The following is a list of
dynasties, states or empires which are
Turkic-speaking, of
Turkic origins, or both. There are currently six recognised Turkic sovereign states. Additionally, there are six
federal subjects of Russia
The federal subjects of Russia, also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation (russian: субъекты Российской Федерации, subyekty Rossiyskoy Federatsii) or simply as the subjects of the federation (russian ...
in which a Turkic language is a majority, and five where Turkic languages are the minority, and also
Crimea
Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a p ...
, a disputed territory between Ukraine and Russia where Turkic languages are the indigenous minority. There have been numerous Turkic confederations, dynasties, and empires throughout history across
Eurasia
Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelag ...
.
Contemporary entities with at least one Turkic language recognised as official
Current independent states
De facto states
Recognised only by
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...
.
Federal subjects (Republics) of Russia
Autonomous regions
Historical Turkic confederations, dynasties, and states
Tribal confederations
Royal clans
*
Ashina (
First Turkic Khaganate
The First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire, the Turkic Khaganate or the Göktürk Khaganate, was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of B ...
,
Western Turkic Khaganate
The Western Turkic Khaganate () or Onoq Khaganate ( otk, 𐰆𐰣:𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣, On oq budun, Ten arrow people) was a Turkic khaganate in Eurasia, formed as a result of the wars in the beginning of the 7th century (593–603 CE) after ...
,
Eastern Turkic Khaganate,
Khazars
The Khazars ; he, כּוּזָרִים, Kūzārīm; la, Gazari, or ; zh, 突厥曷薩 ; 突厥可薩 ''Tūjué Kěsà'', () were a semi-nomadic Turkic people that in the late 6th-century CE established a major commercial empire coverin ...
,
Nushibi
Nushibi (Nu-shibi, ; Middle Chinese: *''nuoXɕiɪt̚piɪt̚'') was a Chinese collective name for five tribes of the right (western) wingYu. Zuev, ''"The Strongest tribe - Izgil"''//Historical And Cultural Relations Between Iran And Dasht-i Kipc ...
,
Second Turkic Khaganate)
*
Ashide
Ashide (; Middle Chinese: *''ʔɑ-ʃɨXtək̚''; Old Tibetan: ''A sha sde’'') is one of the dominant clans of Turkic Khaganate. This clan is also the conjugal clan of the Göktürk khagans' Ashina clan.
The origin
According to Zheng Qiao's 11 ...
(Empress clan of
Second Turkic Khaganate)
*
Yaglakar (
Uyghur Khaganate,
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
The Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom (), also referred to as the Hexi Uyghurs, was established in 894 around Ganzhou in modern Zhangye. The kingdom lasted from 894 to 1036; during that time, many of Ganzhou's residents converted to Buddhism.
The Hexi Corr ...
)
*
Ädiz (
Uyghur Khaganate)
*
Dulo clan (
Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria, was a historic Bulgar state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia. Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state ...
)
*
Bulanid
The Bulanids were the ruling dynasty of the Khazar Khaganate during the 9th century and 10th century CE.
The dynasty is named after Bulan, who may or may not have been its founder. In other sources (see Schechter Letter), the founder of the dyna ...
(
Khazars
The Khazars ; he, כּוּזָרִים, Kūzārīm; la, Gazari, or ; zh, 突厥曷薩 ; 突厥可薩 ''Tūjué Kěsà'', () were a semi-nomadic Turkic people that in the late 6th-century CE established a major commercial empire coverin ...
)
*
House of Aba
*
House of Basarab
*
Osman (
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
)
*
Bahri Bahri ( ar, بحري) is a masculine Arabic given name, Bahri is also a surname in Punjabi Khatri families of India.
Given name
* Huseyin Bahri Alptekin (1957-2007), Turkish artist
* Bahri Tanrıkulu (born 1980), Turkish taekwondo athlete
Surnam ...
(
Mamluk Sultanate)
*
Sarkar (
Shirvan Khanate)
*
Javanshir (
Karabakh Khanate
The Karabakh Khanate was a semi-independent Turkic Caucasian khanate on the territories of modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan established in about 1748 under Iranian suzerainty in Karabakh and adjacent areas.
The Karabakh Khanate came under ...
)
*
Terterids
The House of Terter ( bg, Тертер), also Terterids or Terterovtsi (Тертеровци), was a Bulgarian noble and royal house of Cuman origin,István Vásáry (2005) ''Cumans and Tatars'', Cambridge University Press, p. 2 a branch of the C ...
(
Second Bulgarian Empire)
*
House of Shishman
The House of Shishman ( bg, Шишман), also Shishmanids or Shishmanovtsi ( bg, Шишмановци), was a medieval Bulgarian royal dynasty of Cuman (or partial Cuman) origin.
The Shishman dynasty consecutively ruled the Second Bulgarian E ...
*
House of Seljuq
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; fa, سلجوقیان ''Saljuqian'', alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes
by the Turk ...
(
Seljuk Empire
The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turko-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It spanned a total area of from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to ...
,
Sultanate of Rum
fa, سلجوقیان روم ()
, status =
, government_type = Hereditary monarchyTriarchy (1249–1254) Diarchy (1257–1262)
, year_start = 1077
, year_end = 1308
, p1 = B ...
,
Kerman Seljuk Sultanate)
Turkic dynasties and states
Europe
Middle East and North Africa
Maghreb region
Indian subcontinent
Sinicized Turkic dynasties
The
Shatuo
The Shatuo, or the Shatuo Turks (; also transcribed as Sha-t'o, Sanskrit SartZuev Yu.A., ''"Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuyao" of 8-10th centuries)"'', Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, ...
Turks founded several
sinicized dynasties in northern China during the
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (), from 907 to 979, was an era of political upheaval and division in 10th-century Imperial China. Five dynastic states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen conc ...
. The official language of these dynasties was
Chinese and they used Chinese titles and names.
Turko-Persian states
The
Turco-Persian tradition was an Islamic tradition of the interpretation of literary forms, practiced and patronized by Turkic rulers and speakers. Many Turko-Persian states were founded in modern-day Eastern Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
[Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", p29. Published 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. .]
Turco-Mongol states
Turco-Mongol is a term describing the synthesis of
Mongol
The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...
and
Turkic cultures by several states of Mongol origin throughout
Eurasia
Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelag ...
. These states adopted
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia ( Siberia), and Western Asia. The Turki ...
, either among the populace or among the elite, and converted to Islam, but retained Mongol political and legal institutions.
Vassal khanates
The following list is only of vassal khanates of Turkic origin, which were ruled by of another descent peoples.
Former Provisional Governments and Republics
Soviet Republics
Autonomous Soviet Republics
Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union
See also
*
List of Turkic monarchs Below is the list of the articles listing the founders of the historical Turkic states.
{, class="wikitable sortable"
!State
!Founder
!Duration
, -
, Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates, Turkic Khaganate, , Bumin, , 551-745
, -
, List of Khazar ruler ...
*
Comparison of the Turkic states
This article is a comparison of the Turkic states.
Geography
* EEZ of Turkey includes Marmara, which is an internal sea and Black Sea, which is established with treaties. Agean and Mediterranean EEZs are calculated with median lines. Turkey's ...
*
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to ...
*
Turkic migration
*
Turkic tribal confederations
*
Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
*
Turkification
Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization ( tr, Türkleştirme) describes a shift whereby populations or places received or adopted Turkic attributes such as culture, language, history, or ethnicity. However, often this term is more narrowly ...
**
Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin
The Turkic peoples were descended from a Transeurasian agricultural community based in northeast China, and they were not recognized as native to the Xinjiang until the area was settled in by Tang-allied Türk (Tujue) tribes in the 7th cent ...
*
Turco-Mongol tradition
*
Turco-Persian tradition
*
Nomadic empire
Nomadic empires, sometimes also called steppe empires, Central or Inner Asian empires, were the empires erected by the bow-wielding, horse-riding, nomadic people in the Eurasian Steppe, from classical antiquity (Scythia) to the early modern era ...
*
Eurasian nomads
References
Further reading
*Finkel, Caroline, "Osman's Dream, History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923", 2005, John Murray
*Findley, C.V., ''The Turks in World History'', 2005, Oxford University Press.
*Forbes Manz, B., ''The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane'', 2002, Cambridge University Press.
*Hupchick, D.P., ''The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism'', 2002, Palgrave Macmillan.
*Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. .
*Saunders, J.J., ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'', 2001, Routledge & Kegan Ltd.
*Thackston, W.M., ''The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor'', 2002, Modern Library.
*Vásáry, I., ''Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365'', 2005, Cambridge University Press.
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkic states and empires
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Lists of former countries
Lists of dynasties
Eurasia
Country classifications