

Louis I of Spain , predecessor = Philip V , successor = Philip V , reg-type1 = , regent1 = , spouse = , house = Bourbon-Anjou , father = Philip V of Spain , mother = Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy , birth_d ...

( es, Luis el Bien Amado) *"~ the Well-Served":

*"~ the Wench of Queluz": Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal ( pt, Carlota Joaquina a Megera de Queluz) *"~ the White": ** Henry III of Silesia ** Leszek I of Poland ( pl, Leszek Biały) *"~ Whiteshirt": ** Haraldr Whiteshirt *"~ Who-Fights-Alone": ** Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor ** Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev *"~ the Wicked": **

** Yazdegerd I of Persia *"~ the Wise": ** Albert II of Austria **

Albert IV of Bavaria Albert IV (15 December 1447 – 18 March 1508; german: Albrecht) was duke of Bavaria-Munich from 1467, and duke of the reunited Bavaria from 1503. Biography Albert was a son of Albert III, Duke of Bavaria and Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Ei ...

Charles V of France Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called the Wise (french: le Sage; la, Sapiens), was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380. His reign marked an early high point for France during the Hundred Years' War, with his armi ...

** Frederick II of the Palatinate **

Frederick III, Elector of Saxony Frederick III (17 January 1463 – 5 May 1525), also known as Frederick the Wise ( German ''Friedrich der Weise''), was Elector of Saxony from 1486 to 1525, who is mostly remembered for the worldly protection of his subject Martin Luther. Fred ...

** Leo VI, Byzantine Emperor ** Mandukhai Khatun, empress of the Mongol Empire **

Robert of Naples Robert of Anjou ( it, Roberto d'Angiò), known as Robert the Wise ( it, Roberto il Saggio; 1276 – 20 January 1343), was King of Naples, titular King of Jerusalem and Count of Provence and Forcalquier from 1309 to 1343, the central figure of Ita ...

Sancho VI of Navarre Sancho Garcés VI ( eu, Antso VI.a; 21 April 1132 - 27 June 1194), called the Wise ( eu, Jakituna, es, el Sabio) was King of Navarre from 1150 until his death in 1194. He was the first monarch to officially drop the title of ''King of Pamplona'' ...

William IV of Hesse-Kassel William IV of Hesse-Kassel (24 June 153225 August 1592), also called ''William the Wise'', was the first Landgrave of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel). He was the founder of the oldest line, which survives to this day. Life Lan ...

(or Hesse-Cassel) ** Yaroslav I of Kiev'
Britannica Academic
*"~ the Wrymouth": Boleslaus III of Poland ( pl, Bolesław Krzywousty)

Y

*"Yellow ~" or "~ the Blond": Selim II of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Sarı Sultân Selim) *"~ the Young": ** Basarab Ţepeluş of Wallachia ( Old Romanian: ) **

Fulk V of Anjou Fulk ( la, Fulco, french: Foulque or ''Foulques''; c. 1089/1092 – 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the king of Jerusalem with his wife from 1131 to his death. During t ...

(french: Foulque le Jeune) *"~ the Young King":

Henry the Young King Henry the Young King (28 February 1155 – 11 June 1183) was the eldest son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine to survive childhood. Beginning in 1170, he was titular King of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou and Main ...

(french: Henri le Jeune) *"~ the Younger": ** Conrad II of Sicily **

Martin I of Sicily Martin I of Sicily (c. 1374/1376 – 25 July 1409), called "The Younger", was King of Sicily from his marriage to Queen Maria in 1390 until his death. Martin's father was the future King Martin I of Aragon, and his grandparents were King Pete ...

Louis VII of France Louis VII (1120 – 18 September 1180), called the Younger, or the Young (french: link=no, le Jeune), was King of the Franks from 1137 to 1180. He was the son and successor of King Louis VI (hence the epithet "the Young") and married Duchess ...

(french: Louis le Jeune) ** Pippin III, King of the Franks (french: Pépin le Bref; german: Pippin der Kleine, Pippin der Kurze, or ); see also "~ the Short", above

Sobriquets

*"The Accursed":

Genghis Khan ''Chinggis Khaan'' ͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋbr />Mongol script: ''Chinggis Qa(gh)an/ Chinggis Khagan'' , birth_name = Temüjin , successor = Tolui (as regent)Ögedei Khan , spouse = , issue = , house = Borjigin , ...

*"The Alexander of the West":

*"Alix":

Alexandra of Denmark Alexandra of Denmark (Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia; 1 December 1844 – 20 November 1925) was Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Empress of India, from 22 January 1901 to 6 May 1910 as the wife of King ...

*"Bertie": George VI of the United Kingdom *"Bonnie Prince Charlie": Charles Edward Stuart, United Kingdom *"''Caligula''" (''"Little Boots"''): Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, Roman Emperor *"''Caracalla''" (''"Hooded Tunic"''): Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Roman Emperor *"''Cecco Peppe''" (

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional It ...

, diminutive of ''Francesco Giuseppe''):

Franz Joseph I of Austria Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (german: Franz Joseph Karl, hu, Ferenc József Károly, 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 2 December 1848 until his ...

*"Champion of the Reformation":

*"Daisy":

Margrethe II of Denmark Margrethe II (; Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid, born 16 April 1940) is Queen of Denmark. Having reigned as Denmark's monarch for over 50 years, she is Europe's longest-serving current head of state and the world's only incumbent femal ...

*"Dickie":

Louis Mountbatten Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (25 June 1900 – 27 August 1979) was a British naval officer, colonial administrator and close relative of the British royal family. Mountbatten, who was of Germa ...

*"Dominus Mundi":

Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI ( German: ''Heinrich VI.''; November 1165 – 28 September 1197), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany ( King of the Romans) from 1169 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death. From 1194 he was also King of ...

*"Ducky":

Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , later Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia (25 November 1876 – 2 March 1936), was the third child and second daughter of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and of Grand Duchess M ...

*"the Emperor of Universal Dominion":

*"Emperor-Sacristan":

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; English: ''Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam''; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 29, 1780 unt ...

*"Ena":

Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg Victoria Eugenie Julia Ena of Battenberg (24 October 1887 – 15 April 1969) was Queen of Spain as the wife of King Alfonso XIII from their marriage on 31 May 1906 until 14 April 1931, when the Spanish Second Republic was proclaimed. A Hessian ...

*"Farmer George":

George III of the United Kingdom George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Bri ...

*"Father of England"

*"Father of Europe" (

: ''"Pater Europae"''):

Charlemagne Charlemagne ( , ) or Charles the Great ( la, Carolus Magnus; german: Karl der Große; 2 April 747 – 28 January 814), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first Em ...

Father-in-law of Europe The Father-in-law of Europe is a sobriquet which has been used to refer to two European monarchs of the late 19th and early 20th century: Christian IX of Denmark and Nicholas I of Montenegro, both on account of their children's marriages to foreign ...

": **

Christian IX of Denmark Christian IX (8 April 181829 January 1906) was King of Denmark from 1863 until his death in 1906. From 1863 to 1864, he was concurrently Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg. A younger son of Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein- ...

Nicholas I of Montenegro Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš ( sr-cyr, Никола I Петровић-Његош; – 1 March 1921) was the last monarch of Montenegro from 1860 to 1918, reigning as prince from 1860 to 1910 and as the country's first and only king from 1910 to ...

*"First Gentleman of Europe":

*"Fox of Mecklenburg": Albert II of Mecklenburg *"Gloriana":

*"Good King Edward":

*"Good King Henry" ( French: ''"le bon roi Henri"''):

*"Good Queen Bess":

*"Grandfather of Europe": Miguel I of Portugal *"Grandmother of Europe":

*"The Great Belly-Gerent":

Frederick I of Württemberg , image = Seele-Friedrich I..jpg , caption = Portrait by Johann Baptist Seele , birth_date = , birth_place = Treptow an der Rega, Prussia (now Trzebiatów, Poland) , death_date = , death_place = Stuttgart, Kingdom of Württem ...

*"The Great Elector" ( German: ''"Großer Kurfürst"''):

*"Greek Nicky":

Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark ( el, Νικόλαος; 22 January 1872 – 8 February 1938), of the Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg, was the fourth child and third son of King George I of Greece, and of Queen Olga. He was k ...

*"Hammer of the North":

*"Hammer of the Scots":

*"Harry": Maud of the United Kingdom *"He of the Little Dagger" ( Catalan: ''"el del Punyalet"''):

*"The Huckster King":

Henry VII of England Henry VII (28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, ...

*"The Iron and Golden King":

Ottokar II of Bohemia Ottokar II ( cs, Přemysl Otakar II.; , in Městec Králové, Bohemia – 26 August 1278, in Dürnkrut, Lower Austria), the Iron and Golden King, was a member of the Přemyslid dynasty who reigned as King of Bohemia from 1253 until his de ...

(

Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech ...

: ''"Král železný a zlatý"'') *"The Iron Duke":

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva Fernando is a Spanish and Portuguese given name and a surname common in Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Switzerland, former Spanish or Portuguese colonies in Latin America, Africa, the Philippines, India, and Sri Lanka. It is equivalent to the G ...

(

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People ...

: ''"IJzeren Hertog"'') *"The Iron Pope" (

: ''Il Papa Ferreo''):

Pope Sixtus V Pope Sixtus V ( it, Sisto V; 13 December 1521 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Piergentile, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 April 1585 to his death in August 1590. As a youth, he joined the Franciscan order ...

*"Kaiser Bill":

Wilhelm II, German Emperor , house = Hohenzollern , father = Frederick III, German Emperor , mother = Victoria, Princess Royal , religion = Lutheranism (Prussian United) , signature = Wilhelm II, German Emperor Signature-.svg Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor ...

*"The King of May" (

: ''"Re di maggio"''):

Umberto II of Italy en, Albert Nicholas Thomas John Maria of Savoy , house = Savoy , father = Victor Emmanuel III of Italy , mother = Princess Elena of Montenegro , birth_date = , birth_place = Racconigi, Piedmont, Kingdom of Italy , de ...

*"The King of the Seas"

*"The Last Emperor": Puyi of China (

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of v ...

: ''末代皇帝'') *"The Last Knight":

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death. He was never crowned by the pope, as the journey to Rome was blocked by the Venetians. He proclaimed himself Ele ...

*"Lion of Justice":

;

*"Lilibet":

Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...

*"Lion of the North":

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden Gustavus Adolphus (9 December Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">N.S_19_December.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="/nowiki>Old Style and New Style dates">N.S 19 December">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="/now ...

*"The Little Corporal":

Napoleon I of France Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

*"Little Sabre" (

: ''"Sciaboletta"''):

*"May":

Mary of Teck Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes; 26 May 186724 March 1953) was Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Empress of India, from 6 May 1910 until 20 January 1936 as the wife of King-Empe ...

*"Missy":

Marie of Romania Marie (born Princess Marie Alexandra Victoria of Edinburgh; 29 October 1875 – 18 July 1938) was the last Queen of Romania as the wife of King Ferdinand I. Marie was born into the British royal family. Her parents were Prince Alfred ...

*"The Merry Monarch" or "The Merrie Monarch": **

** Kalākaua of Hawaiʻi *"Mrs Brown":

. Refers to the Queen's relationship with her personal attendant, John Brown. *"Napoleon of the Pacific": Kamehameha I of Hawaiʻi *"Nicky":

*"The Nine Days Queen":

Lady Jane Grey Lady Jane Grey ( 1537 – 12 February 1554), later known as Lady Jane Dudley (after her marriage) and as the "Nine Days' Queen", was an English noblewoman who claimed the throne of England and Ireland from 10 July until 19 July 1553. Jane was ...

*"Old Coppernose":

Henry VIII of England Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disagr ...

*"The One Of The Little Dagger": ( Catalan: ''"El del Punyalet"''):

*"The People's King": Lunalilo of Hawaii *"The Pious Grandfather" (Italian: ''Il Pio Nonno'', a pun on the Italian form of his regnal name, ''Pio Nono''):

Pope Pius IX Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...

*"The Prince of Whales":

George IV of the United Kingdom George IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from the death of his father, King George III, on 29 January 1820, until his own death ten y ...

. Note that it is

Whales Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals. As an informal and colloquial grouping, they correspond to large members of the infraorder Cetacea, i.e. all cetaceans apart from dolphins and p ...

instead of

Wales Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2 ...

. George was indeed the

Prince of Wales Prince of Wales ( cy, Tywysog Cymru, ; la, Princeps Cambriae/Walliae) is a title traditionally given to the heir apparent to the English and later British throne. Prior to the conquest by Edward I in the 13th century, it was used by the ruler ...

during his regency, while he was also quite obese. Political satirical cartoons at the time would make fun of his obesity and portray him as a massive whale. *"The Sailor King":

*"The Scourge of God": Attila the Hun *''"Skanderbeg"'' (from Albanian ''Skënderbeu'', "Lord Alexander"): George Kastrioti of Albania *"Sissi/Sisi":

Empress Elisabeth of Austria Duchess Elisabeth Amalie Eugenie in Bavaria (24 December 1837 – 10 September 1898) was Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary from her marriage to Emperor Franz Joseph I on 24 April 1854 until her assassination in 1898. Elisabeth was ...

*"Soft-Sword":

*"Stupid Willy" (

Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin scree ...

: ''"Głupi Wiluś"''):

Wilhelm II of Germany , house = Hohenzollern , father = Frederick III, German Emperor , mother = Victoria, Princess Royal , religion = Lutheranism (Prussian United) , signature = Wilhelm II, German Emperor Signature-.svg Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor ...

*"Stupor Mundi":

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II ( German: ''Friedrich''; Italian: ''Federico''; Latin: ''Federicus''; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerus ...

*"The Sun King" ( French: ''"Le Roi Soleil"''):

*"The Tennis King": ( sv, Tenniskungen)

Gustav V of Sweden Gustaf V (Oscar Gustaf Adolf; 16 June 1858 – 29 October 1950) was King of Sweden from 8 December 1907 until his death in 1950. He was the eldest son of King Oscar II of Sweden and Sophia of Nassau, a half-sister of Adolphe, Grand Duke of Lux ...

*"The Theater King": ( sv, Teaterkungen)

Gustav III of Sweden Gustav III (29 March 1792), also called ''Gustavus III'', was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. He was the eldest son of Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Queen Louisa Ulrika of Prussia. Gustav was a vocal opponent of what ...

*"Thief of Cairo":

Farouk of Egypt Farouk I (; ar, فاروق الأول ''Fārūq al-Awwal''; 11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965) was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 19 ...

*"The Uncle of Europe":

Edward VII of the United Kingdom Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The second child and eldest son of Queen Victoria a ...

*"The Universal Spider" ( Old French: ''"l'universelle aragne"''):

*"The Virgin Queen":

*"The Warrior King":

Abdullah II of Jordan Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein ( ar, عبدالله الثاني بن الحسين , translit=ʿAbd Allāh aṯ-ṯānī ibn al-Ḥusayn; born 30 January 1962) is King of Jordan, having ascended the throne on 7 February 1999. He is a member of t ...

*"The Warrior Pope" (Italian: ''Il Papa Guerriero''):

Pope Julius II Pope Julius II ( la, Iulius II; it, Giulio II; born Giuliano della Rovere; 5 December 144321 February 1513) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1503 to his death in February 1513. Nicknamed the Warrior Pope or the ...

*"The Winter King": Frederick I of Bohemia *"The Wisest Fool In Christendom":

*"The World-Emperor":

Cognomen

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Sobriquets

See also

Notes

References

Further reading