This is a list of the native wild mammal species recorded in South America.

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sou ...

's terrestrial

mammal Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur ...

s fall into three distinct groups: "old-timers", African immigrants and recent North American immigrants. The

marsupial Marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia. All extant marsupials are endemic to Australasia, Wallacea and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic common to most of these species is that the young are carried in ...

s and

xenarthra Xenarthra (; from Ancient Greek ξένος, xénos, "foreign, alien" + ἄρθρον, árthron, "joint") is a major clade of placental mammals native to the Americas. There are 31 living species: the anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos. ...

ns are "old-timers", their ancestors having been present on the continent since at least the very early

Cenozoic The Cenozoic ( ; ) is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history. It is characterised by the dominance of mammals, birds and flowering plants, a cooling and drying climate, and the current configu ...

Era. During the early Cenozoic, South America's only land connection was to

Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest cont ...

, so it was effectively cut off from most of the world; as the fragments of

Gondwana Gondwana () was a large landmass, often referred to as a supercontinent, that formed during the late Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) and began to break up during the Jurassic period (about 180 million years ago). The final sta ...

continued to separate, this connection was lost, leaving South America an island continent. Caviomorph rodents and

monkeys Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes, also known as the simians. Traditionally, all animals in the group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes, which constitutes an incom ...

arrived as "waif dispersers" by rafting across the

Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...

from Africa in the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', ...

epoch, 35 million or more years ago. All the remaining nonflying mammals of South America are recent arrivals, having migrated from North America via

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

during the past seven million years as part of the

Great American Interchange The Great American Biotic Interchange (commonly abbreviated as GABI), also known as the Great American Interchange and the Great American Faunal Interchange, was an important late Cenozoic paleozoogeographic biotic interchange event in which lan ...

; this invasion, which peaked around three million years ago, was made possible when the formation of the volcanic

Isthmus of Panama The Isthmus of Panama ( es, Istmo de Panamá), also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien (), is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America. It contains the country ...

bridged North and South America. The newcomers out-competed and drove to

extinction Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the Endling, last individual of the species, although the Functional ext ...

many mammals that had evolved during South America's long period of isolation, as well as some species from other classes (e.g., terror birds). South America suffered another major loss of mammal species in the

Quaternary extinction event The Quaternary period (from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present) has seen the extinctions of numerous predominantly megafaunal species, which have resulted in a collapse in faunal density and diversity and the extinction of key ecolog ...

, which started around 12,500

cal BP Before Present (BP) years, or "years before present", is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s. Becaus ...

, at roughly the time of arrival of Paleoindians, and may have lasted up to several thousand years. At least 37 genera of mammals were eliminated, including most of the

megafauna In terrestrial zoology, the megafauna (from Greek μέγας ''megas'' "large" and New Latin ''fauna'' "animal life") comprises the large or giant animals of an area, habitat, or geological period, extinct and/or extant. The most common thresho ...

. While South America currently has no megaherbivore species weighing more than 1000 kg, prior to this event it had a menagerie of about 25 of them (consisting of

gomphothere Gomphotheres are any members of the diverse, extinct taxonomic family Gomphotheriidae. Gomphotheres were elephant-like proboscideans, but do not belong to the family Elephantidae. They were widespread across Afro-Eurasia and North America dur ...

camelid Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only currently living family in the suborder Tylopoda. The seven extant members of this group are: dromedary camels, Bactrian camels, wild Bactrian camels, llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, ...

ground sloth Ground sloths are a diverse group of extinct sloths in the mammalian superorder Xenarthra. The term is used to refer to all extinct sloths because of the large size of the earliest forms discovered, compared to existing tree sloths. The Caribb ...

glyptodont Glyptodonts are an extinct subfamily of large, heavily armoured armadillos. They arose in South America around 48 million years ago and spread to southern North America after the continents became connected several million years ago. The best-k ...

s, and toxodontids – 75% of these being "old-timers"), dwarfing Africa's present and recent total of 6.

Anthropogenic climate change In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to ...

and the damage to its

ecosystem An ecosystem (or ecological system) consists of all the organisms and the physical environment with which they interact. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Energy enters the syst ...

s resulting from the rapid recent growth of the human population pose a further threat to South America's

biodiversity Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic ('' genetic variability''), species ('' species diversity''), and ecosystem ('' ecosystem diversity'') ...

. The list consists of those species found in the nations or

overseas territories A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, particularly belonging or connected to a country, person, or animal. In international politics, a territory is usually either the total area from which a state may extract power resources or an ...

of continental South America (including their island possessions, such as the Galápagos), as well as in

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago (, ), officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated south of ...

and the

Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands (; es, Islas Malvinas, link=no ) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about from Cape Dubouze ...

;

Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America. It is bordered by Co ...

is not included. As of May 2012, the list contains 1,331 species, 340 genera, 62 families and 15 orders. Of the taxa from nonflying, nonmarine groups (992 species, 230 genera, 40 families and 12 orders), "old-timers" comprise 14% of species, 15% of genera, 20% of families and 42% of orders; African immigrants make up 38% of species, 30% of genera, 40% of families and 17% of orders; North American invaders constitute 49% of species 55% of genera, 40% of families and 50% of orders. At the order level, the "old-timers" are overrepresented because of their ancient local origins, while the African immigrants are underrepresented because of their "sweepstakes" mode of dispersal. Of the species, 9 are extinct, 29 are critically endangered, 64 are endangered, 111 are vulnerable, 64 are near threatened, and 255 are data deficient. Mammal species presumed extinct since AD 1500 (nine or ten cases) are included. Domestic species (e.g., the

guinea pig The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus''), also known as the cavy or domestic cavy (), is a species of rodent belonging to the genus '' Cavia'' in the family Caviidae. Breeders tend to use the word ''cavy'' to describe the ...

alpaca The alpaca (''Lama pacos'') is a species of South American camelid mammal. It is similar to, and often confused with, the llama. However, alpacas are often noticeably smaller than llamas. The two animals are closely related and can success ...

, and

llama The llama (; ) (''Lama glama'') is a domesticated South American camelid, widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the Pre-Columbian era. Llamas are social animals and live with others as a herd. Their wool is soft ...

) and

introduced species An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there ...

are not listed. Note: This list is inevitably incomplete, since new species are continually being recognized via discovery or reclassification. Places to check for missing species include the list of mammals described in the 2000s, and the species listings in the articles for mammalian genera, especially those of small mammals such as rodents or bats. The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the

International Union for Conservation of Nature The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...

; those on the left are used here, those in the second column in some other articles: The IUCN status of all listed species except bats was last updated between March and June 2009; bats were updated in September 2009.

Subclass:
Theria Theria (; Greek: , wild beast) is a subclass of mammals amongst the Theriiformes. Theria includes the eutherians (including the placental mammals) and the metatherians (including the marsupials) but excludes the egg-laying monotremes. ...

Central American woolly opossum (Caluromys derbianus) male

Didelphis aurita photo-Christian Roger Dockhorn

Cambridge Natural History Mammalia Fig 084

Vieraugen-Opossum (Metachirus nudicaudatus)

Infraclass:
Metatheria Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals. First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is a more inclusive group than the marsupials; it contains all marsupials as w ...

The

infraclass In biological classification, class ( la, classis) is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank. It is a group of related taxonomic orders. Other well-known ranks in descending order of size are life, domain, king ...

Metatheria includes all living and extinct marsupials, but also includes some related extinct orders of mammals that are no longer considered marsupials, such as

Sparassodonta Sparassodonta (from Greek to tear, rend; and , gen. , ' tooth) is an extinct order of carnivorous metatherian mammals native to South America, related to modern marsupials. They were once considered to be true marsupials, but are now t ...

. At least six families of sparassodonts lived in South America prior to the interchange, dominating the niches for large mammalian carnivores.

Marsupial Marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia. All extant marsupials are endemic to Australasia, Wallacea and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic common to most of these species is that the young are carried in ...

s are a collection of pouched mammals that was once more widely distributed. Today they are found primarily in isolated or formerly isolated continents of

n origin. South America's 22 extant genera compares with 10 in Central America, 1 in North America north of Mexico, 52 in Australia, 28 in New Guinea and 2 in Sulawesi. South American marsupials are thought to be ancestral to those of

Australasia Australasia is a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term is used in a number of different contexts, including geopolitically, physiogeographically, philologically, and ecologic ...

Superorder:
Ameridelphia Ameridelphia is traditionally a superorder that includes all marsupials living in the Americas except for the Monito del monte (''Dromiciops''). It is now regarded as a paraphyletic group. Orders The orders within this group are listed below: * ...

= Order: Didelphimorphia (common opossums)

= ---- Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the

Western Hemisphere The Western Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth that lies west of the prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, London, United Kingdom) and east of the antimeridian. The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere. Politically, the te ...

. Opossums probably diverged from the basic

s in the late

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...

or early

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''pala ...

. They are small to medium-sized marsupials, about the size of a large house

cat The cat (''Felis catus'') is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of ...

, with a long snout and

prehensile tail A prehensile tail is the tail of an animal that has adapted to grasp or hold objects. Fully prehensile tails can be used to hold and manipulate objects, and in particular to aid arboreal creatures in finding and eating food in the trees. If the t ...

. *Family: Didelphidae (American opossums) **Subfamily:

Caluromyinae Caluromyinae is a subfamily of opossums. It includes the extant genera '' Caluromys'' and '' Caluromysiops'', as well as the extinct '' Pachybiotherium''. Until recently, the genus ''Glironia'' was also included. It has sometimes been classed as ...

***Genus: '' Caluromys'' ****

Derby's woolly opossum Derby's woolly opossum (''Caluromys derbianus''), or the Central American woolly opossum, is an opossum found in deciduous and moist evergreen forests of Central America, from southern Mexico to western Ecuador and Colombia. It was first describ ...

, ''C. derbianus'' LC ****

Brown-eared woolly opossum The brown-eared woolly opossum (''Caluromys lanatus''), also known as the western woolly opossum, is an opossum from South America. It was first described by German naturalist Ignaz von Olfers in 1818. The opossum is characterized by a brown to ...

, ''C. lanatus'' LC ****

Bare-tailed woolly opossum The bare-tailed woolly opossum (''Caluromys philander'') is an opossum from South America. It was first described by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The bare-tailed woolly opossum is characterized by a gray head, brown to gray coat, o ...

, ''C. philander'' LC ***Genus: ''

Caluromysiops The black-shouldered opossum (''Caluromysiops irrupta''), also known as the white-eared opossum, is an opossum known from western Brazil and southeastern Peru. It was first described by Colin Campbell Sanborn, curator of Field Museum of Natural ...

'' ****

Black-shouldered opossum The black-shouldered opossum (''Caluromysiops irrupta''), also known as the white-eared opossum, is an opossum known from western Brazil and southeastern Peru. It was first described by Colin Campbell Sanborn, curator of Field Museum of Natur ...

, ''Caluromysiops irrupta'' LC **Subfamily:

Glironiinae The bushy-tailed opossum (''Glironia venusta'') is an opossum from South America. It was first described by English zoologist Oldfield Thomas in 1912. It is a medium-sized opossum characterized by a large, oval, dark ears, fawn to cinnamon coat ...

***Genus: ''

Glironia The bushy-tailed opossum (''Glironia venusta'') is an opossum from South America. It was first described by English zoologist Oldfield Thomas in 1912. It is a medium-sized opossum characterized by a large, oval, dark ears, fawn to cinnamon coat ...

'' **** Bushy-tailed opossum, ''Glironia venusta'' LC **Subfamily: Hyladelphinae ***Genus: '' Hyladelphys'' ****

Kalinowski's mouse opossum Kalinowski's mouse opossum or the Peru gracile mouse opossum (''Hyladelphys kalinowskii'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical ...

, ''Hyladelphys kalinowskii'' LC **Subfamily:

Didelphinae The Didelphinae are a subfamily of opossums consisting of 15 genera and 123 species. Specimens have been collected throughout the Americas, but are predominant in South and Central America. Some sources call this subfamily the "American opossu ...

*** Genus ''

Chacodelphys The Chacoan pygmy opossum (''Chacodelphys formosa'') is a recently described genus and species of didelphimorph marsupial. The only species in ''Chacodelphys'', ''C. formosa'', was known until 2004 from only one specimen collected in 1920 in the ...

'' ****

Chacoan pygmy opossum The Chacoan pygmy opossum (''Chacodelphys formosa'') is a recently described genus and species of didelphimorph marsupial. The only species in ''Chacodelphys'', ''C. formosa'', was known until 2004 from only one specimen collected in 1920 in the ...

, ''Chacodelphys formosa'' VU ***Genus: ''

Chironectes The water opossum (''Chironectes minimus''), also locally known as the yapok (), is a marsupial of the family Didelphidae.* It is the only living member of its genus, ''Chironectes''. This semiaquatic creature is found in and near freshwater ...

'' ****

Water opossum The water opossum (''Chironectes minimus''), also locally known as the yapok (), is a marsupial of the family Didelphidae.* It is the only living member of its genus, ''Chironectes''. This semiaquatic creature is found in and near freshwater ...

, ''Chironectes minimus'' LC *** Genus ''

Cryptonanus ''Cryptonanus'' is a genus of opossums from South America. It includes five species found from Bolivia to Uruguay and eastern Brazil, one of which is now extinct. Although the first species were discovered in 1931, the genus was not recognized a ...

'' ****

Agricola's gracile opossum Agricola's gracile opossum (''Cryptonanus agricolai'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae endemic to eastern Brazil. Its habitat is the caatinga and cerrado The ''Cerrado'' (, ) is a vast ecoregion of tropical savanna in east ...

, ''Cryptonanus agricolai'' DD ****

Chacoan gracile opossum The chacoan gracile opossum (''Cryptonanus chacoensis'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is native to Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Its habitat is seasonally flooded grasslands and forests in and near the Gran Chaco ...

, ''Cryptonanus chacoensis'' LC ****

Guahiba gracile opossum The Guahiba gracile opossum (''Cryptonanus guahybae'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is endemic to southern Brazil, where it is known only from three islands, Guahiba, São Lourenço, and Taquara, in the state of Rio Gra ...

, ''Cryptonanus guahybae'' DD ****

Red-bellied gracile opossum The red-bellied gracile opossum (''Cryptonanus ignitus'') is an extinct species of opossum that was native to Jujuy Province in northwest Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is ...

, ''Cryptonanus ignitus'' EX ****

Unduavi gracile opossum The Unduavi gracile opossum (''Cryptonanus unduaviensis'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is native to northern Bolivia, where it has been found in seasonally flooded grassland Flooded grasslands and savannas is a terr ...

, ''Cryptonanus unduaviensis'' DD ***Genus: ''

Didelphis ''Didelphis'' is a genus of New World marsupials. The six species in the genus ''Didelphis'', commonly known as Large American opossums, are members of the ''opossum'' order, Didelphimorphia. The genus ''Didelphis'' is composed of cat-sized om ...

'' ****

White-eared opossum The white-eared opossum (''Didelphis albiventris''), known as the timbu in Brazil and comadreja overa in Argentina, is an opossum species found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It is a terrestrial and, sometimes, arboreal ani ...

, ''Didelphis albiventris'' LC ****

Big-eared opossum The big-eared opossum (''Didelphis aurita'') also known as a saruê is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. This species, which was considered a population of the common opossum (''D. marsupia ...

, ''Didelphis aurita'' LC ****

Guianan white-eared opossum The Guianan white-eared opossum (''Didelphis imperfecta'') is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Brazil, Suriname, French Guiana and Venezuela. Possessing the smallest distribution area of its genus, this species is endemic ...

, ''Didelphis imperfecta'' LC ****

Common opossum The common opossum (''Didelphis marsupialis''), also called the southern or black-eared opossum or gambá, and sometimes called a possum, is a marsupial species living from the northeast of Mexico to Bolivia (reaching the coast of the South Paci ...

, ''Didelphis marsupialis'' LC **** Andean white-eared opossum, ''Didelphis pernigra'' LC ***Genus: ''

Gracilinanus ''Gracilinanus'' is a genus of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It was separated from the genus ''Marmosa The 27 species in the genus ''Marmosa'' are relatively small Neotropical members of the family Didelphidae. This genus is one of t ...

'' **** Aceramarca gracile opossum, ''Gracilinanus aceramarcae'' LC ****

Agile gracile opossum The agile gracile opossum (''Gracilinanus agilis''), is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It is nocturnal, arboreal and frequents the forest understory, w ...

, ''Gracilinanus agilis'' LC ****

Wood sprite gracile opossum The wood sprite gracile opossum (''Gracilinanus dryas'') is a mammal. It is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threa ...

, ''Gracilinanus dryas'' NT ****

Emilia's gracile opossum Emilia's gracile opossum (''Gracilinanus emiliae'') is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Suriname Suriname (; srn, Sranankondre or ), officially the Republic of Suriname ( nl, Republ ...

, ''Gracilinanus emiliae'' DD ****

Northern gracile opossum The northern gracile opossum (''Gracilinanus marica'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest A forest is an area of ...

, ''Gracilinanus marica'' LC ****

Brazilian gracile opossum The Brazilian gracile opossum (''Gracilinanus microtarsus'') is a species of small opossum from Brazil. Description Brazilian gracile opossums are relatively small opossums, with males ranging from and females from in head-body length. The t ...

, ''Gracilinanus microtarsus'' LC ***Genus: ''

Lestodelphys The Patagonian opossum ''(Lestodelphys halli)'' is the sole species in genus ''Lestodelphys''. Distribution The Patagonian opossum occurs further south, in Argentina, than any other living marsupial. Although distributed throughout some parts of ...

'' ****

Patagonian opossum The Patagonian opossum ''(Lestodelphys halli)'' is the sole species in genus ''Lestodelphys''. Distribution The Patagonian opossum occurs further south, in Argentina, than any other living marsupial. Although distributed throughout some parts of ...

, ''Lestodelphys halli'' LC ***Genus: ''

Lutreolina ''Lutreolina'' is a genus of opossum found in South America. Both extant species in this genus are known as lutrine opossums. They have an otter-like body plan and occasionally semiaquatic tendencies, hence the genus name ''Lutreolina'', which i ...

'' ****

Big lutrine opossum The big lutrine opossum (''Lutreolina crassicaudata''), also known as the little water opossum, comadreja colorada, thick-tailed opossum, or coligrueso is an opossum species from South America in the genus ''Lutreolina''. Description The big ...

, ''Lutreolina crassicaudata'' LC ****

Massoia's lutrine opossum Massoia's lutrine opossum (''Lutreolina massoia'') is a species of opossum native to South America. Taxonomy It was formerly considered a Disjunct distribution, disjunct population of the lutrine opossum (''L. crassicaudata''), but a 2014 stu ...

, ''Lutreolina massoia'' LC ***Genus: '' Marmosa'' ****Subgenus: ''Eomarmosa'' *****

Red mouse opossum The red mouse opossum (''Marmosa rubra'') is a South American marsupial of the family Didelphidae. Its range includes eastern Ecuador and Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Pe ...

, ''Marmosa rubra'' DD ****Subgenus: ''Exulomarmosa'' *****

Isthmian mouse opossum The Isthmian mouse opossum (''Marmosa isthmica'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama.Fiona A. Reid, ''A field guide to the mammals of Central America & Southeast Mexico'' (OUP USA, 2009)p ...

, ''Marmosa isthmica'' *****

Robinson's mouse opossum Robinson's mouse opossum (''Marmosa robinsoni'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in Belize, Colombia, Ecuador, Grenada, Honduras, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Robinson's mouse opossums move a ...

, ''Marmosa robinsoni'' LC ***** ''

Marmosa simonsi The 27 species in the genus ''Marmosa'' are relatively small Neotropical members of the family Didelphidae. This genus is one of three that are known as mouse opossums. The others are '' Thylamys'' (the "fat-tailed mouse opossums") and '' Tlacua ...

'' *****

Guajira mouse opossum The Guajira mouse opossum (''Marmosa xerophila'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivar ...

, ''Marmosa xerophila'' VU ***** ''

Marmosa zeledoni The 27 species in the genus ''Marmosa'' are relatively small Neotropical members of the family Didelphidae. This genus is one of three that are known as mouse opossums. The others are '' Thylamys'' (the "fat-tailed mouse opossums") and '' Tlacua ...

'' ****Subgenus: ''Marmosa'' *****

Quechuan mouse opossum The Quechuan mouse opossum (''Marmosa macrotarsus'') is a South American opossum species of the family Didelphidae. It is known from two areas of montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Peru, at altitudes from 300 to 2700 m. The ...

, ''Marmosa macrotarsus'' LC *****

Linnaeus's mouse opossum Linnaeus's mouse opossum (''Marmosa murina''), also known as the common or murine mouse opossum, is a South American marsupial of the family Didelphidae. Range and habitat Its range includes Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Guy ...

, ''Marmosa murina'' LC ***** Tyler's mouse opossum, ''Marmosa tyleriana'' DD ***** ''

Marmosa waterhousei The 27 species in the genus ''Marmosa'' are relatively small Neotropical members of the family Didelphidae. This genus is one of three that are known as mouse opossums. The others are '' Thylamys'' (the "fat-tailed mouse opossums") and '' Tlacua ...

'' ****Subgenus: ''

Micoureus The 27 species in the genus ''Marmosa'' are relatively small Neotropical members of the family Didelphidae. This genus is one of three that are known as mouse opossums. The others are ''Thylamys'' (the "fat-tailed mouse opossums") and ''Tlacu ...

'' *****

Alston's mouse opossum Alston's mouse opossum (''Marmosa alstoni''), also known as Alston's opossum, is a medium-sized pouchless marsupial of the family Didelphidae. It is arboreal and nocturnal, inhabiting forests from Belize to northern Colombia. The main compone ...

, ''Marmosa alstoni'' LC *****

White-bellied woolly mouse opossum The white-bellied woolly mouse opossum (''Marmosa constantiae'') is a small pouchless marsupial of the family Didelphidae. It was formerly assigned to the genus '' Micoureus'', which was made a subgenus of ''Marmosa'' in 2009. The specific epith ...

, ''Marmosa constantiae'' LC ***** Woolly mouse opossum, ''Marmosa demerarae'' LC *****

Tate's woolly mouse opossum Tate's woolly mouse opossum (''Marmosa paraguayana'') is an omnivorous, arboreal South American marsupial of the family Didelphidae, named after American zoologist George Henry Hamilton Tate. It is native to Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil ...

, ''Marmosa paraguayana'' LC ***** Little woolly mouse opossum, ''Marmosa phaea'' VU *****

Bare-tailed woolly mouse opossum The bare-tailed woolly mouse opossum (''Marmosa regina'') or short-furred woolly mouse opossum is a South American marsupial of the family Didelphidae. Its range includes Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. It is found in tropic ...

, ''Marmosa regina'' LC ****Subgenus: ''Stegomarmosa'' ***** Heavy-browed mouse opossum, ''Marmosa andersoni'' DD ***** Rufous mouse opossum, ''Marmosa lepida'' LC ***Genus: ''

Marmosops ''Marmosops'' is a genus of Neotropical opossums of the family Didelphidae. The genus was originally treated as a subgenus from the genus ''Marmosa'' rather than having their own classification. This was changed in 1989 by Gardner and Crieghton ...

'' ****

Bishop's slender opossum Bishop's slender opossum (''Marmosops bishopi'') is a small, arboreal marsupial opossum native to Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. It somewhat resembles a placental rat or shrew Shrews (family Soricidae) are small mole-like mammals classified in ...

, ''Marmosops bishopi'' LC **** '' Marmosops caucae'' **** Narrow-headed slender opossum, ''Marmosops cracens'' DD ****

Creighton's slender opossum Creighton's slender opossum (''Marmosops creightoni''), also known commonly as Voss' slender opossum is a species of South American opossum of the family Didelphidae. It is known only from the valley of the Rio Zongo in La Paz Department, Bol ...

, ''Marmosops creightoni'' DD ****

Dusky slender opossum The dusky slender opossum (''Marmosops fuscatus'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. It is threatened by habitat loss. References Opossums Mammals of the ...

, ''Marmosops fuscatus'' DD ****

Handley's slender opossum Handley's slender opossum (''Marmosops handleyi'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, co ...

, ''Marmosops handleyi'' CR **** Tschudi's slender opossum, ''Marmosops impavidus'' LC ****

Gray slender opossum The gray slender opossum (''Marmosops incanus''), is an opossum species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often ...

, ''Marmosops incanus'' LC **** Junin slender opossum, ''Marmosops juninensis'' VU ****

Neblina slender opossum The neblina slender opossum (''Marmosops neblina'') is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, and perhaps Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo naci ...

, ''Marmosops neblina'' LC **** White-bellied slender opossum, ''Marmosops noctivagus'' LC ****

Dorothy's slender opossum Dorothy's slender opossum (''Marmosops dorothea'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in Brazil and Bolivia. It is threatened by habitat loss. Recent research suggests that ''M. dorothea'' is a synonym of ''M. nocti ...

, ''Marmosops ocellatus'' LC **** Delicate slender opossum, ''Marmosops parvidens'' LC ****

Brazilian slender opossum The Brazilian slender opossum (''Marmosops paulensis'') is an opossum species from South America. It is found in moist montane forest in the Atlantic Forest region of southeastern Brazil, including the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, S ...

, ''Marmosops paulensis'' LC ****

Pinheiro's slender opossum Pinheiro's slender opossum (''Marmosops pinheiroi'') is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, li ...

, ''Marmosops pinheiroi'' LC ***Genus: '' Metachirus'' ****

Brown four-eyed opossum The brown four-eyed opossum (''Metachirus nudicaudatus'') is a pouchless marsupial of the family Didelphidae. It is found in different forested habitats of Central and South America, from Nicaragua to Brazil and northern Argentina, includin ...

, ''Metachirus nudicaudatus'' LC ***Genus: '' Monodelphis'' ****

Sepia short-tailed opossum The sepia short-tailed opossum (''Monodelphis adusta'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae found in Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link= ...

, ''Monodelphis adusta'' LC ****

Northern three-striped opossum The northern three-striped opossum (''Monodelphis americana'') is an opossum species from South America. It is endemic to Atlantic Forest The Atlantic Forest ( pt, Mata Atlântica) is a South American forest that extends along the Atlant ...

, ''Monodelphis americana'' LC **** ''

Monodelphis arlindoi ''Monodelphis'' is a genus of marsupials in the family Didelphidae, commonly referred to as short-tailed opossums. They are found throughout South America. , the most recently described species is ''M. vossi''. Species * Sepia short-tailed ...

'' ****

Northern red-sided opossum The northern red-sided opossum or the Guianan short-tailed opossum, ''Monodelphis brevicaudata'', is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil. French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela. Characteristics Body le ...

, ''Monodelphis brevicaudata'' LC ****

Yellow-sided opossum The yellow-sided opossum (''Monodelphis dimidiata'') is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. They have grey or black fur on their dorsal side with yellowish fur on the lateral side that continue ...

, ''Monodelphis dimidiata'' LC **** Gray short-tailed opossum, ''Monodelphis domestica'' LC ****

Emilia's short-tailed opossum Emilia's short-tailed opossum (''Monodelphis emiliae'') is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.s ...

, ''Monodelphis emiliae'' LC **** ''

Monodelphis gardneri Gardner's short-tailed opossum (''Monodelphis gardneri'') is a marsupial mammal from South America. It was named in 2012 by Sergio Solari, Víctor Pacheco, Elena Vivar and Louise H. Emmons. They named it after Dr. Alfred L. Gardner who took th ...

'' **** Amazonian red-sided opossum, ''Monodelphis glirina'' LC **** ''

Monodelphis handleyi Handley's short-tailed opossum (''Monodelphis handleyi'') is a species of mammal in the family Didelphidae. It is only known to exist in its type locality in Peru, and more recently in Brazil. Taxonomy The holotype for the species was caugh ...

'' ****

Ihering's three-striped opossum Ihering's three-striped opossum (''Monodelphis iheringi''), is an opossum species found in Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South Americ ...

, ''Monodelphis iheringi'' DD ****

Pygmy short-tailed opossum The pygmy short-tailed opossum, scientifically named ''Monodelphis kunsi,'' is an opossum species from South America. ''M. kunsi'' is a marsupial from the family Didelphidae of the order Didelphimorphia. Although it is a marsupial, it lacks th ...

, ''Monodelphis kunsi'' LC **** Marajó short-tailed opossum, ''Monodelphis maraxina'' DD **** Osgood's short-tailed opossum, ''Monodelphis osgoodi'' LC ****

Hooded red-sided opossum The hooded red-sided opossum (''Monodelphis palliolata'') is a South American opossum species of the family Didelphidae. Until recently, it was viewed as a subspecies of '' M. brevicaudata''. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela at altitudes ...

, ''Monodelphis palliolata'' LC **** ''

Monodelphis peruviana The Peruvian short-tailed opossum (''Monodelphis peruviana'') is a species of marsupial in the family Didelphidae.It is found in Bolivia and Peru. Classification This species was initially described as ''Peramys peruvianus'' by Wilfred H. Os ...

'' **** Reig's opossum, ''Monodelphis reigi'' VU ****

Ronald's opossum Ronald's opossum (''Monodelphis ronaldi'') is a South American opossum species of the family Didelphidae. It was discovered in 2004, and most closely resembles '' M. adusta''. It is known only from Manú National Park, Peru, where it inhabits t ...

, ''Monodelphis ronaldi'' LC ****

Chestnut-striped opossum The chestnut-striped opossum (''Monodelphis rubida'') is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Brazil. More specifically, it is found in East and Central Brazil, including areas such as Goiás, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo. It i ...

, ''Monodelphis rubida'' DD **** ''

Monodelphis sanctaerosae ''Monodelphis'' is a genus of marsupials in the family Didelphidae, commonly referred to as short-tailed opossums. They are found throughout South America. , the most recently described species is ''M. vossi''. Species * Sepia short-tailed ...

'' ****

Long-nosed short-tailed opossum The long-nosed short-tailed opossum (''Monodelphis scalops''), is an opossum species in Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. ...

, ''Monodelphis scalops'' LC **** Southern red-sided opossum, ''Monodelphis sorex'' LC **** Southern three-striped opossum, ''Monodelphis theresa'' DD **** ''

Monodelphis touan ''Monodelphis'' is a genus of marsupials in the family Didelphidae, commonly referred to as short-tailed opossums. They are found throughout South America. , the most recently described species is ''M. vossi''. Species * Sepia short-tailed ...

'' ****

Red three-striped opossum The red three-striped opossum (''Monodelphis umbristriata'') is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in bo ...

, ''Monodelphis umbristriata'' VU ****

One-striped opossum The one-striped opossum (''Monodelphis unistriata'') is a possibly extinct opossum species from South America. It is known only from two specimens found in Brazil in 1821 and Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( ...

, ''Monodelphis unistriata'' DD ***Genus: '' Philander'' ****

Anderson's four-eyed opossum Anderson's four-eyed opossum (''Philander andersoni'') is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Its dorsal fur is dark, with a black stripe, about 3–4 cm wide, going vertica ...

, ''Philander andersoni'' LC **** Deltaic four-eyed opossum, ''Philander deltae'' LC **** Southeastern four-eyed opossum, ''Philander frenata'' LC **** McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum, ''Philander mcilhennyi'' LC **** Mondolfi's four-eyed opossum, ''Philander mondolfii'' LC **** Olrog's four-eyed opossum, ''Philander olrogi'' **** Gray four-eyed opossum, ''Philander opossum'' LC ***Genus: ''

Thylamys ''Thylamys'' is a genus of opossums in the family Didelphidae. The premaxillae are rounded rather than pointed. The females lack a pouch. The females' nipples are arranged in two symmetrical rows on the abdomen. All species but ''T. macrurus'' ...

'' ****

Cinderella fat-tailed mouse opossum The Cinderella fat-tailed mouse opossum (''Thylamys cinderella'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in northern Argentina and southern Bolivia, in the eastern foothills of the Andes. Its dorsal fur is gray brown to ...

, ''Thylamys cinderella'' LC **** ''

Thylamys citellus ''Thylamys'' is a genus of opossums in the family Didelphidae. The premaxillae are rounded rather than pointed. The females lack a pouch. The females' nipples are arranged in two symmetrical rows on the abdomen. All species but ''T. macrurus'' ...

'' ****

Elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum The elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum (''Thylamys elegans''), also known as the Chilean mouse opossum, is an opossum from central Chile. The type species of '' Thylamys'', it was first described by English naturalist George Robert Waterhouse in 1 ...

, ''Thylamys elegans'' LC **** Karimi's fat-tailed mouse opossum, ''Thylamys karimii'' VU ****

Paraguayan fat-tailed mouse opossum The Paraguayan fat-tailed mouse opossum (''Thylamys macrurus'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in forested areas of Brazil and Paraguay. It is known only from a few specimens. For two listed specimens, one had ...

, ''Thylamys macrura'' NT ****

White-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum The white-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum (''Thylamys pallidior'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. Taxonomy and etymology The white-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum is a ...

, ''Thylamys pallidior'' LC **** ''

Thylamys pulchellus ''Thylamys'' is a genus of opossums in the family Didelphidae. The premaxillae are rounded rather than pointed. The females lack a pouch. The females' nipples are arranged in two symmetrical rows on the abdomen. All species but ''T. macrurus'' ...

'' ****

Common fat-tailed mouse opossum The common fat-tailed mouse opossum (''Thylamys pusillus'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It occurs in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay in chaco and Andean foothill habitats. Its head-and-body length is about 75 to ...

, ''Thylamys pusillus'' LC ****

Argentine fat-tailed mouse opossum The Argentine fat-tailed mouse opossum (''Thylamys sponsorius'') was formerly considered a species opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in the eastern foothills of the Andes in northern Argentina and southern Bolivia. Its dorsal fur i ...

, ''Thylamys sponsorius'' LC ****

Tate's fat-tailed mouse opossum Tate's fat-tailed mouse opossum (''Thylamys tatei'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae, named after American zoologist George Henry Hamilton Tate. It is found at elevations of 300 to 3,000 m along the coast of central Peru ...

, ''Thylamys tatei'' DD ****

Dwarf fat-tailed mouse opossum The dwarf fat-tailed mouse opossum (''Thylamys velutinus''), also known as the velvety fat-tailed opossum is an opossum species from South America. It is endemic to Brazil, where it is found in cerrado and caatinga habitats. Its head-and-body le ...

, ''Thylamys velutinus'' LC ****

Buff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum The buff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum (''Thylamys venustus'') is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in the transitional and humid forests of northern Argentina and southern Bolivia. Its dorsal fur is cinnamon brow ...

, ''Thylamys venustus'' DD

=Order:
Paucituberculata Paucituberculata is an order of South American marsupials. Although currently represented only by the seven living species of shrew opossums, this order was formerly much more diverse, with more than 60 extinct species named from the fossil re ...
(shrew opossums)

= ----

There are six

extant Extant is the opposite of the word extinct. It may refer to: * Extant hereditary titles * Extant literature, surviving literature, such as ''Beowulf'', the oldest extant manuscript written in English * Extant taxon, a taxon which is not extinct, ...

species of shrew opossum. They are small

shrew Shrews (family Soricidae) are small mole-like mammals classified in the order Eulipotyphla. True shrews are not to be confused with treeshrews, otter shrews, elephant shrews, West Indies shrews, or marsupial shrews, which belong to differ ...

-like

s confined to the

Andes The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...

. *Family:

Caenolestidae The family Caenolestidae contains the seven surviving species of shrew opossum: small, shrew-like marsupials that are confined to the Andes mountains of South America. The order is thought to have diverged from the ancestral marsupial line very e ...

**Genus: ''

Caenolestes The common shrew opossums (genus ''Caenolestes'') are members of the family Caenolestidae. They are found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República ...

'' *** Gray-bellied caenolestid, ''Caenolestes caniventer'' NT *** Andean caenolestid, ''Caenolestes condorensis'' VU *** Northern caenolestid, ''Caenolestes convelatus'' VU *** Dusky caenolestid, ''Caenolestes fuliginosus'' LC ***

Eastern caenolestid The eastern caenolestid (''Caenolestes sangay'') is a shrew opossum found on the eastern slopes of the Andes in southern Ecuador. Etymology The origin of the genus name (''Caenolestes'') drives from the Greek words ''kainos'' ("new") and ''lest ...

, ''Caenolestes sangay'' VU **Genus: '' Lestoros'' *** Incan caenolestid, ''Lestoros inca'' LC **Genus: '' Rhyncholestes'' ***

Long-nosed caenolestid The long-nosed caenolestid (''Rhyncholestes raphanurus''), also known as the Chilean shrew opossum or long-nosed shrew opossum, is a shrew opossum that occurs in temperate forests of Argentina and southern Chile. It was first described by Americ ...

, ''Rhyncholestes raphanurus'' NT

Superorder:
Australidelphia Australidelphia is the superorder that contains roughly three-quarters of all marsupials, including all those native to Australasia and a single species — the monito del monte — from South America. All other American marsupials are members o ...

= Order: Microbiotheria (monito del monte)

= ---- The monito del monte of

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the eas ...

and

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest ...

is the only extant member of its family and the only surviving member of an ancient order, Microbiotheria. It appears to be more closely related to Australian marsupials than to other Neotropic marsupials; this is a reflection of the South American origin of all Australasian marsupials. *Family: Microbiotheriidae **Genus: '' Dromiciops'' ***

Monito del monte The monito del monte or colocolo opossum, ''Dromiciops gliroides'', also called ''chumaihuén'' in Mapudungun, is a diminutive marsupial native only to southwestern South America (Argentina and Chile). It is the only extant species in the ancient ...

, ''Dromiciops gliroides'' NT

Infraclass:
Eutheria Eutheria (; from Greek , 'good, right' and , 'beast'; ) is the clade consisting of all therian mammals that are more closely related to placentals than to marsupials. Eutherians are distinguished from noneutherians by various phenotypic tra ...

Superorder:
Afrotheria Afrotheria ( from Latin ''Afro-'' "of Africa" + ''theria'' "wild beast") is a clade of mammals, the living members of which belong to groups that are either currently living in Africa or of African origin: golden moles, elephant shrews (also k ...

=Order:
Sirenia The Sirenia (), commonly referred to as sea-cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters. The Sirenia currently comprise two distinct ...
(manatees and dugongs)

= ----

Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps, and marine wetlands. All four species are endangered. They evolved about 50 million years ago, and their closest living relatives are

elephant Elephants are the largest existing land animals. Three living species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. They are the only surviving members of the family Elephantida ...

s. The manatees are the only extant

afrotheria Afrotheria ( from Latin ''Afro-'' "of Africa" + ''theria'' "wild beast") is a clade of mammals, the living members of which belong to groups that are either currently living in Africa or of African origin: golden moles, elephant shrews (also k ...

ns in the Americas. However, a number proboscid species, some of which survived until the arrival of Paleoindians, once inhabited the region. Those that reached South America have usually been classified as

s, but sometimes instead as elephantids. *Family:

Trichechidae Trichechidae is a family of sirenians that includes all living manatees and several extinct genera. Systematics TRICHECHIDAE *MiosireninaeM. Voss. 2014. On the invalidity of Halitherium schinzii Kaup, 1838 (Mammalia, Sirenia), with comments o ...

**Genus: ''

Trichechus Manatees (family Trichechidae, genus ''Trichechus'') are large, fully aquatic, mostly herbivorous marine mammals sometimes known as sea cows. There are three accepted living species of Trichechidae, representing three of the four living species ...

'' ***

Amazonian manatee The Amazonian manatee (''Trichechus inunguis'') is a species of manatee that lives in the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador. It has thin, wrinkled brownish or gray colored skin, with fine hairs scattered over its body and a wh ...

, ''T. inunguis'' ***

West Indian manatee The West Indian manatee (''Trichechus manatus''), also known as the North American manatee, is a large, aquatic mammal native to warm coastal areas of the Caribbean, from the eastern US to northern Brazil. Living alone or in herds, it feeds on un ...

, ''T. manatus''

Superorder:
Xenarthra Xenarthra (; from Ancient Greek ξένος, xénos, "foreign, alien" + ἄρθρον, árthron, "joint") is a major clade of placental mammals native to the Americas. There are 31 living species: the anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos. ...

=Order:
Cingulata Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, is an order of armored New World placental mammals. Dasypodids and chlamyphorids, the armadillos, are the only surviving families in the order. Two groups of cingulates much larger than extant ar ...
(armadillos)

= ----

Chlamyphorus truncatus - Naturmuseum Senckenberg - DSC02081

Six-banded armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus)

The armadillos are small mammals with a bony armored shell. All 21 extant species are found in South America, where they originated. Their much larger relatives, the pampatheres and

glyptodonts Glyptodonts are an extinct subfamily of large, heavily armoured armadillos. They arose in South America around 48 million years ago and spread to southern North America after the continents became connected several million years ago. The best-k ...

, once lived in North and South America but became extinct following the appearance of humans. *Family:

Dasypodidae Dasypodidae is a family of mostly extinct genera of armadillos. One genus, ''Dasypus'', is extant, with at least seven living species. __TOC__ Classification Below is a taxonomy of armadillos in this family. Family Dasypodidae *† Genus ...

(long-nosed armadillos) **Subfamily:

Dasypodinae Dasypodidae is a family of mostly extinct genera of armadillos. One genus, ''Dasypus'', is extant, with at least seven living species. __TOC__ Classification Below is a taxonomy of armadillos in this family. Family Dasypodidae *† Genus ...

***Genus: ''

Dasypus ''Dasypus'' is the only extant genus in the family Dasypodidae. Its species are known as long-nosed or naked-tailed armadillos. They are found in South, Central, and North America, as well as on the Caribbean islands of Grenada, Trinidad and T ...

'' **** Southern long-nosed armadillo, ''Dasypus hybridus'' NT **** Greater long-nosed armadillo, ''Dasypus kappleri'' LC ****

Nine-banded armadillo The nine-banded armadillo (''Dasypus novemcinctus''), also known as the nine-banded long-nosed armadillo or common long-nosed armadillo, is a mammal found in North, Central, and South America, making it the most widespread of the armadillos. ...

, ''Dasypus novemcinctus'' LC ****

Hairy long-nosed armadillo The hairy long-nosed armadillo or woolly armadilloGardner AL 2007 Mammals of South America Vol 1: Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews and Bats- University of Chicago Press, Chicago. (''Dasypus pilosus'') is a species of armadillo in the family Dasyp ...

, ''Dasypus pilosus'' VU ****

Llanos long-nosed armadillo The Llanos long-nosed armadillo (''Dasypus sabanicola'') or northern long-nosed armadillo is a species of armadillo in the family Dasypodidae. It is endemic to Colombia and Venezuela, where its habitat is the intermittently flooded grassland of ...

, ''Dasypus sabanicola'' LC **** Seven-banded armadillo, ''Dasypus septemcinctus'' LC ****

Yepes's mulita Yepes's mulita or the Yungas lesser long-nosed armadillo (''Dasypus mazzai)'' is a species of armadillo in the family Dasypodidae. It is endemic to Argentina and Bolivia. Its natural habitat is subtropical dry forests. The species was renamed '' ...

, ''Dasypus yepesi'' DD *Family:

Chlamyphoridae Chlamyphoridae is a family of cingulate mammals. While glyptodonts have traditionally been considered stem-group cingulates outside the group that contains modern armadillos, there had been speculation that the extant family Dasypodidae could b ...

(armadillos) **Subfamily

Chlamyphorinae Chlamyphorinae is a subfamily of South American armadillos in the family Chlamyphoridae. Members of this subfamily, the fairy armadillos, are largely fossorial and have reduced eyes and robust forearms with large claws for digging. __TOC__ Taxo ...

***Genus: '' Calyptophractus'' ****

Greater fairy armadillo The greater fairy armadillo (''Calyptophractus retusus''), also known as Burmeister's armadillo or the Chacoan fairy armadillo, is a species of armadillo in the family Chlamyphoridae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. Its natural h ...

, ''Calyptophractus retusus'' DD ***Genus: '' Chlamyphorus'' **** Pink fairy armadillo, ''Chlamyphorus truncatus'' DD **Subfamily:

Euphractinae Euphractinae is an armadillo subfamily in the family Chlamyphoridae. Euphractinae are known for having a well developed osteoderm that has large cavities filled with adipose tissue, and more hair follicles with well developed sebaceous glands i ...

***Genus: ''

Chaetophractus ''Chaetophractus'' is a small genus of armadillos in the family Chlamyphoridae. It contains the following three species: Members of the genus are endemic to the continent of South America. They are found in the central and southern countries s ...

'' **** Andean hairy armadillo, ''Chaetophractus nationi'' VU ****

Screaming hairy armadillo The screaming hairy armadillo (''Chaetophractus vellerosus'') is a species of armadillo also known as the small screaming armadillo, crying armadillo or the small hairy armadillo. It is a burrowing armadillo found in the central and southern part ...

, ''Chaetophractus vellerosus'' LC ****

Big hairy armadillo The big (or large) hairy armadillo (''Chaetophractus villosus'') is one of the largest and most numerous armadillos in South America. It lives from sea level to altitudes of up to 1,300 meters across the southern portion of South America, and ...

, ''Chaetophractus villosus'' LC ***Genus: ''

Euphractus The six-banded armadillo (''Euphractus sexcinctus''), also known as the yellow armadillo, is an armadillo found in South America. The sole extant member of its genus, it was first described by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The six-b ...

'' ****

Six-banded armadillo The six-banded armadillo (''Euphractus sexcinctus''), also known as the yellow armadillo, is an armadillo found in South America. The sole extant member of its genus, it was first described by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The six-b ...

, ''Euphractus sexcinctus'' LC ***Genus: '' Zaedyus'' **** Pichi, ''Zaedyus pichiy'' NT **Subfamily:

Tolypeutinae Tolypeutinae is a subfamily of armadillos in the family Chlamyphoridae, consisting of the giant, three-banded and naked-tailed armadillos. __TOC__ Taxonomy It contains the following genera: *''Cabassous'' *'' Kuntinaru'' *'' Priodontes'' *''T ...

***Genus: '' Cabassous'' ****

Northern naked-tailed armadillo The northern naked-tailed armadillo (''Cabassous centralis'') is a species of armadillo. It is one of only two species of armadillo found outside of South America, the other being the more widely distributed nine-banded armadillo. Description T ...

, ''Cabassous centralis'' DD **** Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo, ''Cabassous chacoensis'' NT ****

Greater naked-tailed armadillo The greater naked-tailed armadillo (''Cabassous tatouay'') is an armadillo species from South America. Description Larger than the closely related southern naked-tailed armadillos, adults of the greater species measure in head-body length, with ...

, ''Cabassous tatouay'' LC ****

Southern naked-tailed armadillo The southern naked-tailed armadillo (''Cabassous unicinctus'') is a species of small armadillo from South America. Description Smaller than some other armadillos, males measure an average of in head-body length, and weigh around , while females ...

, ''Cabassous unicinctus'' LC ***Genus: ''

Priodontes The giant armadillo (''Priodontes maximus''), colloquially ''tatu-canastra'', ''tatou'', ''ocarro'' or ''tatú carreta'', is the largest living species of armadillo (although their extinct relatives, the glyptodonts, were much larger). It live ...

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Giant armadillo The giant armadillo (''Priodontes maximus''), colloquially ''tatu-canastra'', ''tatou'', ''ocarro'' or ''tatú carreta'', is the largest living species of armadillo (although their extinct relatives, the glyptodonts, were much larger). It live ...

, ''Priodontes maximus'' VU ***Genus: ''

Tolypeutes The genus ''Tolypeutes'' contains the two species of three-banded armadillo Armadillos (meaning "little armored ones" in Spanish) are New World placental mammals in the order Cingulata. The Chlamyphoridae and Dasypodidae are the only survi ...

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Southern three-banded armadillo The southern three-banded armadillo (''Tolypeutes matacus''), also known as La Plata three-banded armadillo or Azara's domed armadillo, is an armadillo species from South America. It is found in parts of southwestern Brazil, northern Argentina, ...

, ''Tolypeutes matacus'' NT ****

Brazilian three-banded armadillo The Brazilian three-banded armadillo (''Tolypeutes tricinctus'') is an armadillo species endemic to eastern Brazil, where it is known as (, lit. ball armadillo). It is one of only two species of armadillo that can roll into a ball (the other is ...

, ''Tolypeutes tricinctus'' VU Bicho-preguiça 3

Choloepus hoffmanni (Puerto Viejo, CR) crop

Tamanduá-bandeira com filhote em pastagem - cropped

=Order:
Pilosa The order Pilosa is a clade of xenarthran placental mammals, native to the Americas. It includes the anteaters and sloths (which includes the extinct ground sloths). The name comes from the Latin word for "hairy". Origins and taxonomy The bi ...
(sloths and anteaters)

= ---- The order Pilosa is confined to the Americas and contains the tree sloths and

anteater Anteater is a common name for the four extant mammal species of the suborder Vermilingua (meaning "worm tongue") commonly known for eating ants and termites. The individual species have other names in English and other languages. Together wit ...

s (which include the

tamandua ''Tamandua'' is a genus of anteaters with two species: the southern tamandua (''T. tetradactyla'') and the northern tamandua (''T. mexicana''). They live in forests and grasslands, are semiarboreal, and possess partially prehensile tails. They m ...

s). All 5 extant genera and 9 of 10 extant species are present in South America, the ancestral home of the group. (The exception is the pygmy three-toed sloth, endemic to an island off

.) Numerous

s, some of which reached the size of elephants, were once present in both North and South America, as well as on the Antilles. (Some west coastal South American forms had even evolved into marine sloths.) All of these went extinct following the arrival of humans. Extant tree sloths fall into two groups that are not closely related, and which do not form a

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English ter ...

; two-toed sloths are much more closely related to some extinct ground sloths than to three-toed sloths. *Suborder: Folivora **Family: Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths) ***Genus: '' Bradypus'' **** Maned sloth, ''Bradypus torquatus'' VU ****

Pale-throated sloth The pale-throated sloth (''Bradypus tridactylus''), occasionally known as the ai (), is a species of three-toed sloth that inhabits tropical rainforests in northern South America. It is similar in appearance to, and often confused with, the bro ...

, ''Bradypus tridactylus'' LC ****

Brown-throated sloth The brown-throated sloth (''Bradypus variegatus'') is a species of three-toed sloth found in the Neotropical realm of Central and South America. It is the most common of the four species of three-toed sloth, and is found in the forests of South ...

, ''Bradypus variegatus'' LC **Family: Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths) ***Genus: '' Choloepus'' **** Linnaeus's two-toed sloth, ''Choloepus didactylus'' LC ****

Hoffmann's two-toed sloth Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (''Choloepus hoffmanni''), also known as the northern two-toed sloth is a species of sloth from Central and South America. It is a solitary, largely nocturnal and arboreal animal, found in mature and secondary rainf ...

, ''Choloepus hoffmanni'' LC *Suborder: Vermilingua **Family: Cyclopedidae ***Genus: ''

Cyclopes In Greek mythology and later Roman mythology, the Cyclopes ( ; el, Κύκλωπες, ''Kýklōpes'', "Circle-eyes" or "Round-eyes"; singular Cyclops ; , ''Kýklōps'') are giant one-eyed creatures. Three groups of Cyclopes can be distinguish ...

'' (silky anteaters) **** '' Cyclopes catellus'' NE **** ''

Cyclopes didactylus The silky anteater, also known as the pygmy anteater, has traditionally been considered a single species of anteater, ''Cyclopes didactylus'', in the genus ''Cyclopes'', the only living genus in the family Cyclopedidae. Found in southern Mexico ...

'' LC **** '' Cyclopes dorsalis'' NE **** '' Cyclopes ida'' NE **** ''

Cyclopes rufus The silky anteater, also known as the pygmy anteater, has traditionally been considered a single species of anteater, ''Cyclopes didactylus'', in the genus ''Cyclopes'', the only living genus in the family Cyclopedidae. Found in southern Mexi ...

'' NE **** '' Cyclopes thomasi'' NE **** '' Cyclopes xinguensis'' NE **Family:

Myrmecophagidae The Myrmecophagidae are a family of anteaters, the name being derived from the Ancient Greek words for 'ant' and 'eat' (''myrmeco-'' and '). Two genera and three species are in the family, consisting of the giant anteater, and the tamanduas. T ...

(American anteaters) ***Genus: ''

Myrmecophaga The giant anteater (''Myrmecophaga tridactyla'') is an insectivorous mammal native to Central and South America. It is one of four living species of anteaters, of which it is the largest member. The only extant member of the genus ''Myrmecophag ...

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Giant anteater The giant anteater (''Myrmecophaga tridactyla'') is an insectivorous mammal native to Central and South America. It is one of four living species of anteaters, of which it is the largest member. The only extant member of the genus ''Myrmecophag ...

, ''Myrmecophaga tridactyla'' VU ***Genus: ''

Tamandua ''Tamandua'' is a genus of anteaters with two species: the southern tamandua (''T. tetradactyla'') and the northern tamandua (''T. mexicana''). They live in forests and grasslands, are semiarboreal, and possess partially prehensile tails. They m ...

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Northern tamandua The northern tamandua (''Tamandua mexicana'') is a species of tamandua, an anteater in the family Myrmecophagidae. They live in tropical and subtropical forests from southern Mexico, through Central America, and to the edge of the northern Andes ...

, ''Tamandua mexicana'' LC ****

Southern tamandua The southern tamandua (''Tamandua tetradactyla''), also called the collared anteater or lesser anteater, is a species of anteater from South America and the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean. It is a solitary animal found in many habitats, fro ...

, ''Tamandua tetradactyla'' LC

Superorder:
Euarchontoglires Euarchontoglires (synonymous with Supraprimates) is a clade and a superorder of mammals, the living members of which belong to one of the five following groups: rodents, lagomorphs, treeshrews, colugos, and primates. Evolutionary affinities wi ...

=Order:
Primates Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians ( monkeys and apes, the latter including ...

= ----

Female White faced saki (Pithecia pithecia)

Chiropotes sagulatus (Chiropotes chiropotes) 2

The order Primates includes the

lemur Lemurs ( ) (from Latin ''lemures'' – ghosts or spirits) are wet-nosed primates of the superfamily Lemuroidea (), divided into 8 families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 existing species. They are endemic to the island of Madagas ...

monkey Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes, also known as the simians. Traditionally, all animals in the group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes, which constitutes an incomple ...

s, and apes, with the latter category including

humans" \n\n\n\n\nThe robots exclusion standard, also known as the robots exclusion protocol or simply robots.txt, is a standard used by websites to indicate to visiting web crawlers and other web robots which portions of the site they are allowed to visi ...

. It is divided into four main groupings:

strepsirrhine Strepsirrhini or Strepsirhini (; ) is a suborder of primates that includes the lemuriform primates, which consist of the lemurs of Madagascar, galagos ("bushbabies") and pottos from Africa, and the lorises from India and southeast Asia. Colle ...

tarsier Tarsiers ( ) are haplorhine primates of the family Tarsiidae, which is itself the lone extant family within the infraorder Tarsiiformes. Although the group was once more widespread, all of its species living today are found in Maritime Southeas ...

s, monkeys of the New World (

parvorder Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...

Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World. South America's 20 genera of nonhuman primates compares with 6 in Central America, 15 in Madagascar, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. All South American monkeys are believed to be descended from ancestors that rafted over from Africa about 25 million years ago in a single dispersal event. *Suborder: Haplorrhini **Infraorder:

Simiiformes The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Cata ...

***Parvorder: Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) ****Family: Aotidae (night monkeys) *****Genus: '' Aotus'' ******

Azara's night monkey Azara's night monkey (''Aotus azarae''), also known as the southern night monkey, is a night monkey species from South America. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru and Paraguay. The species is monogamous, with the males providing a l ...

, ''Aotus azarae'' LC ****** Brumback's night monkey, ''Aotus brumbacki'' VU ******

Gray-handed night monkey The gray-handed night monkey (''Aotus griseimembra'') is a species of night monkey formerly considered a subspecies of Gray-bellied night monkey of the family Aotidae. Its range consists of parts of Colombia and Venezuela. The exact classifica ...

, ''Aotus griseimembra'' VU ****** Hernández-Camacho's night monkey, ''Aotus jorgehernandezi'' DD ******

Gray-bellied night monkey The gray-bellied night monkey (''Aotus lemurinus''), also called the grey-legged douroucouliVU ******

Peruvian night monkey The Peruvian night monkey (''Aotus miconax''), also known as the Andean night monkey, is a nocturnal New World monkey endemic to northern Peru. Adults weigh around and measure up to in length. Its colour is grey to light brown with characterist ...

, ''Aotus miconax'' VU ******

Nancy Ma's night monkey Nancy Ma's night monkey (''Aotus nancymaae'') is a night monkey species from South America. It is found in Brazil and Peru. It is known in medical research as a model organism A model organism (often shortened to model) is a non-human spec ...

, ''Aotus nancymaae'' LC ******

Black-headed night monkey The black-headed night monkey (''Aotus nigriceps'') is a night monkey species from South America. It is found in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. The ''A. nigriceps'' in Peru were notably inhabiting areas that were degraded, and often these areas were ...

, ''Aotus nigriceps'' LC ******

Three-striped night monkey The three-striped night monkey (''Aotus trivirgatus''), also known as northern night monkey or northern owl monkey, is one of several species of owl monkeys currently recognised. It is found in Venezuela and north-central Brazil. Until 1983, all ...

, ''Aotus trivirgatus'' LC ******

Spix's night monkey Spix's night monkey (''Aotus vociferans''), also known as the Colombian gray night monkey, noisy night monkey and Spix's owl monkey, is a night monkey species from South America. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The Spix's nigh ...

, ''Aotus vociferans'' LC ****** Panamanian night monkey, ''Aotus zonalis'' DD ****Family:

Callitrichidae The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the ...

*****Genus: ''

Callibella The Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset (''Mico humilis''), also known as the black-crowned dwarf marmoset, is a small New World monkey native to the Amazon Rainforest, on the east bank of the lower Madeira River, and the west bank of the Aripuanã River ...

'' ******

Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset The Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset (''Mico humilis''), also known as the black-crowned dwarf marmoset, is a small New World monkey native to the Amazon Rainforest, on the east bank of the lower Madeira River, and the west bank of the Aripuanã River ...

, ''Callibella humilis'' VU *****Genus: ''

Cebuella Pygmy marmosets are two species of small New World monkeys in the genus ''Cebuella''. They are native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. These primates are notable for being the smallest monkeys in the world, at just o ...

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Pygmy marmoset Pygmy marmosets are two species of small New World monkeys in the genus ''Cebuella''. They are native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. These primates are notable for being the smallest monkeys in the world, at just ov ...

, ''Cebuella pygmaea'' LC *****Genus: ''

Callithrix ''Callithrix'' is a genus of New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae, the family containing marmosets and tamarins. The genus contains the Atlantic Forest marmosets. The name ''Callithrix'' is derived from the Greek words ''kallos'', ...

'' ****** Buffy-tufted marmoset, ''Callithrix aurita'' VU ******

Buffy-headed marmoset The buffy-headed marmoset (''Callithrix flaviceps'') is a rare species of marmoset endemic to the rainforests of south-eastern Brazil. It occurs in southern Espírito Santo and possibly northern Rio de Janeiro and its distribution extends into Mi ...

, ''Callithrix flaviceps'' EN ****** White-headed marmoset, ''Callithrix geoffroyi'' LC ******

Common marmoset The common marmoset (''Callithrix jacchus'') also called white-tufted marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset is a New World monkey. It originally lived on the northeastern coast of Brazil, in the states of Piaui, Paraiba, Ceará, Rio Grande do ...

, ''Callithrix jacchus'' LC ******

Wied's marmoset Wied's marmoset (''Callithrix kuhlii''), also known as Wied's black-tufted-ear marmoset, is a New World monkey that lives in tropical and subtropical forests of eastern Brazil. Unlike other marmosets, Wied's marmoset lives in groups consisting o ...

, ''Callithrix kuhlii'' NT ******

Black-tufted marmoset The black-tufted marmoset (''Callithrix penicillata''), also known as Mico-estrela in Portuguese, is a species of New World monkey that lives primarily in the Neo-tropical gallery forests of the Brazilian Central Plateau. It ranges from Bahia ...

, ''Callithrix penicillata'' LC *****Genus: '' Mico'' ******

Rio Acari marmoset Rio or Río is the Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, and Maltese word for "river". When spoken on its own, the word often means Rio de Janeiro, a major city in Brazil. Rio or Río may also refer to: Geography Brazil * Rio de Janeiro * Rio do Sul, a ...

, ''Mico acariensis'' DD ******

Silvery marmoset The silvery marmoset (''Mico argentatus'') is a New World monkey that lives in the eastern Amazon Rainforest in Brazil. The fur of the silvery marmoset is colored whitish silver-grey except for a dark tail. Remarkable are its naked, flesh-color ...

, ''Mico argentatus'' LC ****** Gold-and-white marmoset, ''Mico chrysoleucus'' DD ******

Emilia's marmoset The Emilia's marmoset (''Mico emiliae''), also known as Snethlage's marmoset, is a marmoset endemic to Brazil.Emmons, L & Feer, F. (1997). ''Neotropical Rainforest Mammals''. It is found only in the Brazilian states of Pará and Mato Grosso ...

, ''Mico emiliae'' DD ****** Santarem marmoset, ''Mico humeralifer'' DD ****** Hershkovitz's marmoset, ''Mico intermedius'' LC ******

White marmoset The white marmoset (''Mico leucippe''), or golden-white bare-ear marmoset, is a Vulnerable species, vulnerable species of marmoset, a small monkey endemic to the Amazon rainforest in Pará, Brazil. References

Mico (genus), white marmos ...

, ''Mico leucippe'' VU ******

Manicore marmoset The Marca's marmoset (''Mico marcai'') is a species of marmoset that is endemic to the Amazon, in the Aripuanã-Manicoré interfluvium in Brazil. Its body is light grey, with orange legs, a black tail, a pinkish face, and naked ears. It is about ...

, ''Mico manicorensis'' LC ******

Marca's marmoset The Marca's marmoset (''Mico marcai'') is a species of marmoset that is endemic to the Amazon, in the Aripuanã- Manicoré interfluvium in Brazil. Its body is light grey, with orange legs, a black tail, a pinkish face, and naked ears. It is abo ...

, ''Mico marcai'' DD ****** Maués marmoset, ''Mico mauesi'' LC ******

Black-tailed marmoset The black-tailed marmoset (''Mico melanurus'') is a species of New World monkey from central South America, where it ranges from the south-central Amazon in Brazil, south through the Pantanal and eastern Bolivia, to the Chaco in far northern ...

, ''Mico melanurus'' LC ****** Black-headed marmoset, ''Mico nigriceps'' DD ****** Rondon's marmoset, ''Mico rondoni'' VU ****** Satéré marmoset, ''Mico saterei'' LC *****Genus: ''

Callimico The Goeldi's marmoset or Goeldi's monkey (''Callimico goeldii'') is a small, South American New World monkey that lives in the upper Amazon basin region of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. It is the only species classified in the genus '' ...

'' ******

Goeldi's marmoset The Goeldi's marmoset or Goeldi's monkey (''Callimico goeldii'') is a small, South American New World monkey that lives in the upper Amazon basin region of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. It is the only species classified in the genus ''Call ...

, ''Callimico goeldii'' VU *****Genus: '' Leontopithecus'' ****** Superagui lion tamarin, ''Leontopithecus caissara'' CR ******

Golden-headed lion tamarin The golden-headed lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus chrysomelas''), also the golden-headed tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to Brazil. It is found only in the lowland and premontane tropical forest fragments in the state of Bahia, and therefore i ...

, ''Leontopithecus chrysomelas'' EN ******

Black lion tamarin The black lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus chrysopygus''), also known as the golden-rumped lion tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to the Brazilian state of São Paulo, almost exclusively at the Morro do Diabo State Park. Its limited geographical ...

, ''Leontopithecus chrysopygus'' EN ******

Golden lion tamarin The golden lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus rosalia'', pt, mico-leão-dourado , ), also known as the golden marmoset, is a small New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae. Native to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil, the golden lion t ...

, ''Leontopithecus rosalia'' EN *****Genus: ''

Saguinus The tamarins are squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus ''Saguinus''. They are the first offshoot in the Callitrichidae tree, and therefore are the sister group of a clade formed by the lion tamarins, Goel ...

'' ****** Pied tamarin, ''Saguinus bicolor'' EN ******

Brown-mantled tamarin The brown-mantled tamarin (''Leontocebus fuscicollis''), also known as Spix's saddle-back tamarin, is a species of saddle-back tamarin. This New World monkey is found in the Southern American countries of Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. This omnivoro ...

, ''Saguinus fuscicollis'' LC ****** Geoffroy's tamarin, ''Saguinus geoffroyi'' LC ****** Graells's tamarin, ''Saguinus graellsi'' NT ******

Emperor tamarin The emperor tamarin (''Saguinus imperator'') is a species of tamarin allegedly named for its resemblance to the German emperor Wilhelm II. It lives in the west Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas and the southwest Amazon Basin, in east Peru, ...

, ''Saguinus imperator'' LC ****** Mottle-faced tamarin, ''Saguinus inustus'' LC ******

White-lipped tamarin The white-lipped tamarin (''Saguinus labiatus''), also known as the red-bellied tamarin, is a tamarin which lives in the Amazon Rainforest, Amazon area of Brazil and Bolivia. The red belly of these New World monkeys is its most remarkable outwa ...

, ''Saguinus labiatus'' LC ******

White-footed tamarin The white-footed tamarin (''Saguinus leucopus'') is a tamarin species endemic to Colombia. It is a silvery brown colour with pale streaks and russet underparts, and is very similar in appearance to the cotton-top tamarin, from which it is separa ...

, ''Saguinus leucopus'' EN ****** Martins's tamarin, ''Saguinus martinsi'' LC ****** White-mantled tamarin, ''Saguinus melanoleucus'' LC ******

Red-handed tamarin The golden-handed tamarin (''Saguinus midas''), also known as the red-handed tamarin or Midas tamarin, is a New World monkey belonging to the family Callitrichidae. Distribution and habitat This species is native to wooded areas north of the Ama ...

, ''Saguinus midas'' LC ******

Moustached tamarin The moustached tamarin (''Saguinus mystax'') is a New World monkey and a species of tamarin. The moustached tamarin is named for the lack of coloring in the facial hair surrounding their mouth, appearing similar to a moustache. As with all New Wo ...

, ''Saguinus mystax'' LC ****** Black tamarin, ''Saguinus niger'' VU ******

Black-mantled tamarin The black-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis'', is a species of saddle-back tamarin from the northwestern Amazon in far western Brazil, southeastern Colombia, north-eastern Peru and eastern Ecuador. There are 3 subspecies: *Spix's blac ...

, ''Saguinus nigricollis'' LC ******

Cottontop tamarin The cotton-top tamarin (''Saguinus oedipus'') is a small New World monkey weighing less than . This New World monkey can live up to 24 years, but most of them die by 13 years. One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily reco ...

, ''Saguinus oedipus'' CR ******

Red-capped tamarin The red-capped tamarin (''Saguinus mystax pileatus'')'','' is subspecies of moustached tamarin from South America. They are found in Brazil, on the eastern margin of the Tefé River, Tefé and Coari River, Coari rivers. Previously recognised as a ...

, ''Saguinus pileatus'' LC ****** Golden-mantled tamarin, ''Saguinus tripartitus'' NT ****Family:

Cebidae The Cebidae are one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. Extant members are the capuchin and squirrel monkeys. These species are found throughout tropical and subtropical South and Central America. Characteristics Cebid m ...

*****Subfamily: Cebinae ******Genus: ''

Cebus Gracile capuchin monkeys are capuchin monkeys in the genus ''Cebus''. At one time all capuchin monkeys were included within the genus ''Cebus''. In 2011, Jessica Lynch Alfaro ''et al.'' proposed splitting the genus between the robust capuchin ...

'' *******

Ecuadorian capuchin The Ecuadorian capuchin (''Cebus aequatorialis''), or Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin is a species of gracile capuchin monkey of the family Cebidae. It was formerly classified as a subspecies of the white-fronted capuchin (''C. albifrons'').&nb ...

, ''Cebus aequatorialis'' CR *******

White-fronted capuchin White-fronted capuchin can refer to any of a number of species of gracile capuchin monkey which used to be considered as the single species ''Cebus albifrons''. White-fronted capuchins are found in seven different countries in South America: Bo ...

, ''Cebus albifrons'' LC *******

Brown weeper capuchin The brown weeper capuchin (''Cebus brunneus'') or Venezuelan brown capuchin is a species of gracile capuchin monkey endemic to Venezuela, although some sources also consider it to occur on Trinidad. Taxonomy This taxon had previously been consi ...

, ''Cebus brunneus'' LC ******* Colombian white-headed capuchin, ''Cebus capucinus'' LC ******* Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin, ''Cebus cesarae'' DD *******

Shock-headed capuchin The shock-headed capuchin (''Cebus cuscinus'') is a species of gracile capuchin monkey from Bolivia and Peru. It was previously classified as a subspecies of the Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin (''C. albifrons''), but in 2013 Mittermeier an ...

, ''Cebus cuscinus'' NT *******

Kaapori capuchin The Kaapori capuchin (''Cebus kaapori''), also known as the Ka'apor capuchin, is a species of frugivorous, gracile capuchin endemic to the Brazilian Amazon. Their geographical home range is relatively small and is within the most densely populat ...

, ''Cebus kaapori'' CR ******* Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin, ''Cebus leucocephalus'' NE ******* Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin, ''Cebus malitiosus'' EN ******* Wedge-capped capuchin, ''Cebus olivaceus'' LC *******

Spix's white-fronted capuchin Spix's white-fronted capuchin (''Cebus unicolor'') is a species of gracile capuchin monkey. It had previously been classified as a subspecies of the Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin (''C. albifrons''). Following genetic studies by Boubli, '' ...

, ''Cebus unicolor'' NE ******* Varied white-fronted capuchin, ''Cebus versicolor'' EN *******

Marañón white-fronted capuchin The Marañón white-fronted capuchin (''Cebus yuracus'') also or known as Peruvian white-fronted capuchin or Andean white-fronted capuchin is a species of gracile capuchin monkey from the upper Amazon Basin. It had been regarded as synonymous ...

, ''Cebus yuracus'' NE ******Genus: ''

Sapajus Robust capuchin monkeys are capuchin monkeys in the genus ''Sapajus''. Formerly, all capuchin monkeys were placed in the genus ''Cebus''. ''Sapajus'' was erected in 2012 by Jessica Lynch Alfaro et al. to differentiate the robust (tufted) capuchin ...

'' *******

Tufted capuchin The tufted capuchin (''Sapajus apella''), also known as brown capuchin, black-capped capuchin, or pin monkey is a New World primate from South America and the Caribbean islands of Trinidad and Margarita. As traditionally defined, it is one of th ...

, ''Sapajus apella'' LC ******* Azaras's capuchin, ''Sapajus cay'' LC *******

Blond capuchin The blond capuchin (''Sapajus flavius'') is a species of capuchin monkey endemic to northeastern Brazil. This endangered species was rediscovered in 2006. It can live in exceptionally large groups of over 150 individuals, and like other capuchi ...

, ''Sapajus flavius'' CR ******* Black-striped capuchin, ''Sapajus libidinosus'' LC *******

Large-headed capuchin The large-headed capuchin (''Sapajus apella macrocephalus'') is a subspecies of the tufted capuchin monkey from South America. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_ ...

, ''Sapajus macrocephalus'' LC *******

Black capuchin The black capuchin (''Sapajus nigritus''), also known as the black-horned capuchin, is a capuchin monkey from the Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil and far north-eastern Argentina. Historically, it was included as a subspecies of the tuft ...

, ''Sapajus nigritus'' NT ******* Crested capuchin, ''Sapajus robustus'' EN *******

Golden-bellied capuchin The golden-bellied capuchin (''Sapajus xanthosternos''), also known as the yellow-breasted or buff-headed capuchin, is a species of New World or neotropical monkey. It lives mainly in trees and are omnivorous, eating a wide variety of both plant ...

, ''Sapajus xanthosternos'' CR *****Subfamily: Saimiriinae ******Genus: ''

Saimiri Squirrel monkeys are New World monkeys of the genus ''Saimiri''. ''Saimiri'' is the only genus in the subfamily Saimirinae. The name of the genus is of Tupi origin (''sai-mirím'' or ''çai-mbirín'', with ''sai'' meaning 'monkey' and ''mirím'' ...

'' *******

Black-capped squirrel monkey The black-capped squirrel monkey (''Saimiri boliviensis'') is a species of New-World monkey native to the upper Amazon basin in Bolivia, western Brazil and eastern Peru. They weigh between 365 and 1135 grams and measure, from the head to the b ...

, ''Saimiri boliviensis'' LC *******

Humboldt's squirrel monkey Humboldt's squirrel monkey (''Saimiri cassiquiarensis'') is a species of squirrel monkey Squirrel monkeys are New World monkeys of the genus ''Saimiri''. ''Saimiri'' is the only genus in the subfamily Saimirinae. The name of the genus is of T ...

, ''Saimiri cassiquiarensis'' ******* Collins' squirrel monkey, ''Saimiri collinsii'' *******

Guianan squirrel monkey The Guianan squirrel monkey (''Saimiri sciureus'') is a species of squirrel monkey from Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil. ''S. sciureus'' formerly applied to Humboldt's squirrel monkey and Collins' squirrel monkey, but genetic research in 2009 and ...

, ''Saimiri sciureus'' LC *******

Bare-eared squirrel monkey The bare-eared squirrel monkey (''Saimiri ustus'') is a squirrel monkey endemic to Brazil and possibly eastern Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yello ...

, ''Saimiri ustus'' NT ******* Black squirrel monkey, ''Saimiri vanzolinii'' VU ****Family: Atelidae *****Subfamily:

Alouattinae Howler monkeys (genus ''Alouatta'', monotypic in subfamily Alouattinae) are the most widespread primate genus in the Neotropics and are among the largest of the platyrrhines along with the muriquis (''Brachyteles''), the spider monkey Spider ...

******Genus: ''

Alouatta Howler monkeys (genus ''Alouatta'', monotypic in subfamily Alouattinae) are the most widespread primate genus in the Neotropics and are among the largest of the platyrrhines along with the muriquis (''Brachyteles''), the spider monkeys (''Atele ...

'' *******

Ursine howler The ursine howler (''Alouatta arctoidea'') is a species of howler monkey native to Venezuela and possibly Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North Ameri ...

, ''Alouatta arctoidea'' LC *******

Red-handed howler The red-handed howler (''Alouatta belzebul'') is a vulnerable species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to Brazil, found in the southeastern Amazon and disjunctly in the Atlantic Forest between Rio Grande do Norte and ...

, ''Alouatta belzebul'' VU *******

Black howler The black howler (''Alouatta caraya'') or black-and-gold howler, is among the largest New World monkeys and a member of the '' Alouatta'' genus. The black howler is distributed in areas of South America such as Paraguay, southern Brazil, easte ...

, ''Alouatta caraya'' LC *******

Spix's red-handed howler Spix's red-handed howler (''Alouatta discolor'') is a species of Howler monkey native to the southeastern Amazon in Brazil. It is threatened by deforestation and hunting. Taxonomy The species was previously considered a subspecies of the red ...

, ''Alouatta discolor'' VU ******* Brown howler, ''Alouatta guariba'' LC *******

Juruá red howler The Juruá red howler (''Alouatta juara'') is a species of howler monkey Howler monkeys (genus ''Alouatta'', monotypic in subfamily Alouattinae) are the most widespread primate genus in the Neotropics and are among the largest of the platyrrhi ...

, ''Alouatta juara'' LC ******* Guyanan red howler, ''Alouatta macconnelli'' LC ******* Amazon black howler, ''Alouatta nigerrima'' LC *******

Mantled howler The mantled howler (''Alouatta palliata'') is a species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey, from Central and South America. It is one of the monkey species most often seen and heard in the wild in Central America. It takes its "mantle ...

, ''Alouatta palliata'' LC ******* Purus red howler, ''Alouatta puruensis'' LC ******* Bolivian red howler, ''Alouatta sara'' LC ******* Venezuelan red howler, ''Alouatta seniculus'' LC ******* Maranhão red-handed howler, ''Alouatta ululata'' EN *****Subfamily:

Atelinae The Atelinae are a subfamily of New World monkeys in the family Atelidae, and includes the various spider and woolly monkeys. The primary distinguishing feature of the atelines is their long prehensile tails, which can support their entire body w ...

******Genus: ''

Ateles Spider monkeys are New World monkeys belonging to the genus ''Ateles'', part of the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae. Like other atelines, they are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil. The ...

'' *******

White-fronted spider monkey The white-bellied spider monkey (''Ateles belzebuth''), also known as the white-fronted or long-haired spider monkey, is an endangered species of spider monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is found in the north-western Amazon in Colombia, ...

, ''Ateles belzebuth'' EN *******

Peruvian spider monkey The Peruvian spider monkey (''Ateles chamek''), also known as the black-faced black spider monkey, is a species of spider monkey that lives in Peru, as well as in Brazil and in Bolivia. At long, they are relatively large among species of monkey, ...

, ''Ateles chamek'' EN ******* Black-headed spider monkey, ''Ateles fusciceps'' CR ******* Geoffroy's spider monkey, ''Ateles geoffroyi'' EN *******

Brown spider monkey The brown spider monkey or variegated spider monkey (''Ateles hybridus'') is a critically endangered species of spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, from forests in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. Like all spider monkeys, it ...

, ''Ateles hybridus'' CR *******

White-cheeked spider monkey The white-cheeked spider monkey (''Ateles marginatus'') is a species of spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Brazil. It moves around the forest canopy in small family groups of two to four, part of larger groups of a few dozen a ...

, ''Ateles marginatus'' EN *******

Red-faced spider monkey The red-faced spider monkey (''Ateles paniscus'') also known as the Guiana spider monkey or red-faced black spider monkey, is a species of spider monkey found in the rain forests in northern South America. The species faces issues with hunting ...

, ''Ateles paniscus'' VU ******Genus: ''

Brachyteles The muriquis, also known as woolly spider monkeys, are the monkeys of the genus ''Brachyteles''. They are closely related to both the spider monkeys and the woolly monkeys. The two species are the southern (''B. arachnoides'') and northern (' ...

'' *******

Southern muriqui The southern muriqui (''Brachyteles arachnoides'') is a muriqui (woolly spider monkey) species endemic to Brazil. Taxonomy Taxonomy of muriquis is controversial because some scientists believe that they are a monotypic genus while others fa ...

, ''Brachyteles arachnoides'' EN ******* Northern muriqui, ''Brachyteles hypoxanthus'' CR ******Genus: ''

Lagothrix The woolly monkeys are the genus ''Lagothrix'' of New World monkeys, usually placed in the family Atelidae. Both species in this genus originate from the rainforests of South America. They have prehensile tails and live in relatively large ...

'' ******* Gray woolly monkey, ''Lagothrix cana'' EN ******* Brown woolly monkey, ''Lagothrix lagothricha'' VU ******* Colombian woolly monkey, ''Lagothrix lugens'' CR ******* Silvery woolly monkey, ''Lagothrix poeppigii'' VU ******Genus: '' Oreonax'' ******* Yellow-tailed woolly monkey, ''Oreonax flavicauda'' CR ****Family:

Pitheciidae The Pitheciidae () are one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. Formerly, they were included in the family Atelidae. The family includes the titis, saki monkeys and uakaris. Most species are native to the Amazon region ...

*****Subfamily:

Callicebinae The titis, or titi monkeys, are New World monkeys of the subfamily Callicebinae, which contains three extant genera: ''Cheracebus'', ''Callicebus'', and ''Plecturocebus.'' This subfamily also contains the extinct genera '' Miocallicebus, Homuncu ...

******Genus: '' Cheracebus'' *******

Lucifer titi The Lucifer titi monkey (''Cheracebus lucifer'') is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey, from South America. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It was described as ''Callicebus lucifer'' in 1914. The Lucifer titi h ...

, ''Cheracebus lucifer'' LC ******* Black titi, ''Cheracebus lugens'' LC *******

Colombian black-handed titi The Colombian black-handed titi monkey (''Cheracebus medemi'') is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Colombia. It was originally described in the genus '' Callicebus'' in 1963. Description Colombian black-handed titis s ...

, ''Cheracebus medemi'' VU ******* Rio Purus titi, ''Cheracebus purinus'' LC ******* Red-headed titi, ''Cheracebus regulus'' LC ******* Collared titi, ''Cheracebus torquatus'' LC ******Genus: ''

Callicebus ''Callicebus'' is a genus of monkeys known as titi monkeys. Historically, titis were monogeneric, comprising only the genus ''Callicebus'' Thomas, 1903. Owing to the great diversity found across titi monkey species, a new genus-level taxonomy w ...

'' *******

Barbara Brown's titi Barbara Brown's titi monkey (''Callicebus barbarabrownae''), also popularly known as the blond titi monkey or northern Bahian blond titi, is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey. This critically endangered species is endemic to the Caat ...

, ''Plecturocebus barbarabrownae'' CR *******

Coimbra Filho's titi Coimbra Filho's titi monkey (''Callicebus coimbrai'') or just Coimbra's titi is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey, endemic to forests in the Brazilian states of Bahia and Sergipe. It was first discovered by Shuji Kobayashi. It is c ...

, ''Callicebus coimbrai'' EN ******* Coastal black-handed titi, ''Callicebus melanochir'' VU *******

Black-fronted titi The black-fronted titi monkey (''Callicebus nigrifrons'') is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey. The black-fronted titi is a small diurnal primate. The body of this primate is covered in grey to brown fur with black fur concentrated ...

, ''Callicebus nigrifrons'' NT ******* Atlantic titi, ''Callicebus personatus'' VU ******Genus: ''

Plecturocebus ''Plecturocebus'' is one of three genera of titi monkeys. Historically, these monkeys were monogeneric, being placed in a single genus: ''Callicebus'' Thomas, 1903. Owing to the great diversity found across titi monkey species, a new genus-leve ...

'' ******* Madidi titi, ''Plecturocebus aureipalatii'' LC ******* Baptista Lake titi, ''Plecturocebus baptista'' LC *******

Prince Bernhard's titi Prince Bernhard's titi monkey (''Plecturocebus bernhardi''), also called the zog-zog monkey, is a species of titi monkey in the genus ''Plecturocebus'', first described in 2002. It is named after Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. They have var ...

, ''Plecturocebus bernhardi'' LC ******* Brown titi, ''Plecturocebus brunneus'' LC ******* Chestnut-bellied titi, ''Plecturocebus caligatus'' LC ******* Caquetá titi, ''Plecturocebus caquetensis'' CR *******

Ashy black titi The ashy black titi monkey (''Plecturocebus cinerascens'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico, Central and South Americ ...

, ''Plecturocebus cinerascens'' LC *******

Coppery titi The coppery titi monkey (''Plecturocebus cupreus''), or red titi monkey, is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, from South America. They are found in the Amazon of Brazil and Peru, and perhaps northern Bolivia. It was describe ...

, ''Plecturocebus cupreus'' LC *******

White-tailed titi The white-tailed titi monkey (''Plecturocebus discolor'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico, Central and South America ...

, ''Plecturocebus discolor'' LC ******* White-eared titi, ''Plecturocebus donacophilus'' LC ******* Hershkovitz's titi, ''Plecturocebus dubius'' LC *******

Alta Floresta titi The Alta Floresta titi monkey (''Plecturocebus grovesi''), also known as the Groves' titi monkey, is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Brazil. It was described from the municipality of Alta Floresta in the state o ...

, ''Plecturocebus groves'' ******* Hoffmanns's titi, ''Plecturocebus hoffmannsi'' LC *******

Milton's titi Milton's titi monkey (''Plecturocebus miltoni'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, from southern Amazon rainforest, Brazil. It was named after the Brazilian primatologist Milton Thiago de Mello. Milton's titi was discove ...

, ''Plecturocebus miltoni'' NE *******

Rio Beni titi Rio Beni titi monkey (''Plecturocebus modestus'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red ...

, ''Plecturocebus modestus'' EN ******* Red-bellied titi, ''Plecturocebus moloch'' LC *******

Rio Mayo titi The Rio Mayo titi monkey (''Plecturocebus oenanthe'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Peru. The Rio Mayo titi, was thought previously to have a small range of origin in the Alto Mayo valley, but research has p ...

, ''Plecturocebus oenanthe'' EN ******* Ollala brothers' titi, ''Plecturocebus olallae'' EN *******

Ornate titi The ornate titi monkey (''Plecturocebus ornatus'') is a species of titi monkey and is the smallest member of the family Pitheciidae, which also includes uakaris and saki monkeys. As it is a member of this family, it is classified as a type of N ...

, ''Plecturocebus ornatus'' VU *******

White-coated titi The white-coated titi monkey (''Plecturocebus pallescens'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, from South America. It is found in Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt ...

, ''Plecturocebus pallescens'' LC *******

Stephen Nash's titi Stephen Nash's titi monkey (''Plecturocebus stephennashi''), also known as just Nash's titi or Stephen Nash's monkey, is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to the eastern bank of the Purus River in Brazil. It was di ...

, ''Plecturocebus stephennashi'' DD *******

Urubamba brown titi The Urubamba brown titi monkey (''Plecturocebus urubambensis'') is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Peru. Taxonomy Populations in this species were formerly classified within the brown titi (''P. brunneus''), ...

, '' Plecturocebus urubambensis'' NE ******* Vieira's titi, ''Plecturocebus vieirai'' NE *****Subfamily:

Pitheciinae Pitheciinae is a subfamily of the New World monkey family Pitheciidae. It contains three genera and 14 species. Pitheciines are forest dwellers from northern and central South America, east of the Andes. They are small to medium-sized primat ...

******Genus: ''

Pithecia Sakis, or saki monkeys, are any of several New World monkeys of the genus ''Pithecia''. They are closely related to the bearded sakis of genus ''Chiropotes''. Range Sakis' range includes northern and central South America, extending from the s ...

'' *******

Equatorial saki The equatorial saki (''Pithecia aequatorialis''), also called the red-bearded saki, is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is found in northeastern Peru and Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuado ...

, ''Pithecia aequatorialis'' LC *******

White-footed saki The white-footed saki, buffy saki or white saki (''Pithecia albicans'') is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to western Brazil south of the Amazon Amazon most often refers to: * Amazons, a tribe of female warriors ...

, ''Pithecia albicans'' VU *******

Cazuza's saki Cazuza's saki (''Pithecia cazuzai'') is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to northwestern Brazil. Taxonomy Populations in this species were formerly classified within the Rio Tapajós saki (''P. irrorata''), b ...

, '' Pithecia cazuzai'' NE *******

Golden-faced saki The golden-faced saki (''Pithecia chrysocephala'') is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is found in Brazil north of the Amazon Amazon most often refers to: * Amazons, a tribe of female warriors in Greek mythology * Ama ...

, ''Pithecia chrysocephala'' LC *******

Hairy saki The hairy saki (''Pithecia hirsuta'') is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is found in northern Peru, southern Colombia, and a small portion of northwestern Brazil. Taxonomy It was described in 1823 by Johann Baptist von ...

, '' Pithecia hirsuta'' NE *******

Burnished saki The burnished saki (''Pithecia inusta'') is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is found in central Peru and a small portion of adjacent Brazil. Taxonomy It was described in 1823 by Johann Baptist von Spix, but was later ...

, '' Pithecia inusta'' NE *******

Rio Tapajós saki The Rio Tapajós saki or Gray's bald-faced saki (''Pithecia irrorata'') is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey, from South America. It is found in parts of western Brazil, southeastern Colombia, southeastern Peru and possibly ...

, ''Pithecia irrorata'' NE *******

Isabel's saki Isabel's saki (''Pithecia isabela'') is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to a small portion of northern Peru. Taxonomy Populations in this species were formerly classified within the monk saki (''P. monachus' ...

, '' Pithecia isabela'' NE *******

Monk saki The monk saki (''Pithecia monachus'') also known as Geoffroy's monk saki, is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey, from South America. It is found in forested areas of northwestern Brazil and northeastern Peru. Taxonomy The ha ...

, ''Pithecia monachus'' NE *******

Miller's saki Miller's saki (''Pithecia milleri''), also known as Miller's monk saki, is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. Its range includes parts of southwestern Colombia, northeastern Ecuador, and perhaps adjacent areas in Peru. This spe ...

, ''Pithecia milleri'' DD *******

Mittermeier's Tapajós saki Mittermeier's Tapajós saki (''Pithecia mittermeieri'') is a disputed species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to west-central Brazil. Taxonomy Populations in this species were formerly classified within the Rio Tapaj� ...

, ''

Pithecia mittermeieri Sakis, or saki monkeys, are any of several New World monkeys of the genus ''Pithecia''. They are closely related to the bearded sakis of genus ''Chiropotes''. Range Sakis' range includes northern and central South America, extending from the s ...

'' NE *******

Napo saki The Napo saki (''Pithecia napensis''), also known as the Napo monk saki, is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. Its range includes parts of eastern Ecuador and northern Peru. The name is derived from the Napo River The Napo R ...

, ''Pithecia napensis'' DD ******* White-faced saki, ''Pithecia pithecia'' LC ******* Pissinatti’s bald-faced saki, '' Pithecia pissinattii'' NE ******* Rylands' bald-faced saki, '' Pithecia rylandsi'' NE ******* Vanzolini's bald-faced saki, ''Pithecia vanzolinii'' DD ******Genus: ''

Chiropotes The bearded sakis, or cuxiús are five or six species of New World monkeys, classified in the genus ''Chiropotes''. They live in the eastern and central Amazon in South America, ranging through southern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana ...

'' *******

White-nosed saki The white-nosed saki (''Chiropotes albinasus'') is a species of bearded saki, a type of New World monkey, endemic to the south-central Amazon rainforest in Brazil. Both its scientific and common name were caused by the authors working from dead ...

, ''Chiropotes albinasus'' EN *******

Red-backed bearded saki The red-backed bearded sakiBonvicino, C. R., Boubli, J. P., Otazú, I. B., Almeida, F. C., Nascimento, F. F., Coura, J. R. and Seuánez, H. N. (2003). ''Morphologic, karyotypic, and molecular evidence of a new form of Chiropotes (primates, pithec ...

, ''Chiropotes chiropotes'' LC *******

Brown-backed bearded saki The brown-backed bearded saki (''Chiropotes israelita'') is one of five species of bearded saki, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to the Amazon in north-western Brazil (north of the Rio Negro and west of the Branco River) and southern ...

, ''Chiropotes israelita'' *******

Black bearded saki The black bearded saki (''Chiropotes satanas'') is a species of New World monkey, native to the Amazon rainforest of South America, specifically to an area of north-eastern Brazil. It is one of five species of bearded saki. Bearded sakis are me ...

, ''Chiropotes satanas'' CR *******

Uta Hick's bearded saki Uta Hick's bearded saki (''Chiropotes utahicki'') is an endangered species of bearded saki, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to Brazil, where restricted to the Amazon between the Xingu and Tocantins Rivers. It was formerly treated as a ...

, ''Chiropotes utahicki'' EN ******Genus: ''

Cacajao Uakari (, ) is the common name for the New World monkeys of the genus ''Cacajao''. Both the English and scientific names are believed to have originated from indigenous languages. The uakaris are unusual among New World monkeys in that the tail ...

'' ******* Aracá uakari, ''Cacajao ayresii'' VU *******

Bald uakari The bald uakari (''Cacajao calvus'') or bald-headed uakari is a small New World monkey characterized by a very short tail; bright, crimson face; a bald head; and long coat. The bald uakari is restricted to várzea forests and other wooded habitat ...

, ''Cacajao calvus'' VU ******* Neblina uakari, ''Cacajao hosomi'' VU *******

Golden-backed uakari The golden-backed uakari (''Cacajao melanocephalus'') or black-headed uakari, is a New World primate from the family Pitheciidae. It lives in the Amazon Rainforest, and is found in the countries of Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. It has black ...

, ''Cacajao melanocephalus'' LC

=Order:
Rodent Rodents (from Latin , 'to gnaw') are mammals of the order Rodentia (), which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all mammal species are rodents. They are n ...
ia (rodents)

= ----

Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two

incisor Incisors (from Latin ''incidere'', "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, wher ...

s in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small, although the

capybara The capybaraAlso called capivara (in Brazil), capiguara (in Bolivia), chigüire, chigüiro, or fercho (in Colombia and Venezuela), carpincho (in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay) and ronsoco (in Peru). or greater capybara (''Hydrochoerus hydro ...

can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb). South America's rodent fauna today is largely an outgrowth of two spectacularly fortunate ancient "sweepstakes" dispersal events, each of which was followed by explosive Speciation, diversification. Caviomorpha, Caviomorphs, the first rodents to reach the continent, are believed to have washed ashore after rafting across the Atlantic from Africa over 30 million years ago. More recently, ancestral Sigmodontinae, sigmodontine rodents apparently island hopping, island-hopped from

5 million or more years ago, prior to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, Panamanian land bridge. These two groups now comprise 36% and 60%, respectively, of all South American rodent species. The corresponding figures are 10% and 27% List of mammals of Central America#Order: Rodentia (rodents), for Central America, 2% and 10% List of mammals of Mexico#Order: Rodentia (rodents), for Mexico, 0.5% and 3% List of mammals of North America#Rodents, for North America north of Mexico, and 72% and 27% for recent endemic List of rodents of the Caribbean, Caribbean rodents. Conversely, Sciuridae, sciurids make up 3% of rodents in South America, 8% in Central America, 15% in Mexico and 31% in North America north of Mexico, while Castorimorpha, castorimorphs are 1%, 16%, 26% and 28%, respectively. Sciurids are absent from South America's southern cone, while castorimorphs are only present in northwest South America (Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador). Illustrating the advantage of gaining a head start in colonizing a new land mass, sigmodontine rodents comprise 99.5% of all Cricetidae, cricetid rodents in South America, but only 42% in Central America, 17% in Mexico and 7% in North America north of Mexico. *Suborder: Hystricomorpha **Parvorder Caviomorpha ***Family: Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) ****Subfamily: Chaetomyinae *****Genus: ''Chaetomys'' ****** Bristle-spined rat, ''Chaetomys subspinosus'' VU ****Subfamily: Erethizontinae *****Genus: ''Coendou'' ****** Baturite porcupine, ''Coendou baturitensis'' ****** Bicolored-spined porcupine, ''Coendou bicolor'' LC ****** Streaked dwarf porcupine, ''Coendou ichillus'' DD ****** Bahia porcupine, ''Coendou insidiosus'' LC ****** Black-tailed hairy dwarf porcupine, ''Coendou melanurus'' LC ****** Black dwarf porcupine, ''Coendou nycthemera'' DD ****** Brazilian porcupine, ''Coendou prehensilis'' LC ****** Frosted hairy dwarf porcupine, ''Coendou pruinosus'' LC ****** Andean porcupine, ''Coendou quichua'' DD ****** Roosmalen's dwarf porcupine, ''Coendou roosmalenorum'' DD ****** Rothschild's porcupine, ''Coendou rothschildi'' DD ****** Stump-tailed porcupine, ''Coendou rufescens'' LC ****** Santa Marta porcupine, ''Coendou sanctamartae'' DD ****** Dwarf porcupine, ''Coendou speratus'' EN ****** Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine, ''Coendou spinosus'' LC ****** Brown hairy dwarf porcupine, ''Coendou vestitus'' DD ***Family: Chinchillidae (viscachas and chinchillas) ****Genus: ''Chinchilla'' ***** Short-tailed chinchilla, ''Chinchilla chinchilla'' CR ***** Long-tailed chinchilla, ''Chinchilla lanigera'' CR ****Genus: ''Lagidium'' ***** ''Lagidium ahuacaense'' ***** Northern viscacha, ''Lagidium peruanum'' LC ***** Southern viscacha, ''Lagidium viscacia'' LC ***** Wolffsohn's viscacha, ''Lagidium wolffsohni'' DD ****Genus: ''Lagostomus'' ***** Plains viscacha, ''Lagostomus maximus'' LC ***Family: Dinomyidae (pacarana) ****Genus: ''Dinomys'' ***** Pacarana, ''Dinomys branickii'' VU ***Family: Caviidae (guinea pigs and cavies) ****Subfamily: Caviinae *****Genus: ''Cavia'' ****** Brazilian guinea pig, ''Cavia aperea'' LC ****** Shiny guinea pig, ''Cavia fulgida'' LC ****** Santa Catarina's guinea pig, ''Cavia intermedia'' CR ****** Greater guinea pig, ''Cavia magna'' LC ****** Montane guinea pig, ''Cavia tschudii'' LC *****Genus: ''Galea (genus), Galea'' ****** Southern highland yellow-toothed cavy, ''Galea comes'' DD ****** Brazilian yellow-toothed cavy, ''Galea flavidens'' LC ****** Lowland yellow-toothed cavy, ''Galea leucoblephara'' LC ****** Common yellow-toothed cavy, ''Galea musteloides'' LC ******* Muenster yellow-toothed cavy, ''Galea m. monasteriensis'' NE ****** Spix's yellow-toothed cavy, ''Galea spixii'' LC *****Genus: ''Microcavia'' ****** Southern mountain cavy, ''Microcavia australis'' LC ****** Andean mountain cavy, ''Microcavia niata'' LC ****** Shipton's mountain cavy, ''Microcavia shiptoni'' NT ****Subfamily: Dolichotinae *****Genus: ''Dolichotis'' ****** Patagonian mara, ''Dolichotis patagonum'' NT ****** Chacoan mara, ''Dolichotis salinicola'' LC ****Subfamily: Hydrochoerinae (capybaras and rock cavies) *****Genus: ''Hydrochoerus'' ****** Capybara, ''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris'' LC ****** Lesser capybara, ''Hydrochoerus isthmius'' DD *****Genus: ''Kerodon'' ****** Acrobatic cavy, ''Kerodon acrobata'' DD ****** Rock cavy, ''Kerodon rupestris'' LC ***Family: Dasyproctidae (agoutis and acouchis) ****Genus: ''Dasyprocta'' ***** Azara's agouti, ''Dasyprocta azarae'' DD ***** Crested agouti, ''Dasyprocta cristata'' DD ***** Black agouti, ''Dasyprocta fuliginosa'' LC ***** Orinoco agouti, ''Dasyprocta guamara'' NT ***** Kalinowski's agouti, ''Dasyprocta kalinowskii'' DD ***** Red-rumped agouti, ''Dasyprocta leporina'' LC ***** Black-rumped agouti, ''Dasyprocta prymnolopha'' LC ***** Central American agouti, ''Dasyprocta punctata'' LC ****Genus: ''Myoprocta'' ***** Red acouchi, ''Myoprocta acouchy'' LC ***** Green acouchi, ''Myoprocta pratti'' LC ***Family: Paca, Cuniculidae ****Genus: ''Paca, Cuniculus'' ***** ''Cuniculus hernandezi'' ***** Lowland paca, ''Cuniculus paca'' LC ***** Mountain paca, ''Cuniculus taczanowskii'' NT ***Family: Ctenomyidae (tuco-tucos) ****Genus: ''Ctenomys'' ***** Argentine tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys argentinus'' NT ***** Southern tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys australis'' EN ***** Azara's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys azarae'' VU ***** Berg's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys bergi'' VU ***** Bolivian tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys boliviensis'' LC ***** Bonetto's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys bonettoi'' EN ***** Brazilian tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys brasiliensis'' DD ***** Budin's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys budini'' DD ***** Colburn's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys colburni'' DD ***** Puntilla tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys coludo'' DD ***** Conover's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys conoveri'' LC ***** Coyhaique tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys coyhaiquensis'' DD ***** D'Orbigny's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys dorbignyi'' NT ***** Chacoan tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys dorsalis'' DD ***** Emily's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys emilianus'' NT ***** Famatina tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys famosus'' DD ***** Flamarion's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys flamarioni'' EN ***** Foch's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys fochi'' DD ***** Lago Blanco tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys fodax'' DD ***** Reddish tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys frater'' LC ***** Tawny tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys fulvus'' LC ***** Goodfellow's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys goodfellowi'' LC ***** Haig's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys haigi'' LC ***** San Juan tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys johannis'' DD ***** Jujuy tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys juris'' DD ***** Catamarca tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys knighti'' DD ***** Lami tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys lami'' VU ***** Mottled tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys latro'' VU ***** White-toothed tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys leucodon'' LC ***** Lewis's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys lewisi'' LC ***** Magellanic tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys magellanicus'' VU ***** Maule tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys maulinus'' LC ***** Mendoza tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys mendocinus'' LC ***** Tiny tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys minutus'' DD ***** Furtive tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys occultus'' EN ***** Highland tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys opimus'' LC ***** Reig's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys osvaldoreigi'' CR ***** ''Ctenomys paraguayensis'' ***** Pearson's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys pearsoni'' NT ***** Goya tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys perrensi'' LC ***** Peruvian tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys peruanus'' LC ***** Pilar tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys pilarensis'' EN ***** San Luis tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys pontifex'' DD ***** Porteous's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys porteousi'' NT ***** Pundt's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys pundti'' VU ***** Rio Negro tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys rionegrensis'' EN ***** Roig's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys roigi'' CR ***** Salta tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys saltarius'' DD ***** Scaglia's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys scagliai'' DD ***** Silky tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys sericeus'' DD ***** Social tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys sociabilis'' CR ***** Steinbach's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys steinbachi'' LC ***** Forest tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys sylvanus'' DD ***** Talas tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys talarum'' LC ***** Collared tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys torquatus'' LC ***** Robust tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys tuconax'' DD ***** Tucuman tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys tucumanus'' DD ***** Sierra Tontal tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys tulduco'' DD ***** Strong tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys validus'' DD ***** Vipos tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys viperinus'' DD ***** Yolanda's tuco-tuco, ''Ctenomys yolandae'' DD ***Family: Octodontidae ****Genus: ''Aconaemys'' ***** Chilean rock rat, ''Aconaemys fuscus'' LC ***** Porter's rock rat, ''Aconaemys porteri'' DD ***** Sage's rock rat, ''Aconaemys sagei'' DD ****Genus: ''Octodon'' ***** Bridges's degu, ''Octodon bridgesi'' VU ***** Common degu, ''Octodon degus'' LC ***** Moon-toothed degu, ''Octodon lunatus'' VU ***** Pacific degu, ''Octodon pacificus'' CR ****Genus: ''Octodontomys'' ***** Mountain degu, ''Octodontomys gliroides'' LC ****Genus: ''Octomys'' ***** Mountain viscacha rat, ''Octomys mimax'' LC ****Genus: ''Pipanacoctomys'' *****Golden viscacha rat, ''Pipanacoctomys aureus'' CR ****Genus: ''Spalacopus'' ***** Coruro, ''Spalacopus cyanus'' LC ****Genus: ''Tympanoctomys'' ***** Plains viscacha rat, ''Tympanoctomys barrerae'' NT ***** Kirchner's viscacha rat, ''Tympanoctomys kirchnerorum'' DD *****Chalchalero viscacha rat, ''Tympanoctomys loschalchalerosorum'' CR ***Family: Abrocomidae ****Genus: ''Abrocoma'' ***** Bennett's chinchilla rat, ''Abrocoma bennettii'' LC ***** Bolivian chinchilla rat, ''Abrocoma boliviensis'' CR ***** Budin's chinchilla rat, ''Abrocoma budini'' DD ***** Ashy chinchilla rat, ''Abrocoma cinerea'' LC ***** Famatina chinchilla rat, ''Abrocoma famatina'' DD ***** Sierra del Tontal chinchilla rat, ''Abrocoma schistacea'' DD ***** Uspallata chinchilla rat, ''Abrocoma uspallata'' DD ***** Punta de Vacas chinchilla rat, ''Abrocoma vaccarum'' DD ***Family: Echimyidae (spiny rats and allies) ****Subfamily: Dactylomyinae *****Genus: ''Kannabateomys'' ****** Atlantic bamboo rat, ''Kannabateomys amblyonyx'' LC *****Genus: ''Dactylomys'' ****** Bolivian bamboo rat, ''Dactylomys boliviensis'' LC ****** Amazon bamboo rat, ''Dactylomys dactylinus'' LC ****** Montane bamboo rat, ''Dactylomys peruanus'' DD *****Genus: ''Olallamys'' ****** White-tailed olalla rat, ''Olallamys albicauda'' DD ****** Greedy olalla rat, ''Olallamys edax'' DD ****Subfamily: Echimyinae *****Genus: ''Callistomys'' ****** Painted tree-rat, ''Callistomys pictus'' EN *****Genus: ''Diplomys'' ****** Colombian soft-furred spiny rat, ''Diplomys caniceps'' DD ****** Rufous soft-furred spiny rat, ''Diplomys labilis'' LC *****Genus: ''Echimys'' ****** White-faced spiny tree-rat, ''Echimys chrysurus'' LC ****** Dark spiny tree-rat, ''Echimys saturnus'' DD ****** ''Echimys vieirai'' DD *****Genus: ''Isothrix'' ****** ''Isothrix barbarabrownae'' DD ****** Yellow-crowned brush-tailed rat, ''Isothrix bistriata'' LC ****** Rio Negro brush-tailed rat, ''Isothrix negrensis'' LC ****** Plain brush-tailed rat, ''Isothrix pagurus'' LC ****** Sinnamary brush-tailed rat, ''Isothrix sinnamariensis'' LC *****Genus: ''Makalata'' ****** ''Makalata castaneus'' ****** Brazilian spiny tree-rat, ''Makalata didelphoides'' LC ****** ''Makalata handleyi'' ****** ''Makalata guianae'' ****** ''Makalata longirostris'' ****** Long-tailed armored tree-rat, ''Makalata macrura'' LC ****** Dusky spiny tree-rat, ''Makalata obscura'' DD ****** Peruvian tree-rat, ''Makalata rhipidura'' DD *****Genus: ''Pattonomys'' ****** Bare-tailed armored tree-rat, ''Pattonomys occasius'' DD ****** Speckled spiny tree-rat, ''Pattonomys semivillosus'' LC *****Genus: ''Phyllomys'' ****** Golden Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys blainvilii'' LC ****** Orange-brown Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys brasiliensis'' EN ****** Drab Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys dasythrix'' LC ****** Kerr's Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys kerri'' DD ****** Pallid Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys lamarum'' DD ****** Lund's Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys lundi'' EN ****** Mantiqueira Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys mantiqueirensis'' CR ****** Long-furred Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys medius'' LC ****** Black-spined Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys nigrispinus'' LC ****** Rusty-sided Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys pattoni'' LC ****** ''Phyllomys sulinus'' ****** Giant Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys thomasi'' EN ****** Short-furred Atlantic tree-rat, ''Phyllomys unicolor'' CR *****Genus: ''Santamartamys'' ****** Red-crested tree-rat, ''Santamartamys rufodorsalis'' CR *****Genus: ''Toromys'' ****** Giant tree-rat, ''Toromys grandis'' LC ****Subfamily: Eumysopinae *****Genus: ''Carterodon'' ****** Owl's spiny rat, ''Carterodon sulcidens'' DD *****Genus: ''Clyomys'' ****** Broad-headed spiny rat, ''Clyomys laticeps'' LC *****Genus: ''Euryzygomatomys'' ****** Brandt's guiara, '' Euryzygomatomys guiara'' ****** Guiara, Fischer's guiara, ''Euryzygomatomys spinosus'' LC *****Genus: ''Hoplomys'' ****** Armored rat, ''Hoplomys gymnurus'' LC *****Genus: ''Lonchothrix'' ****** Lonchothrix, Tuft-tailed spiny tree rat, ''Lonchothrix emiliae'' LC *****Genus: ''Mesomys'' ****** Ferreira's spiny tree-rat, ''Mesomys hispidus'' LC ****** Woolly-headed spiny tree-rat, ''Mesomys leniceps'' DD ****** Mesomys occultus, Tufted-tailed spiny tree-rat, ''Mesomys occultus'' LC ****** Pará spiny tree-rat, ''Mesomys stimulax'' LC *****Genus: ''Proechimys'' ****** Short-tailed spiny rat, ''Proechimys brevicauda'' LC ****** Colombian spiny rat, ''Proechimys canicollis'' LC ****** Boyacá spiny rat, ''Proechimys chrysaeolus'' DD ****** Cuvier's spiny rat, ''Proechimys cuvieri'' LC ****** Pacific spiny rat, ''Proechimys decumanus'' VU ****** Stiff-spine spiny rat, ''Proechimys echinothrix'' LC ****** Gardner's spiny rat, ''Proechimys gardneri'' DD ****** Goeldi's spiny rat, ''Proechimys goeldii'' VU ****** Guaira spiny rat, ''Proechimys guairae'' LC ****** Guyenne spiny rat, ''Proechimys guyannensis'' LC ****** Guyanan spiny rat, ''Proechimys hoplomyoides'' DD ****** Kulina spiny rat, ''Proechimys kulinae'' DD ****** Long-tailed spiny rat, ''Proechimys longicaudatus'' LC ****** Magdalena spiny rat, ''Proechimys magdalenae'' DD ****** Minca spiny rat, ''Proechimys mincae'' DD ****** O'Connell's spiny rat, ''Proechimys oconnelli'' DD ****** Patton's spiny rat, ''Proechimys pattoni'' LC ****** Gray-footed spiny rat, ''Proechimys poliopus'' VU ****** Napo spiny rat, ''Proechimys quadruplicatus'' LC ****** Roberto's spiny rat, ''Proechimys roberti'' VU ****** Tome's spiny rat, ''Proechimys semispinosus'' LC ****** Simon's spiny rat, ''Proechimys simonsi'' LC ****** Steere's spiny rat, ''Proechimys steerei'' LC ****** Trinidad spiny rat, ''Proechimys trinitatis'' DD ****** Sucre spiny rat, ''Proechimys urichi'' LC *****Genus: ''Thrichomys'' ****** Common punaré, ''Thrichomys apereoides'' LC ****** ''Thrichomys fosteri'' NE ****** Highlands punaré, ''Thrichomys inermis'' LC ****** Sao Lourenço punaré, ''Thrichomys laurentius'' DD ****** Paraguayan punaré, ''Thrichomys pachyurus'' LC *****Genus: ''Trinomys'' ****** White-spined Atlantic spiny rat, ''Trinomys albispinus'' LC ****** Soft-spined Atlantic spiny rat, ''Trinomys dimidiatus'' LC ****** Elias' Atlantic spiny rat, ''Trinomys eliasi'' EN ****** Gracile Atlantic spiny rat, ''Trinomys gratiosus'' LC ****** Ihering's Atlantic spiny rat, ''Trinomys iheringi'' LC ****** Dark-caped Atlantic spiny rat, ''Trinomys mirapitanga'' DD ****** Moojen's Atlantic spiny rat, ''Trinomys moojeni'' EN ****** Mouse-tailed Atlantic spiny rat, ''Trinomys myosuros'' LC ****** Spiked Atlantic spiny rat, ''Trinomys paratus'' DD ****** Hairy Atlantic spiny rat, ''Trinomys setosus'' LC ****** Yonenaga's Atlantic spiny rat, ''Trinomys yonenagae'' EN ***Family: Myocastoridae (coypus) ****Genus: ''Myocastor'' ***** Coypu, ''Myocastor coypus'' LC Guerlinguetus aestuans

*Suborder: Sciuromorpha **Family: Sciuridae (squirrels) ***Subfamily: Sciurillinae ****Genus: ''Sciurillus'' ***** Neotropical pygmy squirrel, ''Sciurillus pusillus'' DD ***Subfamily: Sciurinae ****Tribe: Sciurini *****Genus: ''Microsciurus'' ****** Central American dwarf squirrel, ''Microsciurus alfari'' LC ****** Amazon dwarf squirrel, ''Microsciurus flaviventer'' DD ****** Western dwarf squirrel, ''Microsciurus mimulus'' LC ****** Santander dwarf squirrel, ''Microsciurus santanderensis'' DD *****Genus: ''Sciurus'' ****** Brazilian squirrel, ''Sciurus aestuans'' LC ****** South Yungas red squirrel, ''Sciurus argentinius'' ****** Fiery squirrel, ''Sciurus flammifer'' DD ****** Yellow-throated squirrel, ''Sciurus gilvigularis'' DD ****** Red-tailed squirrel, ''Sciurus granatensis'' LC ****** Bolivian squirrel, ''Sciurus ignitus'' DD ****** Northern Amazon red squirrel, ''Sciurus igniventris'' LC ****** Atlantic Forest squirrel, ''Sciurus ingrami'' ****** Andean squirrel, ''Sciurus pucheranii'' DD ****** Junín red squirrel, ''Sciurus pyrrhinus'' DD ****** Sanborn's squirrel, ''Sciurus sanborni'' DD ****** Southern Amazon red squirrel, ''Sciurus spadiceus'' LC ****** Guayaquil squirrel, ''Sciurus stramineus'' LC *Suborder: Castorimorpha **Family: Geomyidae ***Genus: ''Orthogeomys'' **** Thaeler's pocket gopher, ''Orthogeomys thaeleri'' LC **Family: Heteromyidae ***Subfamily: Heteromyinae ****Genus: ''Heteromys'' ***** Trinidad spiny pocket mouse, ''Heteromys anomalus'' LC ***** Southern spiny pocket mouse, ''Heteromys australis'' LC ***** Overlook spiny pocket mouse, ''Heteromys catopterius'' NE ***** Desmarest's spiny pocket mouse, ''Heteromys desmarestianus'' LC ***** Paraguaná spiny pocket mouse, ''Heteromys oasicus'' EN ***** Ecuadoran spiny pocket mouse, ''Heteromys teleus'' VU Abrothrix sanborni

Hesperomys (Rhipidomys) sclateri (cropped)

*Suborder: Myomorpha **Family: Cricetidae ***Subfamily: Tylomyinae ****Genus: ''Tylomys'' ***** Mira climbing rat, ''Tylomys mirae'' LC ***Subfamily: Neotominae ****Genus: ''Reithrodontomys'' ***** Mexican harvest mouse, ''Reithrodontomys mexicanus'' LC ***Subfamily: Sigmodontinae ****Genus: ''Abrawayaomys'' ***** ''Abrawayaomys chebezi'' ***** Ruschi's rat, ''Abrawayaomys ruschii'' LC ****Genus: ''Abrothrix'' ***** Andean Altiplano mouse, ''Abrothrix andinus'' LC ***** Hershkovitz's grass mouse, ''Abrothrix hershkovitzi'' LC ***** Gray grass mouse, ''Abrothrix illuteus'' NT ***** Jelski's Altiplano mouse, ''Abrothrix jelskii'' LC ***** Woolly grass mouse, ''Abrothrix lanosus'' LC ***** Long-haired grass mouse, ''Abrothrix longipilis'' LC ***** Olive grass mouse, ''Abrothrix olivaceus'' LC ***** Sanborn's grass mouse, ''Abrothrix sanborni'' NT ****Genus: ''Aepeomys'' ***** Olive montane mouse, ''Aepeomys lugens'' LC ***** Reig's montane mouse, ''Aepeomys reigi'' VU ****Genus: ''Aegialomys'' ***** Galápagos rice rat, ''Aegialomys galapagoensis'' VU ***** Yellowish rice rat, ''Aegialomys xanthaeolus'' LC ****Genus: ''Akodon'' ***** Highland grass mouse, ''Akodon aerosus'' LC ***** Colombian grass mouse, ''Akodon affinis'' LC ***** White-bellied grass mouse, ''Akodon albiventer'' LC ***** Azara's grass mouse, ''Akodon azarae'' LC ***** Bogotá grass mouse, ''Akodon bogotensis'' LC ***** Bolivian grass mouse, ''Akodon boliviensis'' LC ***** Budin's grass mouse, ''Akodon budini'' LC ***** ''Akodon caenosus'' ***** Cursor grass mouse, ''Akodon cursor'' LC ***** Day's grass mouse, ''Akodon dayi'' LC ***** Dolorous grass mouse, ''Akodon dolores'' LC ***** Smoky grass mouse, ''Akodon fumeus'' LC ***** ''Akodon glaucinus'' ***** Intelligent grass mouse, ''Akodon iniscatus'' LC ***** Junín grass mouse, ''Akodon juninensis'' LC ***** Koford's grass mouse, ''Akodon kofordi'' LC ***** Ecuadorian grass mouse, ''Akodon latebricola'' VU ***** Lindbergh's grass mouse, ''Akodon lindberghi'' DD ***** Altiplano grass mouse, ''Akodon lutescens'' LC ***** Thespian grass mouse, ''Akodon mimus'' LC ***** Soft grass mouse, ''Akodon mollis'' LC ***** Montane grass mouse, ''Akodon montensis'' LC ***** Caparaó grass mouse, ''Akodon mystax'' DD ***** Neuquén grass mouse, ''Akodon neocenus'' DD ***** El Dorado grass mouse, ''Akodon orophilus'' LC ***** Paraná grass mouse, ''Akodon paranaensis'' LC ***** Tarija akodont, ''Akodon pervalens'' DD ***** Philip Myers's akodont, ''Akodon philipmyersi'' DD ***** ''Akodon polopi'' ***** Reig's grass mouse, ''Akodon reigi'' LC ***** São Paulo grass mouse, ''Akodon sanctipaulensis'' DD ***** Serra do Mar grass mouse, ''Akodon serrensis'' LC ***** Cochabamba grass mouse, ''Akodon siberiae'' NT ***** White-throated grass mouse, ''Akodon simulator'' LC ***** Spegazzini's grass mouse, ''Akodon spegazzinii'' LC ***** Puno grass mouse, ''Akodon subfuscus'' LC ***** Silent grass mouse, ''Akodon surdus'' VU ***** Forest grass mouse, ''Akodon sylvanus'' LC ***** ''Akodon tartareus'' ***** Chaco grass mouse, ''Akodon toba'' LC ***** Cloud forest grass mouse, ''Akodon torques'' LC ***** Variable grass mouse, ''Akodon varius'' DD ****Genus: ''Amphinectomys'' ***** Ucayali water rat, ''Amphinectomys savamis'' DD ****Genus: ''Andalgalomys'' ***** Olrog's chaco mouse, ''Andalgalomys olrogi'' LC ***** Pearson's chaco mouse, ''Andalgalomys pearsoni'' LC ****Genus: ''Andinomys'' ***** Andean mouse, ''Andinomys edax'' LC ***** ''Andinomys lineicaudatus'' ****Genus: ''Anotomys'' ***** Aquatic rat, ''Anotomys leander'' VU ****Genus: ''Auliscomys'' ***** Bolivian big-eared mouse, ''Auliscomys boliviensis'' LC ***** Painted big-eared mouse, ''Auliscomys pictus'' LC ***** Andean big-eared mouse, ''Auliscomys sublimis'' LC ****Genus: ''Bibimys'' ***** Chaco crimson-nosed rat, ''Bibimys chacoensis'' LC ***** Large-lipped crimson-nosed rat, ''Bibimys labiosus'' LC ***** Torres' crimson-nosed rat, ''Bibimys torresi'' NT ****Genus: ''Blarinomys'' ***** Brazilian shrew-mouse, ''Blarinomys breviceps'' LC ****Genus: ''Brucepattersonius'' ***** Gray-bellied brucie, ''Brucepattersonius griserufescens'' DD ***** Guaraní brucie, ''Brucepattersonius guarani'' DD ***** Red-bellied brucie, ''Brucepattersonius igniventris'' DD ***** Ihering's hocicudo, ''Brucepattersonius iheringi'' LC ***** Misiones brucie, ''Brucepattersonius misionensis'' DD ***** Arroyo of Paradise brucie, ''Brucepattersonius paradisus'' DD ***** Soricine brucie, ''Brucepattersonius soricinus'' DD ****Genus: ''Calomys'' ***** Bolivian vesper mouse, ''Calomys boliviae'' LC ***** Crafty vesper mouse, ''Calomys callidus'' LC ***** Large vesper mouse, ''Calomys callosus'' LC ***** ''Calomys cerqueirai'' ***** Caatinga vesper mouse, ''Calomys expulsus'' LC ***** Fecund vesper mouse, ''Calomys fecundus'' LC ***** Hummelinck's vesper mouse, ''Calomys hummelincki'' VU ***** Small vesper mouse, ''Calomys laucha'' LC ***** Andean vesper mouse, ''Calomys lepidus'' LC ***** Drylands vesper mouse, ''Calomys musculinus'' LC ***** Peruvian vesper mouse, ''Calomys sorellus'' LC ***** Delicate vesper mouse, ''Calomys tener'' LC ***** Tocantins vesper mouse, ''Calomys tocantinsi'' LC ***** Córdoba vesper mouse, ''Calomys venustus'' LC ****Genus: ''Cerradomys'' ***** Langguth's rice rat, ''Cerradomys langguthi'' ***** Maracaju rice rat, ''Cerradomys maracajuensis'' LC ***** Marinho's rice rat, ''Cerradomys marinhus'' DD ***** Lindbergh's rice rat, ''Cerradomys scotti'' LC ***** Terraced rice rat, ''Cerradomys subflavus'' LC ***** Vivo's rice rat, ''Cerradomys vivoi'' ****Genus: ''Chelemys'' ***** Magellanic long-clawed mouse, ''Chelemys delfini'' DD ***** Andean long-clawed mouse, ''Chelemys macronyx'' LC ***** Large long-clawed mouse, ''Chelemys megalonyx'' NT ****Genus: ''Chibchanomys'' ***** Las Cajas water mouse, ''Chibchanomys orcesi'' DD ***** Chibchan water mouse, ''Chibchanomys trichotis'' DD ****Genus: ''Chilomys'' ***** Colombian forest mouse, ''Chilomys instans'' LC ****Genus: ''Chinchillula'' ***** Altiplano chinchilla mouse, ''Chinchillula sahamae'' LC ****Genus: ''Delomys'' ***** ''Delomys altimontanus'' ***** Montane Atlantic Forest rat, ''Delomys collinus'' LC ***** Striped Atlantic Forest rat, ''Delomys dorsalis'' LC ***** Pallid Atlantic Forest rat, ''Delomys sublineatus'' LC ****Genus: ''Deltamys'' ***** Kemp's grass mouse, ''Deltamys kempi'' LC ****Genus: ''Drymoreomys'' ***** ''Drymoreomys albimaculatus'' NT ****Genus: ''Eligmodontia'' ***** ''Eligmodontia bolsonensis'' ***** ''Eligmodontia hirtipes'' ***** Monte gerbil mouse, ''Eligmodontia moreni'' LC ***** Morgan's gerbil mouse, ''Eligmodontia morgani'' LC ***** Andean gerbil mouse, ''Eligmodontia puerulus'' LC ***** Eligmodontia typus, Highland gerbil mouse, eastern Patagonian gerbil mouse, ''Eligmodontia typus'' LC ****Genus: ''Eremoryzomys'' ***** Gray rice rat, ''Eremoryzomys polius'' DD ****Genus: ''Euneomys'' ***** Patagonian chinchilla mouse, ''Euneomys chinchilloides'' DD ***** Burrowing chinchilla mouse, ''Euneomys fossor'' DD ***** Biting chinchilla mouse, ''Euneomys mordax'' LC ***** Peterson's chinchilla mouse, ''Euneomys petersoni'' LC ****Genus: ''Euryoryzomys'' ***** Emmons's rice rat, ''Euryoryzomys emmonsae'' DD ***** Monster rice rat, ''Euryoryzomys lamia'' EN ***** Tarija rice rat, ''Euryoryzomys legatus'' LC ***** MacConnell's rice rat, ''Euryoryzomys macconnelli'' LC ***** Elegant rice rat, ''Euryoryzomys nitidus'' LC ***** Russet rice rat, ''Euryoryzomys russatus'' LC ****Genus: ''Galenomys'' ***** Garlepp's mouse, ''Galenomys garleppi'' DD ****Genus: ''Geoxus'' ***** Long-clawed mole mouse, ''Geoxus valdivianus'' LC ****Genus: ''Graomys'' ***** ''Graomys chacoensis'' (contains the former ''Graomys centralis'') ***** Pale leaf-eared mouse, ''Graomys domorum'' LC ***** Edith's leaf-eared mouse, ''Graomys edithae'' DD ***** Gray leaf-eared mouse, ''Graomys griseoflavus'' LC ****Genus: ''Gyldenstolpia'' ***** Fossorial giant rat, ''Gyldenstolpia fronto'' EN *****''Gyldenstolpia planaltensis'' ****Genus: ''Handleyomys'' ***** Alfaro's rice rat, ''Handleyomys alfaroi'' LC ***** Dusky montane mouse, ''Handleyomys fuscatus'' LC ***** Colombian rice rat, ''Handleyomys intectus'' LC ****Genus: ''Holochilus'' ***** Web-footed marsh rat, ''Holochilus brasiliensis'' LC ***** Chaco marsh rat, ''Holochilus chacarius'' LC ***** Amazonian marsh rat, ''Holochilus sciureus'' LC ****Genus: ''Hylaeamys'' ***** ''Hylaeamys acritus'' DD ***** Hylaeamys laticeps, Large-headed rice rat, ''Hylaeamys laticeps'' NT ***** Azara's broad-headed rice rat, ''Hylaeamys megacephalus'' LC ***** Sowbug rice rat, ''Hylaeamys oniscus'' VU ***** Western Amazonian oryzomys, ''Hylaeamys perenensis'' LC ***** Tate's rice rat, ''Hylaeamys tatei'' DD ***** Yungas rice rat, ''Hylaeamys yunganus'' LC ****Genus: ''Ichthyomys'' ***** Crab-eating rat, ''Ichthyomys hydrobates'' NT ***** Pittier's crab-eating rat, ''Ichthyomys pittieri'' VU ***** Stolzmann's crab-eating rat, ''Ichthyomys stolzmanni'' DD ***** Tweedy's crab-eating rat, ''Ichthyomys tweedii'' DD ****Genus: ''Irenomys'' ***** Chilean climbing mouse, ''Irenomys tarsalis'' LC ****Genus: ''Juliomys'' ***** †''Juliomys anoblepas'' EX ***** ''Juliomys ossitenuis'' NE ***** Lesser Wilfred's mouse, ''Juliomys pictipes'' LC ***** Cleft-headed juliomys, ''Juliomys rimofrons'' VU ***** Aracuaria Forest tree mouse, ''Juliomys ximenezi'' NE ****Genus: ''Juscelinomys'' ***** Candango mouse, †''Juscelinomys candango'' EX ***** Rio Guaporé mouse, ''Juscelinomys guaporensis'' DD ***** Huanchaca mouse, ''Juscelinomys huanchacae'' DD ****Genus: ''Kunsia'' ***** Woolly giant rat, ''Kunsia tomentosus'' LC ****Genus: ''Lenoxus'' ***** Andean rat, ''Lenoxus apicalis'' LC ****Genus: ''Loxodontomys'' ***** Southern big-eared mouse, ''Loxodontomys micropus'' LC ***** Pikumche pericote, ''Loxodontomys pikumche'' LC ****Genus: ''Lundomys'' ***** Lund's amphibious rat, ''Lundomys molitor'' LC ****Genus: ''Megaoryzomys'' ***** Galápagos giant rat, †''Megaoryzomys curioi'' EX ****Genus: ''Melanomys'' ***** Dusky rice rat, ''Melanomys caliginosus'' LC ***** Robust dark rice rat, ''Melanomys robustulus'' LC ***** Zuniga's dark rice rat, ''Melanomys zunigae'' CR ****Genus: ''Microakodontomys'' ***** Intermediate lesser grass mouse, ''Microakodontomys transitorius'' VU ****Genus: ''Microryzomys'' ***** Highland small rice rat, ''Microryzomys altissimus'' LC ***** Forest small rice rat, ''Microryzomys minutus'' LC ****Genus: ''Mindomys'' ***** Hammond's rice rat, ''Mindomys hammondi'' EN ****Genus: ''Neacomys'' ***** Dubost's bristly mouse, ''Neacomys dubosti'' LC ***** Guiana bristly mouse, ''Neacomys guianae'' LC ***** Jurua bristly mouse, ''Neacomys minutus'' LC ***** Musser's bristly mouse, ''Neacomys musseri'' LC ***** Paracou bristly mouse, ''Neacomys paracou'' LC ***** Common bristly mouse, ''Neacomys spinosus'' LC ***** Narrow-footed bristly mouse, ''Neacomys tenuipes'' LC ****Genus: ''Necromys'' ***** Pleasant bolo mouse, ''Necromys amoenus'' LC ***** Argentine bolo mouse, ''Necromys benefactus'' LC ***** Rufous-bellied bolo mouse, ''Necromys lactens'' LC ***** Hairy-tailed bolo mouse, ''Necromys lasiurus'' LC ***** Paraguayan bolo mouse, ''Necromys lenguarum'' LC ***** Dark bolo mouse, ''Necromys obscurus'' NT ***** Spotted bolo mouse, ''Necromys punctulatus'' DD ***** Temchuk's bolo mouse, ''Necromys temchuki'' LC ***** Northern grass mouse, ''Necromys urichi'' LC ****Genus: ''Nectomys'' ***** Western Amazonian water rat, ''Nectomys apicalis'' LC ***** Magdalena water rat, ''Nectomys magdalenae'' DD ***** Trinidad water rat, ''Nectomys palmipes'' LC ***** Small-footed bristly mouse, ''Nectomys rattus'' LC ***** Scaly-footed water rat, ''Nectomys squamipes'' LC ****Genus: ''Neotomys'' ***** Andean swamp rat, ''Neotomys ebriosus'' LC ****Genus: ''Nephelomys'' ***** Tomes's rice rat, ''Nephelomys albigularis'' LC ***** ''Nephelomys auriventer'' LC ***** Costa Central rice rat, ''Nephelomys caracolus'' LC ***** ''Nephelomys childi'' ***** Keays's rice rat, ''Nephelomys keaysi'' LC ***** Light-footed rice rat, ''Nephelomys levipes'' LC ***** ''Nephelomys maculiventer'' ***** Mérida rice rat, ''Nephelomys meridensis'' LC ***** ''Nephelomys moerex'' ***** ''Nephelomys nimbosus'' ***** ''Nephelomys pectoralis'' ****Genus: ''Nesoryzomys'' ***** Darwin's rice rat, †''Nesoryzomys darwini'' EX ***** Fernandina rice rat, ''Nesoryzomys fernandinae'' VU ***** Indefatigable Galápagos mouse, †''Nesoryzomys indefessus'' EX ***** Nesoryzomys indefessus narboroughi, Fernandina Island Galápagos mouse, ''Nesoryzomys narboroughi'' VU ***** Santiago Galápagos mouse, ''Nesoryzomys swarthi'' VU ****Genus: ''Neusticomys'' ***** Ferreira's fish-eating rat, ''Neusticomys ferreirai'' DD ***** Montane fish-eating rat, ''Neusticomys monticolus'' LC ***** Musso's fish-eating rat, ''Neusticomys mussoi'' EN ***** Oyapock's fish-eating rat, ''Neusticomys oyapocki'' DD ***** Peruvian fish-eating rat, ''Neusticomys peruviensis'' LC ***** Venezuelan fish-eating rat, ''Neusticomys venezuelae'' VU ****Genus: ''Noronhomys'' ***** Vespucci's rodent, †''Noronhomys vespuccii'' EX ****Genus: ''Notiomys'' ***** Edward's long-clawed mouse, ''Notiomys edwardsii'' LC ****Genus: ''Oecomys'' ***** Guianan arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys auyantepui'' LC ***** Bicolored arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys bicolor'' LC ***** Atlantic Forest arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys catherinae'' LC ***** Cleber's arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys cleberi'' DD ***** Unicolored arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys concolor'' LC ***** Yellow arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys flavicans'' LC ***** Mamore arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys mamorae'' LC ***** Brazilian arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys paricola'' DD ***** Dusky arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys phaeotis'' LC ***** King arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys rex'' LC ***** Robert's arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys roberti'' LC ***** Red arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys rutilus'' LC ***** Venezuelan arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys speciosus'' LC ***** Foothill arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys superans'' LC ***** ''Oecomys sydandersoni'' ***** Trinidad arboreal rice rat, ''Oecomys trinitatis'' LC ****Genus: ''Oligoryzomys'' ***** Andean pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys andinus'' LC ***** Sandy pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys arenalis'' LC ***** Brenda's colilargo, ''Oligoryzomys brendae'' DD ***** Chacoan pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys chacoensis'' LC ***** Destructive pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys destructor'' LC ***** Yellow pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys flavescens'' LC ***** Fornes' colilargo, ''Oligoryzomys fornesi'' LC ***** Fulvous pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys fulvescens'' LC ***** Grayish pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys griseolus'' LC ***** Long-tailed pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys longicaudatus'' LC ***** Magellanic pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys magellanicus'' LC ***** Small-eared pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys microtis'' LC ***** Moojen's pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys moojeni'' DD ***** Black-footed pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys nigripes'' LC ***** Rock pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys rupestris'' DD ***** Straw-colored pygmy rice rat, ''Oligoryzomys stramineus'' LC ****Genus: ''Oreoryzomys'' ***** Peruvian rice rat, ''Oreoryzomys balneator'' DD ****Genus: ''Oryzomys'' ***** Coues's rice rat, ''Oryzomys couesi'' LC ***** Gorgas's rice rat, ''Oryzomys gorgasi'' EN ****Genus: ''Oxymycterus'' ***** Argentine hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus akodontius'' DD ***** Amazonian hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus amazonicus'' LC ***** Angular hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus angularis'' LC ***** Caparaó hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus caparoae'' LC ***** Atlantic Forest hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus dasytrichus'' LC ***** Spy hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus delator'' LC ***** Small hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus hiska'' LC ***** Hispid hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus hispidus'' LC ***** Quechuan hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus hucucha'' EN ***** Incan hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus inca'' LC ***** Cook's hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus josei'' EN ***** Long-nosed hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus nasutus'' LC ***** Paramo hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus paramensis'' LC ***** Quaestor hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus quaestor'' LC ***** Robert's hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus roberti'' LC ***** Red hocicudo, ''Oxymycterus rufus'' LC ***** ''Oxymycterus wayku'' ****Genus: ''Paralomys'' ***** Gerbil leaf-eared mouse, ''Paralomys gerbillus'' LC ****Genus: ''Pearsonomys'' ***** Pearson's long-clawed mouse, ''Pearsonomys annectens'' VU ****Genus: ''Phaenomys'' ***** Rio de Janeiro arboreal rat, ''Phaenomys ferrugineus'' VU ****Genus: ''Phyllotis'' ***** ''Phyllotis alisosiensis'' ***** Friendly leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis amicus'' LC ***** Andean leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis andium'' LC ***** Anita's leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis anitae'' DD ***** Buenos Aires leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis bonariensis'' NT ***** Capricorn leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis caprinus'' LC ***** Darwin's leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis darwini'' LC ***** Definitive leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis definitus'' EN ***** Haggard's leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis haggardi'' LC ***** Lima leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis limatus'' LC ***** Master leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis magister'' LC ***** Osgood's leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis osgoodi'' DD ***** Bunchgrass leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis osilae'' LC ***** Wolffsohn's leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis wolffsohni'' LC ***** Yellow-rumped leaf-eared mouse, ''Phyllotis xanthopygus'' LC ****Genus: ''Podoxymys'' ***** Roraima mouse, ''Podoxymys roraimae'' VU ****Genus: ''Pseudoryzomys'' ***** Brazilian false rice rat, ''Pseudoryzomys simplex'' LC ****Genus: ''Punomys'' ***** Eastern puna mouse, ''Punomys kofordi'' VU ***** Puna mouse, ''Punomys lemminus'' VU ****Genus: ''Reithrodon'' ***** Bunny rat, ''Reithrodon auritus'' LC ***** Naked-soled conyrat, ''Reithrodon typicus'' LC ****Genus: ''Rhagomys'' ***** Long-tongued arboreal mouse, ''Rhagomys longilingua'' LC ***** Brazilian arboreal mouse, ''Rhagomys rufescens'' NT ****Genus: ''Rhipidomys'' ***** Southern climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys austrinus'' LC ***** Cariri climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys cariri'' DD ***** Cauca climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys caucensis'' DD ***** Coues's climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys couesi'' LC ***** Eastern Amazon climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys emiliae'' LC ***** Buff-bellied climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys fulviventer'' LC ***** Gardner's climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys gardneri'' LC ***** Broad-footed climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys latimanus'' LC ***** White-footed climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys leucodactylus'' LC ***** MacConnell's climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys macconnelli'' LC ***** Cerrado climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys macrurus'' LC ***** Atlantic Forest climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys mastacalis'' LC ***** Peruvian climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys modicus'' LC ***** Splendid climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys nitela'' LC ***** Yellow-bellied climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys ochrogaster'' DD ***** Venezuelan climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys venezuelae'' LC ***** Charming climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys venustus'' LC ***** Wetzel's climbing mouse, ''Rhipidomys wetzeli'' LC ****Genus: ''Salinomys'' ***** Delicate salt flat mouse, ''Salinomys delicatus'' DD ****Genus: ''Scapteromys'' ***** Argentine swamp rat, ''Scapteromys aquaticus'' LC ***** Plateau swamp rat, ''Scapteromys meridionalis'' ***** Waterhouse's swamp rat, ''Scapteromys tumidus'' LC ****Genus: ''Scolomys'' ***** South American spiny mouse, ''Scolomys melanops'' LC ***** Ucayali spiny mouse, ''Scolomys ucayalensis'' LC ****Genus: ''Sigmodon'' ***** Alston's cotton rat, ''Sigmodon alstoni'' LC ***** Southern cotton rat, ''Sigmodon hirsutus'' LC ***** Unexpected cotton rat, ''Sigmodon inopinatus'' VU ***** Peruvian cotton rat, ''Sigmodon peruanus'' LC ****Genus: ''Sigmodontomys'' ***** Alfaro's rice water rat, ''Sigmodontomys alfari'' LC ***** Harris's rice water rat, ''Sigmodontomys aphrastus'' DD ****Genus: ''Sooretamys'' ***** Paraguayan rice rat, ''Sooretamys angouya'' LC ****Genus: ''Tapecomys'' ***** ''Tapecomys wolffsohni'' ***** Primordial tapecua, ''Tapecomys primus'' LC ****Genus: ''Thalpomys'' ***** Cerrado mouse, ''Thalpomys cerradensis'' LC ***** Hairy-eared cerrado mouse, ''Thalpomys lasiotis'' LC ****Genus: ''Thaptomys'' ***** Blackish grass mouse, ''Thaptomys nigrita'' LC ****Genus: ''Thomasomys'' ***** Anderson's Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys andersoni'' ***** Apeco Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys apeco'' VU ***** Golden Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys aureus'' LC ***** Beady-eyed mouse, ''Thomasomys baeops'' LC ***** Silky Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys bombycinus'' DD ***** White-tipped Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys caudivarius'' LC ***** Ashy-bellied Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys cinereiventer'' LC ***** Ash-colored Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys cinereus'' LC ***** Cinnamon-colored Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys cinnameus'' LC ***** Daphne's Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys daphne'' LC ***** Peruvian Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys eleusis'' LC ***** Wandering Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys erro'' LC ***** Slender Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys gracilis'' NT ***** Hudson's Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys hudsoni'' DD ***** Woodland Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys hylophilus'' EN ***** Inca Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys incanus'' VU ***** Strong-tailed Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys ischyurus'' VU ***** Kalinowski's Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys kalinowskii'' VU ***** Ladew's Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys ladewi'' LC ***** Soft-furred Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys laniger'' LC ***** Large-eared Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys macrotis'' VU ***** Unicolored Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys monochromos'' EN ***** Snow-footed Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys niveipes'' LC ***** Distinguished Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys notatus'' LC ***** Ashaninka Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys onkiro'' VU ***** Montane Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys oreas'' LC ***** Paramo Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys paramorum'' LC ***** Popayán Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys popayanus'' DD ***** Cajamarca Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys praetor'' DD ***** Thomas's Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys pyrrhonotus'' VU ***** Rhoads's Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys rhoadsi'' LC ***** Rosalinda's Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys rosalinda'' DD ***** Forest Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys silvestris'' LC ***** Taczanowski's Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys taczanowskii'' LC ***** Ucucha Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys ucucha'' VU ***** Dressy Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys vestitus'' LC ***** Pichincha Oldfield mouse, ''Thomasomys vulcani'' DD ****Genus: ''Transandinomys'' ***** Bolivar rice rat, ''Transandinomys bolivaris'' LC ***** Talamancan rice rat, ''Transandinomys talamancae'' LC ****Genus: ''Wiedomys'' ***** Cerrado red-nosed mouse, ''Wiedomys cerradensis'' DD ***** Red-nosed mouse, ''Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos'' LC ****Genus: ''Wilfredomys'' ***** Greater Wilfred's mouse, ''Wilfredomys oenax'' EN ****Genus: ''Zygodontomys'' ***** Short-tailed cane mouse, ''Zygodontomys brevicauda'' LC ***** Brown cane mouse, ''Zygodontomys brunneus'' LC

=Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)

= ----

Sylvilagus brasiliensis andinus (12687595295)

The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a Taxonomic rank, superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two. South America's meager lagomorph diversity (6 species compared to List of mammals of North America#Lagomorphs, 18 for North America north of Mexico) reflects their recent arrival and failure (so far) to diversify much. Only the tapeti is present south of northern South America; lagomorphs are absent from most of South America's southern cone. *Family: Leporidae (rabbits, hares) **Genus: ''Sylvilagus'' *** Andean cottontail, ''Sylvilagus andinus'' NE *** Tapeti, ''Sylvilagus brasiliensis'' LC *** Eastern cottontail, ''Sylvilagus floridanus'' LC *** Suriname lowland forest cottontail, ''Sylvilagus parentum'' NE *** Sylvilagus tapetillus, Rio de Janeiro dwarf rabbit, ''Sylvilagus tapetillus'' NE *** Venezuelan lowland rabbit, ''Sylvilagus varynaensis'' DD

Superorder: Laurasiatheria

=Order: Eulipotyphla (shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and solenodons)

= ---- Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals. Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice, hedgehogs carry spines, while Mole (animal), moles are stout-bodied burrowers. In South America, shrews are only found in the north (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru), a legacy of their relatively recent immigration to the continent by way of

(where shrew species are List of mammals of Central America#Order: Eulipotyphla (shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and solenodons), considerably more diverse). Moles are not found in the Americas south of northern Mexico. *Family: Soricidae (shrews) **Subfamily: Soricinae ***Tribe: Blarinini ****Genus: ''Cryptotis'' *****''C. nigrescens'' group ****** Eastern Cordillera small-footed shrew, ''Cryptotis brachyonyx'' DD ****** Colombian small-eared shrew, ''Cryptotis colombiana'' LC ****** Darién small-eared shrew, ''Cryptotis mera'' EN *****''C. thomasi'' group ****** Ecuadoran small-eared shrew, ''Cryptotis equatoris'' LC ****** Medellín small-eared shrew, ''Cryptotis medellinia'' LC ****** Merida small-eared shrew, ''Cryptotis meridensis'' LC ****** Wandering small-eared shrew, ''Cryptotis montivaga'' LC ****** Peruvian small-eared shrew, ''Cryptotis peruviensis'' DD ****** Scaly-footed small-eared shrew, ''Cryptotis squamipes'' LC ****** Tamá small-eared shrew, ''Cryptotis tamensis'' LC ****** Thomas' small-eared shrew, ''Cryptotis thomasi'' LC

=Order: Chiroptera (bats)

= ----

The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals. *Family: Noctilionidae (bulldog bats) **Genus: ''Noctilio'' *** Lesser bulldog bat, ''Noctilio albiventris'' LC *** Greater bulldog bat, ''Noctilio leporinus'' LC *Family: Vespertilionidae **Subfamily: Myotinae ***Genus: ''Myotis'' **** Southern myotis, ''Myotis aelleni'' DD **** Silver-tipped myotis, ''Myotis albescens'' LC **** Atacama myotis, ''Myotis atacamensis'' NT **** Chilean myotis, ''Myotis chiloensis'' LC **** ''Myotis dinellii'' LC **** Hairy-legged myotis, ''Myotis keaysi'' LC **** Yellowish myotis, ''Myotis levis'' LC **** ''Myotis midastactus'' NE **** Curacao myotis, ''Myotis nesopolus'' LC **** Black myotis, ''Myotis nigricans'' LC **** Montane myotis, ''Myotis oxyotus'' LC **** Riparian myotis, ''Myotis riparius'' LC **** Red myotis, ''Myotis ruber'' NT **** Velvety myotis, ''Myotis simus'' DD **Subfamily: Vespertilioninae ***Genus: ''Eptesicus'' **** Little black serotine, ''Eptesicus andinus'' LC **** Brazilian brown bat, ''Eptesicus brasiliensis'' LC **** Chiriquinan serotine, ''Eptesicus chiriquinus'' LC **** Diminutive serotine, ''Eptesicus diminutus'' DD **** Argentine brown bat, ''Eptesicus furinalis'' LC **** Big brown bat, ''Eptesicus fuscus'' LC **** Harmless serotine, ''Eptesicus innoxius'' NT **** ''Eptesicus taddeii'' ***Genus: ''Histiotus'' **** Strange big-eared brown bat, ''Histiotus alienus'' DD **** Humboldt big-eared brown bat, ''Histiotus humboldti'' DD **** Thomas's big-eared brown bat, ''Histiotus laephotis'' NT **** Big-eared brown bat, ''Histiotus macrotus'' LC **** Southern big-eared brown bat, ''Histiotus magellanicus'' LC **** Small big-eared brown bat, ''Histiotus montanus'' LC **** Tropical big-eared brown bat, ''Histiotus velatus'' DD ***Genus: ''Lasiurus'' **** ''Lasiurus atratus'' LC **** Desert red bat, ''Lasiurus blossevillii'' LC **** Tacarcuna bat, ''Lasiurus castaneus'' DD **** Hoary bat, ''Lasiurus cinereus'' LC **** Hairy-tailed bat, ''Lasiurus ebenus'' DD **** Southern yellow bat, ''Lasiurus ega'' LC **** Big red bat, ''Lasiurus egregius'' DD **** Pfeiffer's red bat, ''Lasiurus pfeifferi'' **** Saline red bat, ''Lasiurus salinae'' **** Cinnamon red bat, ''Lasiurus varius'' LC ***Genus: ''Rhogeessa'' **** Husson's yellow bat, ''Rhogeessa hussoni'' DD **** Thomas's yellow bat, ''Rhogeessa io'' LC **** Tiny yellow bat, ''Rhogeessa minutilla'' VU **Subfamily: Tomopeatinae ***Genus: ''Tomopeas'' **** Blunt-eared bat, ''Tomopeas ravus'' VU Eumops perotis

*Family: Molossidae (free-tailed bats) **Genus: ''Cynomops'' *** Cinnamon dog-faced bat, ''Cynomops abrasus'' DD *** Greenhall's dog-faced bat, ''Cynomops greenhalli'' LC *** Para dog-faced bat, ''Cynomops paranus'' DD *** Southern dog-faced bat, ''Cynomops planirostris'' LC **Genus: ''Eumops'' *** Black bonneted bat, ''Eumops auripendulus'' LC *** Dwarf bonneted bat, ''Eumops bonariensis'' LC *** Big bonneted bat, ''Eumops dabbenei'' LC *** Wagner's bonneted bat, ''Eumops glaucinus'' LC *** Sanborn's bonneted bat, ''Eumops hansae'' LC *** Guianan bonneted bat, ''Eumops maurus'' DD *** Patagonian bonneted bat, ''Eumops patagonicus'' LC *** Western mastiff bat, ''Eumops perotis'' LC *** Colombian bonneted bat, ''Eumops trumbulli'' LC *** Eumops wilsoni, Wilson's bonneted bat, ''Eumops wilsoni'' **Genus: ''Molossops'' *** Equatorial dog-faced bat, ''Molossops aequatorianus'' VU *** Mato Grosso dog-faced bat, ''Molossops mattogrossensis'' LC *** Rufous dog-faced bat, ''Molossops neglectus'' DD *** Dwarf dog-faced bat, ''Molossops temminckii'' LC **Genus: ''Molossus (genus), Molossus'' *** Barnes's mastiff bat, ''Molossus barnesi'' DD *** Coiban mastiff bat, ''Molossus coibensis'' LC *** Bonda mastiff bat, ''Molossus currentium'' LC *** Velvety free-tailed bat, ''Molossus molossus'' LC *** Miller's mastiff bat, ''Molossus pretiosus'' LC *** Black mastiff bat, ''Molossus rufus'' LC *** Sinaloan mastiff bat, ''Molossus sinaloae'' LC *** ''Molossus trinitatis'' **Genus: ''Mormopterus'' *** Kalinowski's mastiff bat, ''Mormopterus kalinowskii'' LC *** Incan little mastiff bat, ''Mormopterus phrudus'' VU **Genus: ''Nyctinomops'' *** Peale's free-tailed bat, ''Nyctinomops aurispinosus'' LC *** Broad-eared bat, ''Nyctinomops laticaudatus'' LC *** Big free-tailed bat, ''Nyctinomops macrotis'' LC **Genus: ''Promops'' *** Big crested mastiff bat, ''Promops centralis'' LC *** Brown mastiff bat, ''Promops nasutus'' LC **Genus: ''Tadarida'' *** Mexican free-tailed bat, ''Tadarida brasiliensis'' LC *Family: Emballonuridae (ghost bats, sac-winged bats and allies) **Genus: ''Balantiopteryx'' *** Ecuadorian sac-winged bat, ''Balantiopteryx infusca'' EN *** Gray sac-winged bat, ''Balantiopteryx plicata'' LC **Genus: ''Centronycteris'' *** Thomas's shaggy bat, ''Centronycteris centralis'' LC *** Shaggy bat, ''Centronycteris maximiliani'' LC **Genus: ''Cormura'' *** Chestnut sac-winged bat, ''Cormura brevirostris'' LC **Genus: ''Cyttarops'' *** Short-eared bat, ''Cyttarops alecto'' LC **Genus: ''Diclidurus'' *** Northern ghost bat, ''Diclidurus albus'' LC *** Greater ghost bat, ''Diclidurus ingens'' DD *** Isabelle's ghost bat, ''Diclidurus isabella'' LC *** Lesser ghost bat, ''Diclidurus scutatus'' LC **Genus: ''Peropteryx'' *** Greater dog-like bat, ''Peropteryx kappleri'' LC *** White-winged dog-like bat, ''Peropteryx leucoptera'' LC *** Lesser doglike bat, ''Peropteryx macrotis'' LC *** Trinidad dog-like bat, ''Peropteryx trinitatis'' DD *** Pale-winged dog-like bat, ''Peropteryx pallidoptera'' **Genus: ''Rhynchonycteris'' *** Proboscis bat, ''Rhynchonycteris naso'' LC **Genus: ''Saccopteryx'' *** Antioquian sac-winged bat, ''Saccopteryx antioquensis'' DD *** Greater sac-winged bat, ''Saccopteryx bilineata'' LC *** Frosted sac-winged bat, ''Saccopteryx canescens'' LC *** Amazonian sac-winged bat, ''Saccopteryx gymnura'' DD *** Lesser sac-winged bat, ''Saccopteryx leptura'' LC

*Family: Mormoopidae (mustached bats) **Genus: ''Mormoops'' *** Ghost-faced bat, ''Mormoops megalophylla'' LC **Genus: ''Pteronotus'' *** Davy's naked-backed bat, ''Pteronotus davyi'' LC *** Big naked-backed bat, ''Pteronotus gymnonotus'' LC *** Paraguana moustached bat, ''Pteronotus paraguanensis'' EN *** Parnell's mustached bat, ''Pteronotus parnellii'' LC *** Wagner's mustached bat, ''Pteronotus personatus'' LC Lophostoma

Intro wide polls intro vertebrate species 3

Platalina genovensium-JMaloMolina-Acos Peru-09 10 2010

*Family: Phyllostomidae (leaf-nosed bats) **Subfamily: Phyllostominae ***Genus: ''Chrotopterus'' **** Big-eared woolly bat, ''Chrotopterus auritus'' LC ***Genus: ''Glyphonycteris'' **** Behn's bat, ''Glyphonycteris behnii'' DD **** Davies's big-eared bat, ''Glyphonycteris daviesi'' LC **** Tricolored big-eared bat, ''Glyphonycteris sylvestris'' LC ***Genus: ''Lampronycteris'' **** Yellow-throated big-eared bat, ''Lampronycteris brachyotis'' LC ***Genus: ''Lonchorhina'' **** Tomes's sword-nosed bat, ''Lonchorhina aurita'' LC **** Fernandez's sword-nosed bat, ''Lonchorhina fernandezi'' EN **** Northern sword-nosed bat, ''Lonchorhina inusitata'' DD **** Marinkelle's sword-nosed bat, ''Lonchorhina marinkellei'' EN **** Orinoco sword-nosed bat, ''Lonchorhina orinocensis'' VU ***Genus: ''Lophostoma'' **** ''Lophostoma aequatorialis'' DD **** Pygmy round-eared bat, ''Lophostoma brasiliense'' LC **** Carriker's round-eared bat, ''Lophostoma carrikeri'' LC **** Schultz's round-eared bat, ''Lophostoma schulzi'' LC **** White-throated round-eared bat, ''Lophostoma silvicolum'' LC **** ''Lophostoma yasuni'' DD ***Genus: ''Macrophyllum (genus), Macrophyllum'' **** Long-legged bat, ''Macrophyllum macrophyllum'' LC ***Genus: ''Micronycteris'' **** Brosset's big-eared bat, ''Micronycteris brosseti'' DD **** ''Micronycteris giovanniae'' **** Hairy big-eared bat, ''Micronycteris hirsuta'' LC **** Pirlot's big-eared bat, ''Micronycteris homezi'' **** Matses' big-eared bat, ''Micronycteris matses'' DD **** Little big-eared bat, ''Micronycteris megalotis'' LC **** Common big-eared bat, ''Micronycteris microtis'' LC **** White-bellied big-eared bat, ''Micronycteris minuta'' LC **** Sanborn's big-eared bat, ''Micronycteris sanborni'' DD **** Schmidts's big-eared bat, ''Micronycteris schmidtorum'' LC ***Genus: ''Mimon'' **** Golden bat, ''Mimon bennettii'' LC **** Cozumelan golden bat, ''Mimon cozumelae'' LC **** Striped hairy-nosed bat, ''Mimon crenulatum'' LC **** Koepcke's hairy-nosed bat, ''Mimon koepckeae'' DD ***Genus: ''Neonycteris'' **** Least big-eared bat, ''Neonycteris pusilla'' VU ***Genus: ''Phylloderma'' **** Pale-faced bat, ''Phylloderma stenops'' LC ***Genus: ''Phyllostomus'' **** Pale spear-nosed bat, ''Phyllostomus discolor'' LC **** Lesser spear-nosed bat, ''Phyllostomus elongatus'' LC **** Greater spear-nosed bat, ''Phyllostomus hastatus'' LC **** Guianan spear-nosed bat, ''Phyllostomus latifolius'' LC ***Genus: ''Tonatia'' **** Greater round-eared bat, ''Tonatia bidens'' DD **** Stripe-headed round-eared bat, ''Tonatia saurophila'' LC ***Genus: ''Trachops'' **** Fringe-lipped bat, ''Trachops cirrhosus'' LC ***Genus: ''Trinycteris'' **** Niceforo's big-eared bat, ''Trinycteris nicefori'' LC ***Genus: ''Vampyrum'' **** Spectral bat, ''Vampyrum spectrum'' NT **Subfamily: Glossophaginae ***Genus: ''Anoura'' **** ''Anoura aequatoris'' **** Cadena's tailless bat, ''Anoura cadenai'' **** Tailed tailless bat, ''Anoura caudifer'' LC **** Handley's tailless bat, ''Anoura cultrata'' NT **** Tube-lipped nectar bat, ''Anoura fistulata'' DD **** Geoffroy's tailless bat, ''Anoura geoffroyi'' LC **** Broad-toothed tailless bat, ''Anoura latidens'' LC **** Luis Manuel's tailless bat, ''Anoura luismanueli'' LC ***Genus: ''Choeroniscus'' **** Godman's long-tailed bat, ''Choeroniscus godmani'' LC **** Minor long-nosed long-tongued bat, ''Choeroniscus minor'' LC **** Greater long-tailed bat, ''Choeroniscus periosus'' VU ***Genus: ''Glossophaga'' **** Commissaris's long-tongued bat, ''Glossophaga commissarisi'' LC **** Miller's long-tongued bat, ''Glossophaga longirostris'' DD **** Pallas's long-tongued bat, ''Glossophaga soricina'' LC ***Genus: ''Leptonycteris'' **** Southern long-nosed bat, ''Leptonycteris curasoae'' VU ***Genus: ''Lichonycteris'' **** Dark long-tongued bat, ''Lichonycteris obscura'' LC ***Genus: ''Lionycteris'' **** Chestnut long-tongued bat, ''Lionycteris spurrelli'' LC ***Genus: ''Lonchophylla'' **** Bokermann's nectar bat, ''Lonchophylla bokermanni'' DD **** ''Lonchophylla cadenai'' **** Chocoan long-tongued bat, ''Lonchophylla chocoana'' DD **** Goldman's nectar bat, ''Lonchophylla concava'' NT **** Dekeyser's nectar bat, ''Lonchophylla dekeyseri'' NT **** ''Lonchophylla fornicata'' **** Handley's nectar bat, ''Lonchophylla handleyi'' LC **** Western nectar bat, ''Lonchophylla hesperia'' VU **** Godman's nectar bat, ''Lonchophylla mordax'' LC **** Orcés's long-tongued bat, ''Lonchophylla orcesi'' DD **** ''Lonchophylla pattoni'' **** Orange nectar bat, ''Lonchophylla robusta'' LC **** Thomas's nectar bat, ''Lonchophylla thomasi'' LC ***Genus: ''Platalina'' **** Long-snouted bat, ''Platalina genovensium'' NT ***Genus: ''Scleronycteris'' **** Ega long-tongued bat, ''Scleronycteris ega'' LC **Subfamily: Carolliinae ***Genus: ''Carollia'' **** Benkeith's short-tailed bat, ''Carollia benkeithi'' **** Silky short-tailed bat, ''Carollia brevicauda'' LC **** Chestnut short-tailed bat, ''Carollia castanea'' LC **** Colombian short-tailed bat, ''Carollia colombiana'' **** Manu short-tailed bat, ''Carollia manu'' LC **** Mono's short-tailed bat, ''Carollia monohernandezi'' **** Seba's short-tailed bat, ''Carollia perspicillata'' LC ***Genus: ''Rhinophylla'' **** Hairy little fruit bat, ''Rhinophylla alethina'' NT **** Fischer's little fruit bat, ''Rhinophylla fischerae'' LC **** Dwarf little fruit bat, ''Rhinophylla pumilio'' LC **Subfamily: Stenodermatinae ***Genus: ''Ametrida'' **** Little white-shouldered bat, ''Ametrida centurio'' LC ***Genus: ''Artibeus'' **** Large fruit-eating bat, ''Artibeus amplus'' LC **** Brown fruit-eating bat, ''Artibeus concolor'' LC **** Fringed fruit-eating bat, ''Artibeus fimbriatus'' LC **** Fraternal fruit-eating bat, ''Artibeus fraterculus'' LC **** Jamaican fruit bat, ''Artibeus jamaicensis'' LC **** Great fruit-eating bat, ''Artibeus lituratus'' LC **** Dark fruit-eating bat, ''Artibeus obscurus'' LC **** Flat-faced fruit-eating bat, ''Artibeus planirostris'' LC ***Genus: ''Wrinkle-faced bat, Centurio'' **** Wrinkle-faced bat, ''Centurio senex'' LC ***Genus: ''Chiroderma'' **** Brazilian big-eyed bat, ''Chiroderma doriae'' LC **** Salvin's big-eyed bat, ''Chiroderma salvini'' LC **** Little big-eyed bat, ''Chiroderma trinitatum'' LC **** Hairy big-eyed bat, ''Chiroderma villosum'' LC ***Genus: ''Dermanura'' **** Andersen's fruit-eating bat, ''Dermanura anderseni'' LC **** Bogota fruit-eating bat, ''Dermanura bogotensis'' LC **** Gervais's fruit-eating bat, ''Dermanura cinerea'' LC **** Silver fruit-eating bat, ''Dermanura glauca'' LC **** Gnome fruit-eating bat, ''Dermanura gnoma'' LC **** Pygmy fruit-eating bat, ''Dermanura phaeotis'' LC **** ''Dermanura rava'' NE **** Rosenberg's fruit-eating bat, ''Dermanura rosenbergi'' DD **** Toltec fruit-eating bat, ''Dermanura tolteca'' LC **** Thomas's fruit-eating bat, ''Dermanura watsoni'' LC ***Genus: ''Enchisthenes'' **** Velvety fruit-eating bat, ''Enchisthenes hartii'' LC ***Genus: ''Mesophylla'' **** MacConnell's bat, ''Mesophylla macconnelli'' LC ***Genus: ''Platyrrhinus'' **** Alberico's broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus alberico'' LC **** Slender broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus angustirostris'' **** ''Platyrrhinus aquilus'' **** Eldorado broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus aurarius'' LC **** Short-headed broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus brachycephalus'' LC **** Choco broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus chocoensis'' EN **** Thomas's broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus dorsalis'' LC **** Brown-bellied broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus fusciventris'' **** Heller's broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus helleri'' LC **** ''Platyrrhinus incarum'' **** Buffy broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus infuscus'' LC **** Platyrrhinus ismaeli, Ismael's broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus ismaeli'' VU **** White-lined broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus lineatus'' LC **** Quechua broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus masu'' LC **** Matapalo broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus matapalensis'' NT **** Geoffroy's rayed bat, ''Platyrrhinus nigellus'' LC **** ''Platyrrhinus nitelinea'' **** Recife broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus recifinus'' LC **** Shadowy broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus umbratus'' DD **** Greater broad-nosed bat, ''Platyrrhinus vittatus'' LC ***Genus: ''Sphaeronycteris'' **** Visored bat, ''Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum'' DD ***Genus: ''Pygoderma'' **** Ipanema bat, ''Pygoderma bilabiatum'' LC ***Genus: ''Sturnira'' **** Aratathomas's yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira aratathomasi'' NT **** Bidentate yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira bidens'' LC **** Bogota yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira bogotensis'' LC **** Hairy yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira erythromos'' LC **** Sturnira koopmanhilli, Chocó yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira koopmanhilli'' **** Little yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira lilium'' LC **** Highland yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira ludovici'' LC **** Louis's yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira luisi'' LC **** Greater yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira magna'' LC **** Mistratoan yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira mistratensis'' DD **** Talamancan yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira mordax'' NT **** Lesser yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira nana'' EN **** Tschudi's yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira oporaphilum'' NT **** Soriano's yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira sorianoi'' DD **** Tilda's yellow-shouldered bat, ''Sturnira tildae'' LC ***Genus: ''Uroderma'' **** Tent-making bat, ''Uroderma bilobatum'' LC **** Brown tent-making bat, ''Uroderma magnirostrum'' LC ***Genus: ''Vampyressa'' **** Bidentate yellow-eared bat, ''Vampyressa bidens'' LC **** Brock's yellow-eared bat, ''Vampyressa brocki'' LC **** Melissa's yellow-eared bat, ''Vampyressa melissa'' VU **** Striped yellow-eared bat, ''Vampyressa nymphaea'' LC **** Southern little yellow-eared bat, ''Vampyressa pusilla'' DD **** Northern little yellow-eared bat, ''Vampyressa thyone'' LC ***Genus: ''Vampyrodes'' **** Great stripe-faced bat, ''Vampyrodes caraccioli'' LC **Subfamily: Desmodontinae ***Genus: ''Desmodus'' **** Common vampire bat, ''Desmodus rotundus'' LC ***Genus: ''Diaemus'' **** White-winged vampire bat, ''Diaemus youngi'' LC ***Genus: ''Diphylla'' **** Hairy-legged vampire bat, ''Diphylla ecaudata'' LC *Family: Natalidae (funnel-eared bats) **Genus: ''Chilonatalus'' *** Cuban funnel-eared bat, ''Chilonatalus micropus'' NT **Genus: ''Natalus'' *** Brazilian funnel-eared bat, ''Natalus espiritosantensis'' NT *** Trinidadian funnel-eared bat, ''Natalus tumidirostris'' LC *Family: Furipteridae (thumbless bats) **Genus: ''Amorphochilus'' *** Smoky bat, ''Amorphochilus schnablii'' EN **Genus: ''Furipterus'' *** Thumbless bat, ''Furipterus horrens'' LC *Family: Thyropteridae (disc-winged bats) **Genus: ''Thyroptera'' *** Peters's disk-winged bat, ''Thyroptera discifera'' LC *** de Vivo's disk-winged bat, ''Thyroptera devivoi'' DD *** LaVal's disk-winged bat, ''Thyroptera lavali'' DD *** Spix's disk-winged bat, ''Thyroptera tricolor'' LC

=Order: Carnivora (carnivorans)

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There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition. South America is notable for its diversity of canids, having Talk:Great American Interchange#Canid species/genera by continent, more genera than any other continent in spite of their relatively brief history there. South America's felid diversity is also List of mammals of North America#Carnivora, greater than that of North America north of Mexico, while its mustelid diversity is comparable and its mephitid and ursid diversities are lower. Its procyonid diversity is somewhat less than List of mammals of Central America#Order: Carnivora (carnivorans), that of Central America, the center of the family's recent evolution. The diversification of canids and felids in South America was partly a consequence of the inability of the continent's native Phorusrhacidae, avian and Sparassodonta, metatherian predators to compete effectively following the

. *Suborder: Feliformia **Family: Felidae (cats) ***Subfamily: Felinae ****Genus: ''Herpailurus'' ***** Jaguarundi, ''Herpailurus yagouaroundi'' LC ****Genus: ''Puma (genus), Puma'' ***** Cougar, ''Puma concolor'' LC ****Genus: ''Leopardus'' ***** Pampas cat, ''Leopardus colocolo'' NT ***** Geoffroy's cat, ''Leopardus geoffroyi'' LC ***** Kodkod, ''Leopardus guigna'' VU ***** Southern tigrina, ''Leopardus guttulus'' VU ***** Andean mountain cat, ''Leopardus jacobita'' EN ***** Ocelot, ''Leopardus pardalis'' LC ***** Oncilla, ''Leopardus tigrinus'' VU ***** Margay, ''Leopardus wiedii'' NT ***Subfamily: Pantherinae ****Genus: ''Panthera'' ***** Jaguar, ''Panthera onca'' NT *Suborder: Caniformia **Family: Canidae (dogs, foxes) ***Genus: ''Dusicyon'' **** Falkland Island wolf, ''Dusicyon australis'' EX **** ''Dusicyon avus'' EX ***Genus: ''Lycalopex'' **** Culpeo, ''Lycalopex culpaeus'' LC **** Darwin's fox, ''Lycalopex fulvipes'' EN **** South American gray fox, ''Lycalopex griseus'' LC **** Pampas fox, ''Lycalopex gymnocercus'' LC **** Sechuran fox, ''Lycalopex sechurae'' NT **** Hoary fox, ''Lycalopex vetulus'' LC ***Genus: ''Cerdocyon'' **** Crab-eating fox, ''Cerdocyon thous'' LC ***Genus: ''Atelocynus'' **** Short-eared dog, ''Atelocynus microtis'' NT ***Genus: ''Speothos'' **** Bush dog, ''Speothos venaticus'' NT ***Genus: ''Chrysocyon'' **** Maned wolf, ''Chrysocyon brachyurus'' NT ***Genus: ''Urocyon'' **** Gray fox, ''Urocyon cinereoargenteus'' LC **Family: Ursidae (bears) ***Genus: ''Tremarctos'' **** Spectacled bear, ''Tremarctos ornatus'' VU **Family: Procyonidae (raccoons, coatis and allies) ***Genus: ''Procyon (genus), Procyon'' **** Crab-eating raccoon, ''Procyon cancrivorus'' LC ***Genus: ''Nasua'' **** White-nosed coati, ''Nasua narica'' LC **** South American coati, ''Nasua nasua'' LC ***Genus: ''Nasuella'' **** Eastern mountain coati, ''Nasuella meridensis'' EN **** Western mountain coati, ''Nasuella olivacea'' NT ***Genus: ''Potos'' **** Kinkajou, ''Potos flavus'' LC ***Genus: ''Bassaricyon'' **** Bassaricyon alleni, Eastern lowland olingo, ''Bassaricyon alleni'' LC **** Western lowland olingo, ''Bassaricyon medius'' LC **** Olinguito, ''Bassaricyon neblina'' NT **Family: Mustelidae (weasels, otters) ***Genus: ''Neogale'' **** Amazon weasel, ''Neogale africana'' LC **** Colombian weasel, ''Neogale felipei'' VU **** Long-tailed weasel, ''Neogale frenata'' LC ***Genus: ''Tayra, Eira'' **** Tayra, ''Eira barbara'' LC ***Genus: ''Galictis'' **** Lesser grison, ''Galictis cuja'' LC **** Greater grison, ''Galictis vittata'' LC ***Genus: ''Lyncodon'' **** Patagonian weasel, ''Lyncodon patagonicus'' LC ***Genus: ''Lontra'' **** Marine otter, ''Lontra felina'' EN **** Neotropical river otter, ''Lontra longicaudis'' NT **** Southern river otter, ''Lontra provocax'' EN ***Genus: ''Pteronura'' **** Giant otter, ''Pteronura brasiliensis'' EN **Family: Mephitidae (skunks) ***Genus: ''Conepatus'' **** Molina's hog-nosed skunk, ''Conepatus chinga'' LC **** Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk, ''Conepatus humboldtii'' LC **** Striped hog-nosed skunk, ''Conepatus semistriatus'' LC **Clade: Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions and walruses) ***Family: Otariidae (eared seals, sea lions) ****Genus: ''Arctocephalus'' ***** South American fur seal, ''Arctocephalus australis'' LC ***** Galápagos fur seal, ''Arctocephalus galapagoensis'' EN ***** Antarctic fur seal, ''Arctocephalus gazella'' LC ***** Juan Fernández fur seal, ''Arctocephalus philippii'' LC ***** Subantarctic fur seal, ''Arctocephalus tropicalis'' LC ****Genus: ''Otaria'' ***** South American sea lion, ''Otaria flavescens'' LC ****Genus: ''Zalophus'' ***** Galápagos sea lion, ''Zalophus wollebaeki'' EN ***Family: Phocidae (earless seals) ****Genus: ''Hydrurga'' ***** Leopard seal, ''Hydrurga leptonyx'' LC ****Genus: ''Leptonychotes'' ***** Weddell seal, ''Leptonychotes weddellii'' LC ****Genus: ''Lobodon'' ***** Crabeater seal, ''Lobodon carcinophaga'' LC ****Genus: ''Mirounga'' ***** Southern elephant seal, ''Mirounga leonina'' LC ****Genus: ''Monachus'' ***** Caribbean monk seal, †''Monachus tropicalis'' EX

=Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)

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The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals. They are usually large to very large, and have relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. Following the interchange with North America, South America's odd-toed ungulates included Equidae, equids of genus ''Equus (genus), Equus'' as well as tapirs. Equids died out in both North and South America around the time of the first arrival of humans, while tapirs died out in most of North America but survived in Central and South America. South America also once had a great diversity of Meridiungulata, ungulates of native origin, but these dwindled after the interchange with North America, and disappeared entirely following the arrival of humans. Sequencing of collagen from fossils of one recently extinct species each of notoungulates and litopterns has indicated that these orders comprise a sister group to the perissodactyls. If, as some evidence suggests, perissodactyls originated in India, both ungulate groups may have been of

n origin, despite being laurasiatheres. *Family: Tapiridae (tapirs) **Genus: ''Tapirus'' *** Baird's tapir, ''Tapirus bairdii'' EN *** Mountain tapir, ''Tapirus pinchaque'' EN *** South American tapir, Lowland tapir, ''Tapirus terrestris'' VU

=Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates and cetaceans)

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The weight of even-toed ungulates is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 noncetacean artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans. South America's Talk:Great American Interchange#Cervid species/genera by continent, considerable cervid diversity belies their relatively recent arrival. The presence of camelids in South America but not North America today is ironic, given that they have a Camelid#Evolution, 45-million-year-long history in the latter continent (where they originated), and only a 3-million-year history in the former. *Family: Tayassuidae (peccaries) **Genus: ''Catagonus'' *** Chacoan peccary, ''Catagonus wagneri'' EN **Genus: ''Dicotyles'' *** Collared peccary, ''Dicotyles tajacu'' LC **Genus: ''Tayassu'' *** White-lipped peccary, ''Tayassu pecari'' VU *Family: Camelidae (camels, llamas) **Genus: ''Lama (genus), Lama'' *** Guanaco, ''Lama guanicoe'' LC *** Vicuña, ''Lama vicugna'' LC *Family: Cervidae (deer) **Subfamily: Capreolinae ***Genus: ''Blastocerus'' **** Marsh deer, ''Blastocerus dichotomus'' VU ***Genus: ''Hippocamelus'' **** Taruca, ''Hippocamelus antisensis'' VU **** South Andean deer, ''Hippocamelus bisulcus'' EN ***Genus: ''Brocket deer, Mazama'' **** Red brocket, ''Mazama americana'' DD **** Small red brocket, ''Mazama bororo'' VU **** Merida brocket, ''Mazama bricenii'' VU **** Dwarf brocket, ''Mazama chunyi'' VU **** Gray brocket, ''Mazama gouazoupira'' LC **** Pygmy brocket, ''Mazama nana'' VU **** Amazonian brown brocket, ''Mazama nemorivaga'' LC **** Little red brocket, ''Mazama rufina'' VU **** Central American red brocket, ''Mazama temama'' DD ***Genus: ''Odocoileus'' **** White-tailed deer, ''Odocoileus virginianus'' LC ***Genus: ''Ozotoceros'' **** Pampas deer, ''Ozotoceros bezoarticus'' NT ***Genus: ''Pudú'' **** Northern pudú, ''Pudu mephistophiles'' VU **** Southern pudú, ''Pudu puda'' NT **Subfamily: Cervinae ***Genus: ''Dama (genus), Dama'' **** European fallow deer, ''D. dama'' LC introduced

Infraorder: Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises)

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Sei whale mother and calf Christin Khan NOAA

Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) NOAA

Globicephala macrorhynchus Kurzflossen-Grindwal DSCF8148

The infraorder Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully aquatic adaptation, adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater. Their closest extant relatives are the Hippopotamidae, hippos, which are artiodactyls, from which cetaceans descended; cetaceans are thus also artiodactyls. *Parvorder: Mysticeti **Family: Balaenidae (right whales) ***Genus: ''Eubalaena'' **** Southern right whale, ''Eubalaena australis'' LC **Family: Balaenopteridae (rorquals) ***Subfamily: Balaenopterinae ****Genus: ''Balaenoptera'' ***** Common minke whale, ''Balaenoptera acutorostrata'' LC ***** Antarctic minke whale, ''Balaenoptera bonaerensis'' NT ***** Sei whale, ''Balaenoptera borealis'' EN ***** Bryde's whale, ''Balaenoptera brydei'' NE ***** Blue whale, ''Balaenoptera musculus'' EN ***** Fin whale, ''Balaenoptera physalus'' VU ***Subfamily: Megapterinae ****Genus: ''Megaptera'' ***** Humpback whale, ''Megaptera novaeangliae'' LC **Family: Neobalaenidae ***Genus: ''Caperea'' **** Pygmy right whale, ''Caperea marginata'' LC *Parvorder: Odontoceti **Family: Physeteridae (sperm whales) ***Genus: ''Physeter'' **** Sperm whale, ''Physeter macrocephalus'' VU **Family: Kogiidae (pygmy, dwarf sperm whales) ***Genus: ''Kogia'' **** Pygmy sperm whale, ''Kogia breviceps'' DD **** Dwarf sperm whale, ''Kogia sima'' DD **Family: Ziphidae (beaked whales) ***Genus: ''Ziphius'' **** Cuvier's beaked whale, ''Ziphius cavirostris'' LC ***Genus: ''Berardius'' **** Giant beaked whale, Arnoux's beaked whale, ''Berardius arnuxii'' DD ***Genus: ''Tasmacetus'' **** Shepherd's beaked whale, ''Tasmacetus shepherdi'' DD ***Subfamily: Hyperoodontinae ****Genus: ''Hyperoodon'' ***** Southern bottlenose whale, ''Hyperoodon planifrons'' LC ****Genus: ''Mesoplodon'' ***** Andrews' beaked whale, ''Mesoplodon bowdoini'' DD ***** Blainville's beaked whale, ''Mesoplodon densirostris'' DD ***** Gervais' beaked whale, ''Mesoplodon europaeus'' DD ***** Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale, ''Mesoplodon ginkgodens'' DD ***** Gray's beaked whale, ''Mesoplodon grayi'' DD ***** Hector's beaked whale, ''Mesoplodon hectori'' DD ***** Strap-toothed whale, ''Mesoplodon layardii'' DD ***** Pygmy beaked whale, ''Mesoplodon peruvianus'' DD ***** Spade-toothed whale, ''Mesoplodon traversii'' DD **Superfamily: Inioidea (river dolphins) ***Family: Iniidae ****Genus: ''Inia'' ***** Araguaian river dolphin, ''Inia araguaiaensis'' ***** Amazon river dolphin, ''Inia geoffrensis'' EN ***** Bolivian river dolphin, ''Inia geoffrensis boliviensis'' ***Family: Pontoporiidae ****Genus: ''La Plata dolphin, Pontoporia'' ***** La Plata dolphin, ''Pontoporia blainvillei'' VU **Superfamily: Delphinoidea ***Family: Phocoenidae (porpoises) ****Genus: ''Phocoena'' ***** Spectacled porpoise, ''Phocoena dioptrica'' LC ***** Burmeister's porpoise, ''Phocoena spinipinnis'' NT ***Family: Delphinidae (marine dolphins) ****Genus: ''Cephalorhynchus'' ***** Commerson's dolphin, ''Cephalorhynchus commersonii'' LC ***** Chilean dolphin, ''Cephalorhynchus eutropia'' NT ****Genus: ''Steno (genus), Steno'' ***** Rough-toothed dolphin, ''Steno bredanensis'' LC ****Genus: ''Sotalia'' ***** Tucuxi, ''Sotalia fluviatilis'' DD ***** Guiana dolphin, ''Sotalia guianensis'' NT ****Genus: ''Tursiops'' ***** Common bottlenose dolphin, ''Tursiops truncatus'' LC ****Genus: ''Stenella'' ***** Pantropical spotted dolphin, ''Stenella attenuata'' LC ***** Clymene dolphin, ''Stenella clymene'' LC ***** Striped dolphin, ''Stenella coeruleoalba'' LC ***** Atlantic spotted dolphin, ''Stenella frontalis'' LC ***** Spinner dolphin, ''Stenella longirostris'' LC ****Genus: ''Common dolphin, Delphinus'' ***** Long-beaked common dolphin, ''Delphinus capensis'' DD ***** Short-beaked common dolphin, ''Delphinus delphis'' LC ****Genus: ''Lagenodelphis'' ***** Fraser's dolphin, ''Lagenodelphis hosei'' LC ****Genus: Lagenorhynchus ***** Peale's dolphin, ''Lagenorhynchus australis'' DD ***** Hourglass dolphin, ''Lagenorhynchus cruciger'' LC ***** Dusky dolphin, ''Lagenorhynchus obscurus'' DD ****Genus: ''Lissodelphis'' ***** Southern right whale dolphin, ''Lissodelphis peronii'' LC ****Genus: ''Risso's dolphin, Grampus'' ***** Risso's dolphin, ''Grampus griseus'' LC ****Genus: ''Feresa'' ***** Pygmy killer whale, ''Feresa attenuata'' LC ****Genus: ''Orcinus'' ***** Orca, ''Orcinus orca'' DD ****Genus: ''Pseudorca'' ***** False killer whale, ''Pseudorca crassidens'' NT ****Genus: ''Globicephala'' ***** Short-finned pilot whale, ''Globicephala macrorhynchus'' LC ***** Long-finned pilot whale, ''Globicephala melas'' LC ****Genus: ''Peponocephala'' ***** Melon-headed whale, ''Peponocephala electra'' LC

Notes

References

* * * * * * * * * *
Google books link
*

Lists of Western Hemisphere mammals from north to south

{{South America topic, List of mammals of Lists of mammals of South America, South America Mammals of South America, ' Lists of mammals by continent, South America Lists of animals of South America, Mammals

Subclass: Theria Theria (; Greek: , wild beast) is a subclass of mammals amongst the Theriiformes. Theria includes the eutherians (including the placental mammals) and the metatherians (including the marsupials) but excludes the egg-laying monotremes. ...

Infraclass: Metatheria Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals. First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is a more inclusive group than the marsupials; it contains all marsupials as w ...

Superorder: Ameridelphia Ameridelphia is traditionally a superorder that includes all marsupials living in the Americas except for the Monito del monte (''Dromiciops''). It is now regarded as a paraphyletic group. Orders The orders within this group are listed below: * ...

= Order: Didelphimorphia (common opossums)

=Order: Paucituberculata Paucituberculata is an order of South American marsupials. Although currently represented only by the seven living species of shrew opossums, this order was formerly much more diverse, with more than 60 extinct species named from the fossil re ... (shrew opossums)

Superorder: Australidelphia Australidelphia is the superorder that contains roughly three-quarters of all marsupials, including all those native to Australasia and a single species — the monito del monte — from South America. All other American marsupials are members o ...

= Order: Microbiotheria (monito del monte)

Infraclass: Eutheria Eutheria (; from Greek , 'good, right' and , 'beast'; ) is the clade consisting of all therian mammals that are more closely related to placentals than to marsupials. Eutherians are distinguished from noneutherians by various phenotypic tra ...

Superorder: Afrotheria Afrotheria ( from Latin ''Afro-'' "of Africa" + ''theria'' "wild beast") is a clade of mammals, the living members of which belong to groups that are either currently living in Africa or of African origin: golden moles, elephant shrews (also k ...

=Order: Sirenia The Sirenia (), commonly referred to as sea-cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters. The Sirenia currently comprise two distinct ... (manatees and dugongs)

Superorder: Xenarthra Xenarthra (; from Ancient Greek ξένος, xénos, "foreign, alien" + ἄρθρον, árthron, "joint") is a major clade of placental mammals native to the Americas. There are 31 living species: the anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos. ...

=Order: Cingulata Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, is an order of armored New World placental mammals. Dasypodids and chlamyphorids, the armadillos, are the only surviving families in the order. Two groups of cingulates much larger than extant ar ... (armadillos)

=Order: Pilosa The order Pilosa is a clade of xenarthran placental mammals, native to the Americas. It includes the anteaters and sloths (which includes the extinct ground sloths). The name comes from the Latin word for "hairy". Origins and taxonomy The bi ... (sloths and anteaters)

Superorder: Euarchontoglires Euarchontoglires (synonymous with Supraprimates) is a clade and a superorder of mammals, the living members of which belong to one of the five following groups: rodents, lagomorphs, treeshrews, colugos, and primates. Evolutionary affinities wi ...

=Order: Primates Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians ( monkeys and apes, the latter including ...

=Order: Rodent Rodents (from Latin , 'to gnaw') are mammals of the order Rodentia (), which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all mammal species are rodents. They are n ...ia (rodents)

=Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)

Superorder: Laurasiatheria

=Order: Eulipotyphla (shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and solenodons)

=Order: Chiroptera (bats)

=Order: Carnivora (carnivorans)

=Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)

=Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates and cetaceans)

See also

Notes

References

Lists of Western Hemisphere mammals from north to south

Subclass:
Theria Theria (; Greek: , wild beast) is a subclass of mammals amongst the Theriiformes. Theria includes the eutherians (including the placental mammals) and the metatherians (including the marsupials) but excludes the egg-laying monotremes. ...

Infraclass:
Metatheria Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals. First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is a more inclusive group than the marsupials; it contains all marsupials as w ...

Superorder:
Ameridelphia Ameridelphia is traditionally a superorder that includes all marsupials living in the Americas except for the Monito del monte (''Dromiciops''). It is now regarded as a paraphyletic group. Orders The orders within this group are listed below: * ...

=Order:
Paucituberculata Paucituberculata is an order of South American marsupials. Although currently represented only by the seven living species of shrew opossums, this order was formerly much more diverse, with more than 60 extinct species named from the fossil re ...
(shrew opossums)

Superorder:
Australidelphia Australidelphia is the superorder that contains roughly three-quarters of all marsupials, including all those native to Australasia and a single species — the monito del monte — from South America. All other American marsupials are members o ...

Infraclass:
Eutheria Eutheria (; from Greek , 'good, right' and , 'beast'; ) is the clade consisting of all therian mammals that are more closely related to placentals than to marsupials. Eutherians are distinguished from noneutherians by various phenotypic tra ...

Superorder:
Afrotheria Afrotheria ( from Latin ''Afro-'' "of Africa" + ''theria'' "wild beast") is a clade of mammals, the living members of which belong to groups that are either currently living in Africa or of African origin: golden moles, elephant shrews (also k ...

=Order:
Sirenia The Sirenia (), commonly referred to as sea-cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters. The Sirenia currently comprise two distinct ...
(manatees and dugongs)

Superorder:
Xenarthra Xenarthra (; from Ancient Greek ξένος, xénos, "foreign, alien" + ἄρθρον, árthron, "joint") is a major clade of placental mammals native to the Americas. There are 31 living species: the anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos. ...

=Order:
Cingulata Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, is an order of armored New World placental mammals. Dasypodids and chlamyphorids, the armadillos, are the only surviving families in the order. Two groups of cingulates much larger than extant ar ...
(armadillos)

=Order:
Pilosa The order Pilosa is a clade of xenarthran placental mammals, native to the Americas. It includes the anteaters and sloths (which includes the extinct ground sloths). The name comes from the Latin word for "hairy". Origins and taxonomy The bi ...
(sloths and anteaters)

Superorder:
Euarchontoglires Euarchontoglires (synonymous with Supraprimates) is a clade and a superorder of mammals, the living members of which belong to one of the five following groups: rodents, lagomorphs, treeshrews, colugos, and primates. Evolutionary affinities wi ...

=Order:
Primates Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians ( monkeys and apes, the latter including ...

=Order:
Rodent Rodents (from Latin , 'to gnaw') are mammals of the order Rodentia (), which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all mammal species are rodents. They are n ...
ia (rodents)