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The governor ( nl, landvoogd) or governor-general () of the
Habsburg Netherlands Habsburg Netherlands was the Renaissance period fiefs in the Low Countries held by the Holy Roman Empire's House of Habsburg. The rule began in 1482, when the last Valois-Burgundy ruler of the Netherlands, Mary, wife of Maximilian I of Austr ...
was a representative appointed by the
Holy Roman emperor The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans ( la, Imperator Romanorum, german: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period ( la, Imperat ...
(1504-1556), the
king of Spain , coatofarms = File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg , coatofarms_article = Coat of arms of the King of Spain , image = Felipe_VI_in_2020_(cropped).jpg , incumbent = Felipe VI , incumbentsince = 19 Ju ...
(1556-1598, 1621-1706), and the archduke of Austria (1716-1794), to administer the
Burgundian inheritance The Burgundian inheritance in the Low Countries consisted of numerous fiefs held by the Dukes of Burgundy in modern-day Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and in parts of France and Germany. The Duke of Burgundy was originally a member of the H ...
of the
House of Habsburg The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...
in the
Low Countries The term Low Countries, also known as the Low Lands ( nl, de Lage Landen, french: les Pays-Bas, lb, déi Niddereg Lännereien) and historically called the Netherlands ( nl, de Nederlanden), Flanders, or Belgica, is a coastal lowland region in N ...
when the monarch was absent from the territory. The role of the governor-generals significantly changed over time: initially tutors and advisors of
Emperor Charles V Charles V, french: Charles Quint, it, Carlo V, nl, Karel V, ca, Carles V, la, Carolus V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain ( Castile and Aragon) fr ...
, who lived at the Palace of Coudenberg, they served as generals during the 80 Years War between the
Kingdom of Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...
and the
Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands, also known as the (Seven) United Provinces, officially as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands ( Dutch: ''Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden''), and commonly referred to in historiograph ...
. Frequently, the governor-general was a close relative of the Austrian or Spanish monarchs, though at other times Spanish or German noblemen filled the role. The governor-general was usually based in
Brussels Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...
.


List of governors

{, width=80% class="wikitable" !Picture !Name !Took office !Left office !Relationship to monarch !Appointed by , - , align="center", , align="center", Engelbert II of Nassau
(1451-1504) , align="center", 1501 , align="center", 1504 , align="center", / , align="center" rowspan="1",
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death. He was never crowned by the pope, as the journey to Rome was blocked by the Venetians. He proclaimed himself E ...
for Philip the Handsome , - , align="center", , align="center",
William de Croÿ William II de Croÿ, Lord of Chièvres (1458 – 28 May 1521) (also known as: Guillaume II de Croÿ, sieur de Chièvres in French; Guillermo II de Croÿ, señor de Chièvres, Xevres or Xebres in Spanish; Willem II van Croÿ, heer van Chi� ...

(1458-1521) , align="center", 1504 , align="center", 1507 , align="center", / , align="center" rowspan="2", Maximilian I for Charles of Ghent , - , align="center", , align="center", Margaret of Austria
(1480-1530) , align="center", 1507 , align="center", 1 December 1530
(death) , align="center", Aunt of Charles , - , align="center" colspan="6" , Charles became Duke of Burgundy in 1506 (emancipated in 1515), King of Spain and the Two Sicilies in 1516, Archduke of Austria and Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V in 1519 at the death of Maximilian. , - , align="center", , align="center", Mary of Austria
(1505-1558) , align="center", January 1531 , align="center", October 1555 , align="center", Sister , align="center" rowspan="1",
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, french: Charles Quint, it, Carlo V, nl, Karel V, ca, Carles V, la, Carolus V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain ( Castile and Aragon) fr ...
, - , align="center", , align="center", Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy
(1528-1580) , align="center", 1555 , align="center", 1559 , align="center", Cousin of Philip , align="center" rowspan="1", Charles V for his son Philip. , - , align="center" colspan="6" , In 1556, Philip V, Duke of Burgundy, became king of Spain as Philip II, thereby bringing the Habsburg Netherlands under Spanish control. , - , align="center", , align="center", Margaret of Parma
(1522-1586) , align="center", 1559 , align="center", 1567 , align="center", Half-sister , align="center" rowspan="9",
Philip II of Spain Philip II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I ( pt, Filipe I). (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent ( es, Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from ...
, - , align="center", , align="center", Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
(1507-1582) , align="center", 1567 , align="center", 1573 , align="center", / , - , align="center", , align="center", Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga
(1528-1576) , align="center", 1573 , align="center", 5 March 1576
(death) , align="center", / , - , align="center", , align="center",
John of Austria John of Austria ( es, Juan, link=no, german: Johann; 24 February 1547 – 1 October 1578) was the natural son born to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V late in life when he was a widower. Charles V met his son only once, recognizing him in a secret ...

(1547-1578) , align="center", 1576 , align="center", 1 October 1578
(death) , align="center", Half-brother , - , align="center", , align="center",
Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma Alexander Farnese ( it, Alessandro Farnese, es, Alejandro Farnesio; 27 August 1545 – 3 December 1592) was an Italian noble and condottiero and later a general of the Spanish army, who was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1586 to 1592 ...

(1545-1592) , align="center", 1578 , align="center", 3 December 1592
(death) , align="center", Half-nephew , - , align="center", , align="center", Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort
(1517-1604) , align="center", 1592 , align="center", 1594 , align="center", / , - , align="center", , align="center", Ernest of Austria
(1553-1595) , align="center", 1594 , align="center", 20 February 1595
(death) , align="center", Nephew , - , align="center", , align="center", Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes
(1525-1610) , align="center", 1595 , align="center", 1596 , align="center", / , - , align="center", , align="center", Albert of Austria
(1559-1621) , align="center", 1596 , align="center", 1598 , align="center", Nephew , - , align="center" colspan="6" , In 1598,
Philip II of Spain Philip II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I ( pt, Filipe I). (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent ( es, Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from ...
ceded the Netherlands to his daughter
Isabella Clara Eugenia Isabella Clara Eugenia ( es, link=no, Isabel Clara Eugenia; 12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633), sometimes referred to as Clara Isabella Eugenia, was sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands in the Low Countries and the north of modern France with ...
and nephew Albert, who married the next year. They reigned together until his death, when the Netherlands passed to their nephew,
Philip IV of Spain Philip IV ( es, Felipe, pt, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered ...
, in whose name Isabella Clara Eugenia governed the countries until her death. , - , align="center", , align="center", Isabella Clara Eugenia of Austria
(1566-1633) , align="center", 1621 , align="center", 1 December 1633
(death) , align="center", Aunt , align="center" rowspan="8",
Philip IV of Spain Philip IV ( es, Felipe, pt, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered ...
, - , align="center", , align="center", Ferdinand of Austria
(1609/1610-1641) , align="center", 1633 , align="center", 9 November 1641
(death) , align="center", Brother , - , align="center", , align="center", Francisco de Melo
(1597-1651) , align="center", 1641 , align="center", 1644 , align="center", / , - , align="center", , align="center", Manuel de Moura
(1590-1651) , align="center", 1644 , align="center", 1647 , align="center", / , - , align="center", , align="center", Leopold William of Austria
(1614-1662) , align="center", 1647 , align="center", 1656 , align="center", Cousin , - , align="center", , align="center", John of Austria the Younger
(1629-1679) , align="center", 1656 , align="center", 1659 , align="center", Son , - , align="center", , align="center",
Luis de Benavides Carrillo Luis is a given name. It is the Spanish form of the originally Germanic name or . Other Iberian Romance languages have comparable forms: (with an accent mark on the i) in Portuguese and Galician, in Aragonese and Catalan, while is archaic ...

(1608-1668) , align="center", 1659 , align="center", 1664 , align="center", / , - , align="center" rowspan="2", , align="center" rowspan="2", Francisco de Moura
(1610-1675) , align="center" rowspan="2", 1664 , align="center" rowspan="2", 1668 , align="center" rowspan="2", / , - , align="center" rowspan="8",
Charles II of Spain Charles II of Spain (''Spanish: Carlos II,'' 6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700), known as the Bewitched (''Spanish: El Hechizado''), was the last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire. Best remembered for his physical disabilities and the War ...
, - , align="center", , align="center", Íñigo Melchor de Velasco
(1608-1668) , align="center", 1668 , align="center", 1670 , align="center", / , - , align="center", , align="center",
Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca Juan Domingo Méndez de Haro y Fernández de Córdoba (Madrid, 25 November 1640 – Madrid, 2 February 1716) was a Spanish military and political figure. He was the son of Don Luis Méndez de Haro, 6th Marquis of Carpio, Prime Minister to Ki ...

(1640-1716) , align="center", 1670 , align="center", 1675 , align="center", / , - , align="center", , align="center", Carlos de Aragón de Gurrea
(1634-1692) , align="center", 1675 , align="center", 1677 , align="center", / , - , align="center", , align="center",
Alexander Farnese Alessandro Farnese may refer to: * Pope Paul III (1468–1549), Roman Catholic Bishop of Rome *Alessandro Farnese (cardinal) (1520–1589), Paul's grandson, Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal-nephew *Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma (1545–1592), ...

(1635-1689) , align="center", 1678 , align="center", 1682 , align="center", Second Cousin , - , align="center", , align="center", Ottone Enrico del Caretto
(1629-1685) , align="center", 1682 , align="center", 1685 , align="center", / , - , align="center", , align="center", Francisco Antonio de Agurto
(1640-1702) , align="center", 1685 , align="center", 1692 , align="center", / , - , align="center" rowspan="2", , align="center" rowspan="2", Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria
(1662-1726) , align="center" rowspan="2", 1692 , align="center" rowspan="2", 1706 , align="center" rowspan="1", Nephew-in-law , - , align="center" rowspan="1", Uncle , align="center" rowspan="1",
Philip V of Spain Philip V ( es, Felipe; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724, and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746. His total reign of 45 years is the longest in the history of the Spanish mo ...
, - , align="center" colspan="6" , Following the
War of the Spanish Succession The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict that took place from 1701 to 1714. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Phil ...
,
Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI Charles VI (german: Karl; la, Carolus; 1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy from 1711 until his death, succeeding his elder brother, Joseph I. He unsuccessfully claimed the thron ...
became ruler of the
Austrian Netherlands The Austrian Netherlands nl, Oostenrijkse Nederlanden; french: Pays-Bas Autrichiens; german: Österreichische Niederlande; la, Belgium Austriacum. was the territory of the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire between 1714 and 1797. The pe ...
. , - , align="center", , align="center",
Eugene of Savoy Prince Eugene Francis of Savoy–Carignano, (18 October 1663 – 21 April 1736) better known as Prince Eugene, was a field marshal in the army of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty during the 17th and 18th centuries. He ...

(1663-1736) , align="center", 1716 , align="center", 1724 , align="center", Third cousin , align="center" rowspan="3",
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor , house = Habsburg , spouse = , issue = , issue-link = #Children , issue-pipe = , father = Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor , mother = Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg , birth_date ...
, - , align="center", , align="center", Wirich Philipp von Daun
(1669-1741) , align="center", February 1725 , align="center", October 1725 , align="center", / , - , align="center" rowspan="2", , align="center" rowspan="2", Maria Elisabeth of Austria
(1680-1741) , align="center" rowspan="2", 1725 , align="center" rowspan="2", 26 August 1741
(death) , align="center" rowspan="1", Sister , - , align="center" rowspan="1", Aunt , align="center" rowspan="4",
Maria Theresa of Austria Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (german: Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position '' suo jure'' (in her own right) ...
, - , align="center", , align="center",
Friedrich August von Harrach-Rohrau Count Friedrich August von Harrach-Rohrau, (Vienna, 8 June 1696 – Vienna, 4 June 1749), was plenipotentiary minister of the Austrian Netherlands (1732–1741) and became Governor-General ''ad interim'' in 1741–1744. He was also High Chan ...

(1696-1749) , align="center", 1741 , align="center", 1744 , align="center", / , - , align="center", , align="center", Maria Anna of Austria
(1718-1744) , align="center" rowspan="2", 1744 , align="center", 16 December 1744
(death) , align="center", Sister , - , align="center", , align="center", Charles Alexander of Lorraine
(1712-1780) , align="center", 4 July 1780
(death) , align="center", Brother-in-law , - , align="center" rowspan="3", , align="center" rowspan="3", Maria Christina of Austria-Lorraine
(1742-1798)
with
Albert Casimir of Saxony
(1738-1822) , align="center" rowspan="3", 1781 , align="center" rowspan="3", 1793 , align="center" rowspan="2", Sister and brother-in-law , align="center" rowspan="1",
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; English: ''Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam''; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 29, 1780 un ...
, - , align="center" rowspan="1",
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor , house = Habsburg-Lorraine , father =Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor , mother = Maria Theresa of Hungary and Bohemia , religion =Roman Catholicism , succession1 = Grand Duke of Tuscany , reign1 =18 ...
, - , align="center" rowspan="1", Aunt and uncle , align="center" rowspan="2",
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (german: Franz II.; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor (from 1792 to 1806) and the founder and Emperor of the Austrian Empire, from 1804 to 1835. He assumed the title of Emperor of Austria in response ...
, - , align="center", , align="center", Charles of Austria-Lorraine
(1771-1847) , align="center", 1793 , align="center", 1794 , align="center", Brother Thereafter, the French revolutionaries occupied the Low Countries until 1815. The Emperor formally recognized the loss of these territories by the
Treaty of Lunéville The Treaty of Lunéville (or Peace of Lunéville) was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville on 9 February 1801. The signatory parties were the French Republic and Emperor Francis II, who signed on his own behalf as ruler of the hereditary doma ...
of 1801. At the
Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna (, ) of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon ...
, in 1815, the Low Countries were re-united in a personal union under the
House of Orange-Nassau The House of Orange-Nassau ( Dutch: ''Huis van Oranje-Nassau'', ) is the current reigning house of the Netherlands. A branch of the European House of Nassau, the house has played a central role in the politics and government of the Netherland ...
. In 1830,
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to ...
declared its independence.


See also

*
Lord Chamberlain of the Archduchess Lord Chamberlain of the Archduchess was a ceremonial function at the imperial court of Brussels. This position was given to important members of the Nobility of Brabant and Flanders, in service of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and archduche ...
* List of plenipotentiaries of Austrian Netherlands * List of rulers of the Netherlands
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
Politicians of the Austrian Netherlands
Habsburg The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...