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Sheep and goats are both small ruminants with
cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The ext ...
s due to their being kept historically and in modern times as grazers both individually and in herds in return for their production of milk, wool, and meat. As such, the diseases of these animals are of great economic importance to humans.


Prion diseases

*
scrapie Scrapie () is a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the nervous systems of sheep and goats. It is one of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and as such it is thought to be caused by a prion. Scrapie has been known since ...


Viral diseases

Diseases caused by viruses include: * Akabane virus infection *
bluetongue disease Bluetongue disease is a noncontagious, insect-borne, viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less frequently cattle, yaks, goats, buffalo, deer, dromedaries, and antelope. It is caused by ''Bluetongue virus'' (''BTV''). The virus is t ...
*
border disease Border disease (BD) is a viral disease of sheep and goats, primarily causing congenital diseases, but can also cause acute and persistent infections. It first appeared in the border regions of England and Wales in 1959, and has since spread worl ...
(hairy shaker disease) *
Cache Valley virus ''Cache Valley orthobunyavirus'' (CVV) is a member of the order ''Bunyavirales'', genus '' Orthobunyavirus'', and serogroup Bunyamwera, which was first isolated in 1956 from ''Culiseta inornata'' mosquitos collected in Utah's Cache Valley. CVV is ...
infection *
caprine arthritis encephalitis Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a viral disease of goats caused by a lentivirus called caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. The disease is found worldwide. Two syndromes of CAE occur. Adult goats develop a chronic progressive arthritis, ...
(CAE) * enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma * foot-and-mouth disease *
mastitis Mastitis is inflammation of the breast or udder, usually associated with breastfeeding. Symptoms typically include local pain and redness. There is often an associated fever and general soreness. Onset is typically fairly rapid and usually occurs ...
* Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus (NSDV) infection * orf, also known as contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, thistle disease, sore mouth, or scabby mouth *ovine encephalomyelitis ( louping ill) * ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) * ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma *
ovine rinderpest Ovine rinderpest, also commonly known as ''peste des petits ruminants'' (PPR), is a contagious disease primarily affecting goats and sheep; however, camels and wild small ruminants can also be affected. PPR is currently present in North, Central, ...
, also known as peste des petits ruminants (PPR) * Rift Valley fever * Schmallenberg virus infection *ulcerative dermatosis *variola caprina ( goatpox) *variola ovina ( sheeppox) * Wesselsbron virus infection


Bacterial diseases

Diseases caused by bacteria include: *
anaplasmosis Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease affecting ruminants, dogs, and horses, and is caused by ''Anaplasma'' bacteria. Anaplasmosis is an infectious but not contagious disease. Anaplasmosis can be transmitted through mechanical and biological vector ...
* blackleg * braxy *
brucellosis Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions. It is also known as undulant fever, Malta fever, and Mediterranean fever. Th ...
*
caseous lymphadenitis Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium '' Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis'', that affects the lymphatic system, resulting in abscesses in the lymph nodes and internal organs. It is found mostly in goats and ...
* chlamydiosis, also known as enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) * contagious caprine pleuropneumonia * dermatophilosis, also known as cutaneous streptothricosis, rainscald, rain rot, lumpy wool, or strawberry footrot *
ehrlichiosis Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne bacterial infection, caused by bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae, genera ''Ehrlichia'' and ''Anaplasma''. These obligate intracellular bacteria infect and kill white blood cells. The average reported annual i ...
*
enterotoxemia Enterotoxemia is a condition induced by the absorption of large volumes of toxins produced by bacteria such as ''Clostridium perfringens'' from the intestines. There are several strains of ''C. perfringens'' (type B, C, and D) that may lead to the ...
* enzootic posthitis and vulvitis, also known as sheath rot, pizzle rot, or enzootic balanoposthitis *
foot rot Foot rot, or infectious pododermatitis, is a hoof infection commonly found in sheep, goats, and cattle. As the name suggests, it rots away the foot of the animal, more specifically the area between the two toes of the affected animal. It is extrem ...
*
infectious necrotic hepatitis Infectious necrotic hepatitis is a disease of large animals, especially sheep, caused by ''Clostridium novyi'' infection. The primary infection is intestinal and transferred by the faecal-oral route. Spores of ''C. novyi'' escape from the gut a ...
* leptospirosis *
listeriosis Listeriosis is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by ''Listeria monocytogenes'', although '' L. ivanovii'' and '' L. grayi'' have been reported in certain cases. Listeriosis can cause severe illness, including severe sepsis, meni ...
*
mastitis Mastitis is inflammation of the breast or udder, usually associated with breastfeeding. Symptoms typically include local pain and redness. There is often an associated fever and general soreness. Onset is typically fairly rapid and usually occurs ...
* mycoplasmosis *
paratuberculosis Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants. It is caused by the bacterium ''Mycobacterium avium'' subspecies ''paratuberculosis''. Infections normally affect ru ...
(Johne's disease) *
pasteurellosis Pasteurellosis is an infection with a species of the bacterial genus '' Pasteurella'', which is found in humans and other animals. ''Pasteurella multocida'' (subspecies ''P. m. septica'' and ''P. m. multocida'') is carried in the mouth and resp ...
* Q fever * salmonellosis *
tularemia Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever, is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium ''Francisella tularensis''. Symptoms may include fever, skin ulcers, and enlarged lymph nodes. Occasionally, a form that results in pneumonia or a throat infe ...
* ulcerative balanoposthitis and vulvitis, also known as necrotic balanoposthitis/vulvitis, pizzle disease, knobrot, or peestersiekte * vibriosis.


Fungal diseases

Diseases caused by funguses include *
candidiasis Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any type of '' Candida'' (a type of yeast). When it affects the mouth, in some countries it is commonly called thrush. Signs and symptoms include white patches on the tongue or other areas of the mouth ...
* cryptococcosis * facial eczema * fungal placentitis * sporotrichosis *
zygomycosis Zygomycosis is the broadest term to refer to infections caused by ''bread mold fungi'' of the zygomycota phylum. However, because zygomycota has been identified as polyphyletic, and is not included in modern fungal classification systems, the dis ...


Parasitic diseases

Parasites causing disease in sheep and goats include diseases caused by
protozoa Protozoa (singular: protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Histo ...
, helminths, tapeworms and roundworms.


Protozoa

*'' Babesia'' species *''
Cryptosporidium parvum ''Cryptosporidium parvum'' is one of several species that cause cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic disease of the mammalian intestinal tract. Primary symptoms of ''C. parvum'' infection are acute, watery, and nonbloody diarrhea. ''C. parvum'' infect ...
'' *''
Eimeria ''Eimeria'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. ''Eimeria'' species are considered to b ...
'' species *''
Giardia intestinalis ''Giardia duodenalis'', also known as ''Giardia intestinalis'' and ''Giardia lamblia'', is a flagellated parasitic microorganism of the genus ''Giardia'' that colonizes the small intestine, causing a diarrheal condition known as giardiasis. The ...
'' *''
Neospora caninum ''Neospora caninum'' is a coccidian parasite that was identified as a species in 1988. Prior to this, it was misclassified as ''Toxoplasma gondii'' due to structural similarities. The genome sequence of ''Neospora caninum'' has been determined by ...
'' *''
Sarcocystis ''Sarcocystis'' is a genus of protozoan parasites, with many species infecting mammals, reptiles and birds. Its name is dervived from Greek ''sarx'' = flesh and ''kystis'' = bladder. The lifecycle of a typical member of this genus involves two ...
'' species *'' Theileria lestoquardi'' (''hirsi'') *'' Toxoplasma gondii'' *''
Trypanosoma ''Trypanosoma'' is a genus of kinetoplastids (class Trypanosomatidae), a monophyletic group of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa. Trypanosoma is part of the phylum Sarcomastigophora. The name is derived from the Greek ''trypano-'' (bore ...
'' species


Helminths


Flatworms

*'' Dicrocoelium dendriticum'' *'' Fasciola hepatica'' *'' Fasciola gigantica'' *'' Fascioloides magna'' *''
Schistosoma bovis ''Schistosoma bovis'' is a two-host blood fluke, that causes intestinal schistosomiasis in ruminants in North Africa, Mediterranean Europe and the Middle East. ''S. bovis'' is mostly transmitted by ''Bulinus'' freshwater snail species. It is one ...
''


Tapeworms

*'' Echinococcus granulosus'' *''
Moniezia ''Moniezia'' a genus of tapeworms that are parasitic in mammals, including sheep, goat and cattle. It comprises four known species such as '' M. expansa'', ''M. benedeni'', ''M. autumnalis'' and ''M. baeri''. '' M. expansa'' is the most well kno ...
'' species *'' Taenia ovis'' *'' Taenia hydatigena''


Roundworms

*''
Chabertia ovina ''Chabertia ovina'', the large-mouthed bowel worm, is a species of parasitic roundworms that infects sheep, goats (occasionally cattle) and other wild ruminants. Infection of pigs are very infrequent. It is not known to be contagious to humans. ...
'' *''
Dictyocaulus filaria ''Dictyocaulus'' is a genus of nematode parasites of the bronchial tree of horses, sheep, goats, deer, and cattle. ''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' is the lungworm of horses, and ''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' is the lungworm affecting ruminants. ''Dic ...
'' *''
Elaeophora schneideri ''Elaeophora schneideri'' (arterial worm; carotid worm; cause of elaeophorosis, aka "filarial dermatitis" or "sorehead" in sheep; or "clear-eyed" blindness in elk) is a nematode which infests several mammalian hosts in North America. It is transm ...
'' *''
Haemonchus contortus ''Haemonchus contortus'', also known as the barber's pole worm, is a very common parasite and one of the most pathogenic nematodes of ruminants. Adult worms attach to abomasal mucosa and feed on the blood. This parasite is responsible for anemi ...
'' *'' Cooperia'' species *''
Muellerius capillaris ''Muelleries capillaris,'' also known as the hair or goat lungworm, is one of the most economically important nematodes of small ruminants. Although normally non-pathogenic in sheep, the parasite causes a disease condition called muelleriosis in ...
'' *'' Nematodirus'' species *'' Neostrongylus linearis'' *''
Oesophagostomum ''Oesophagostomum'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes (roundworms) of the family Strongylidae. These worms occur in Africa, Brazil, China, Indonesia and the Philippines. The majority of human infection with ''Oesophagostomum'' is localized to n ...
'' species * parasitic bronchitis, also known as "hoose" *'' Protostrongylus refescens'' *''
Teladorsagia circumcincta ''Teladorsagia circumcincta'' is a nematode that is one of the most important parasites of sheep and goats. It was previously known as ''Ostertagia circumcincta'' and is colloquially known as the brown stomach worm. It is common in cool, temperat ...
'' *''
Trichostrongylus ''Trichostrongylus'' species are nematodes (round worms), which are ubiquitous among herbivores worldwide, including cattle, sheep, donkeys, goats, deer, and rabbits.Garcia LS, editor. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. 5 ed. Washington, DC: ASM Pr ...
'' species *'' Trichuris ovis''


Arachnids and insects


Ticks

*''
Amblyomma ''Amblyomma'' is a genus of hard ticks. Some are disease vectors, for example the Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Brazil or ehrlichiosis in the United States. This genus is the third largest in the family Ixodidae, with its species primarily o ...
'' species *''
Boophilus ''Rhipicephalus'' is a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, the hard ticks, consisting of about 74 or 75 species. Most are native to tropical Africa.Olwoch, J. M., et al. (2007)Climate change and the genus ''Rhipicephalus'' (Acari: Ixodidae) in ...
'' species *''
Dermacentor ''Dermacentor'' is a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, the hard ticks. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with native species on all continents except Australia. Most occur in the Nearctic realm. Hosts of ''Dermacentor'' ticks inc ...
'' species *''
Haemaphysalis ''Haemaphysalis'' is a genus of ticks, containing these species: *'' Haemaphysalis aborensis'' Warburton, 1913 *'' Haemaphysalis aciculifer'' Warburton, 1913 *'' Haemaphysalis aculeata'' Lavarra, 1904 *'' Haemaphysalis adleri'' Feldman-Muhsam, 1 ...
'' species *''
Hyalomma ''Hyalomma'' is a genus of hard-bodied ticks common in Asia, Europe, and North Africa. They are also found in Southern Africa. The name is derived from Greek: hyalos (ὕαλος) crystal, glass; and omma (oμμα) eye. The genus is believed to ...
'' species *''
Ixodes ''Ixodes'' is a genus of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae). It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans ( tick-borne disease), and some species (notably '' Ixodes holocyclus'') inject toxins that can cause paralysis. Some ...
'' species *''
Rhipicephalus ''Rhipicephalus'' is a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, the hard ticks, consisting of about 74 or 75 species. Most are native to tropical Africa.Olwoch, J. M., et al. (2007)Climate change and the genus ''Rhipicephalus'' (Acari: Ixodidae) in ...
'' species


Mites (mange)

*'' Chorioptes bovis'' *''
Demodex ovis ''Demodex'' is a genus of tiny mites that live in or near hair follicles of mammals. Around 65 species of ''Demodex'' are known. Two species live on humans: ''Demodex folliculorum'' and ''Demodex brevis'', both frequently referred to as eyelash ...
'' *''
Demodex caprae ''Demodex'' is a genus of tiny mites that live in or near hair follicles of mammals. Around 65 species of ''Demodex'' are known. Two species live on humans: ''Demodex folliculorum'' and ''Demodex brevis'', both frequently referred to as eyelash ...
'' *'' Psorobia ovis'' *''
Psoroptes ovis ''Psoroptes'' is a genus of mites, including the agents that cause psoroptic mange. Psoroptic mange ''Psoroptes'' mites are responsible for causing psoroptic mange in various animals, leading to economic losses among farmers of cattle, sheep ...
'' *'' Sarcoptes scabiei'' var. ''caprae'' *'' Sarcoptes scabiei'' var. ''ovis''


Lice

*
chewing lice The Mallophaga are a possibly paraphyletic section of lice Louse ( : lice) is the common name for any member of the clade Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera has variously been reco ...
**'' Damalinia caprae'' (goats) **'' Damalinia crassipes'' (goats) **'' Damalinia limbata'' (goats) **'' Damalinia ovis'' (sheep) *
sucking lice Sucking lice (Anoplura, formerly known as Siphunculata) have around 500 species and represent the smaller of the two traditional superfamilies of lice. As opposed to the paraphyletic chewing lice, which are now divided among three suborders, th ...
**'' Linognathus africanus'' (sheep and goats) **'' Linognathus ovillus'' (sheep) **'' Linognathus pedalis'' (sheep) **'' Linognathus stenopsis'' (goats)


Flies

*mosquitoes **''
Aedes ''Aedes'' is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except perhaps Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: ''Aedes albopictus'', a particularly invasive spe ...
'' species **''
Anopheles ''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'', which c ...
'' species **''
Culex ''Culex'' is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese ence ...
'' species * myiasis **
fly strike Myiasis is the parasitic infestation of the body of a live animal by fly larvae (maggots) which grow inside the host while feeding on its tissue. Although flies are most commonly attracted to open wounds and urine- or feces-soaked fur, some spec ...
***''
Chrysomya ''Chrysomya'' is an Old World blow fly genus of the family Calliphoridae. The genus ''Chrysomya'' contains a number of species including '' Chrysomya rufifacies'' and ''Chrysomya megacephala''. The term “Old World blow fly” is a derivative ...
'' species ***'' Lucilia'' species **'' Oestrus ovis'' (sheep bot fly) *sheep ked (''
Melophagus ovinus ''Melophagus ovinus'', or the sheep ked, is a brown, hairy fly that resembles a tick. This wingless fly is about 4 to 6 mm long and has a small head; it is a fly from the family Hippoboscidae. They are blood-feeding parasites of sheep. The ...
'')


References

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