This is a list of
digraphs used in various
Latin alphabets. Capitalisation involves only the first letter (''ch'' becomes ''Ch'') unless otherwise stated (''ij'' becomes ''IJ'').
Letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetic order according to their base: is alphabetised with , not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in
Danish,
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
and
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
. Substantially-modified letters, such as (a variant of ) and (based on ), are placed at the end.
Apostrophe
(capital ) is used in
Bari for .
(capital ) is used in Bari for .
is used in
the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for when it appears in a
dark or ''yin'' tone. It is also often written as .
is used in
the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for
dark
Darkness, the direct opposite of lightness, is defined as a lack of illumination, an absence of visible light, or a surface that absorbs light, such as black or brown.
Human vision is unable to distinguish colors in conditions of very low lu ...
is used in
the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for
dark
Darkness, the direct opposite of lightness, is defined as a lack of illumination, an absence of visible light, or a surface that absorbs light, such as black or brown.
Human vision is unable to distinguish colors in conditions of very low lu ...
is used in
the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for
dark
Darkness, the direct opposite of lightness, is defined as a lack of illumination, an absence of visible light, or a surface that absorbs light, such as black or brown.
Human vision is unable to distinguish colors in conditions of very low lu ...
(capital ) is used in Bari and
Hausa
Hausa may refer to:
* Hausa people, an ethnic group of West Africa
* Hausa language, spoken in West Africa
* Hausa Kingdoms, a historical collection of Hausa city-states
* Hausa (horse) or Dongola horse, an African breed of riding horse
See also
...
(in Nigeria) for , but in Niger, Hausa is replaced with .
A
is used in
Taa, where it represents the
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
or
creaky-voiced vowel .
is used in
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
,
Finnish
Finnish may refer to:
* Something or someone from, or related to Finland
* Culture of Finland
* Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland
* Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people
* Finnish cuisine
See also ...
and other languages with phonemic long vowels for . It is also used in some English and Scots dialects, such as
Northumbrian and
Shetlandic
Shetland dialect (also variously known as Shetlandic; broad or auld Shetland or Shaetlan; and referred to as Modern Shetlandic Scots (MSS) by some linguists) is a dialect of Insular Scots spoken in Shetland, an archipelago to the north of main ...
, to represent . It was
formerly used in Danish and Norwegian (and still is in some proper names) to represent a single vowel, which in Danish is often or , until it was replaced with the letter . There is a ligature . In
Cantonese Romanisations such as
Jyutping
Jyutping is a romanisation system for Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK), an academic group, in 1993. Its formal name is the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme. The LSHK advocates fo ...
or
Yale
Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the wor ...
, this is used to represent , which contrasts with .
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, where it represents between two "broad" (
velarized
Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four d ...
) consonants, e.g. ''Gael'' ('a
Gael
The Gaels ( ; ga, Na Gaeil ; gd, Na Gàidheil ; gv, Ny Gaeil ) are an ethnolinguistic group native to Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man in the British Isles. They are associated with the Gaelic languages: a branch of the Celtic languag ...
').
: In
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
, originally represented the
diphthong , before it was
monophthong
A monophthong ( ; , ) is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. The monophthongs can be contrasted with diphthongs, wh ...
ized in the
Vulgar Latin period to ; in medieval manuscripts, the digraph was frequently replaced by the
ligature
Ligature may refer to:
* Ligature (medicine), a piece of suture used to shut off a blood vessel or other anatomical structure
** Ligature (orthodontic), used in dentistry
* Ligature (music), an element of musical notation used especially in the me ...
.
: In Modern English, Latin loanwords with are generally pronounced with (e.g. ''Caesar''), prompting
Noah Webster to shorten this to in his 1806
spelling reform for
American English
American English, sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States. English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and in most circumstances i ...
.
: In
German, is a variant of found in some proper names or in contexts where is unavailable.
: In
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
, is an old spelling variant of the digraph but now only occurs in names of people or (less often) places and in a few loanwords from Greek and Latin.
: In
Zhuang, is used for ( is used for ).
: In
Revised Romanization of Korean, is used for /ɛ/.
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for .
is used in
Taa, where it represents the breathy or
murmured . In
German and
English it typically represents a
long vowel .
is used in many
languages, typically representing the diphthong . In
English, as a result of the
Great Vowel Shift
The Great Vowel Shift was a series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1400 and 1700, beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English. Through ...
, the vowel of has shifted from this value to as in ''pain'' and ''rain'', while it may have a sound of in unstressed syllables like ''bargain'' and ''certain(ly)'', or in the stressed syllable of ''again(st)'' (AmE), depending on the word; while in
French, a different change, ''monophthongization'', has occurred, resulting in the digraph representing . A similar change has also occurred during the
development of Greek, resulting in and the both having the same sound; originally , later . In
German, it represents as in ''Kaiser'' (which derived from Latin ''caesar''). However, most German words use for . In the
Kernowek Standard orthography of
Cornish, it represents , mostly in loanwords from English such as ''paint''.
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in
French for , as in ''aînesse'' or ''maître'' .
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for . It has, thus, the same value as , but the latter is much more common.
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for at the end of a word, before a consonant, and before a vowel; and in
French for ( before a vowel).
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for a
stressed before a consonant.
is used in many languages to write a
nasal vowel. In
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
it is used for before a consonant, in French it represents , and in many
West African languages it represents . In
Breton this digraph represents .
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for a
stressed before a consonant.
is used in
Tibetan Pinyin for . It is alternately written .
is used in
Walloon, for the nasal vowel .
is used in
Lakhota for the nasal vowel
is used in the
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for or , depending on dialect, between broad consonants. In
French, it is found in a few words such as ''paonne'' representing . In
Malagasy, it represents , and in
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
, . In
Wymysorys, it represents (also spelt ). In
Mandarin Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
, this is used to represent .
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for .
is used in
Taa, for the
pharyngealized vowel .
in
English is a result of various linguistic changes from Middle English, having shifted from to . In a number of dialects, this has merged with . It occasionally represents the diphthong , as in ''flautist''. Other pronunciations are in North American English ''aunt'' and ''laugh'', in ''gauge'', as in ''gauche'' and ''chauffeur'', and as in ''
meerschaum'' and ''restaurant''. Due to historical reasons, this is used to transcribe in several
Romanizations of Wu Chinese.
In
German and
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
, it is used for the diphthongs and respectively ( in some northern and in some southern Dutch and some Flemish dialects).
In
French, represents or sometimes . It most frequently appears in the inflectional ending marking plurals of certain kinds of words like ''cheval'' ('horse') or ''canal'' ('channel'), respectively having a plural in ''chevaux'' and ''canaux''.
In
Icelandic, it represents .
In the
Kernowek Standard orthography of
Cornish, stands for long or short , as in ''caul'' ('cabbage') or ''dauncya'' ('to dance').
is used in
German for the diphthong in declension of native words with ''au''; elsewhere, is written as . In words where ä, u is separated in two syllables, mostly of Latin origin, is pronounced as , as in ''
Matthäus'' (one German form for ''
Matthew'').
was used in
French but has been replaced by the trigraph eau.
is used in
English in ways that parallel English , though it appears more often at the end of a word.
In
Cornish, represents the diphthong or .
In
Welsh, represents the diphthong .
is used in
English in ways that parallel English , though it appears more often at the end of a word. Unlike , functions almost the same as (the sound in ''key'') at the end of variant spellings of names like ''Lindsay'' and ''Ramsay''.
In
French, it is usually used to represent /ɛj/ before a vowel (as in ''ayant'') and /ɛ.i/ before a consonant (as in ''pays'').
In
Cornish, represents the sounds , , , or .
(a
split digraph) indicates an English
'long a', historically but now most commonly realised as .
is used to notate in
Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī.
B
is used in
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
for in languages such as
Yi, where ''b'' stands for . In
Hungarian, it represents
geminated . In English, doubling a letter indicates that the previous vowel is short (so ''bb'' represents ). In ISO romanized
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled ; an example is
hobbang. In
Hadza it is the rare ejective . In several African languages it is implosive . In
Cypriot Arabic it is .
is used in
English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ''bdellatomy.'' When not initial, it represents , as in ''abdicate.''
is used in
Bavarian and several
African languages
The languages of Africa are divided into several major language families:
* Niger–Congo or perhaps Atlantic–Congo languages (includes Bantu and non-Bantu, and possibly Mande and others) are spoken in West, Central, Southeast and Souther ...
for the .
is used in transcriptions of
Indo-Aryan language
The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated in India, Pa ...
s for a
murmured voiced bilabial plosive
The voiced bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b. The voiced bilabial stop o ...
(), and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In
Juǀʼhoan, it's used for the similar
prevoiced Prevoicing, in phonetics, is voicing before the onset of a consonant or beginning with the onset of the consonant but ending before its release. In the extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for speech pathology, prevoicing is transcribe ...
aspirated plosive . In
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, it stands for the
phonemes and , word-initially as the lenition of for example ('my boat'), ('would be'). In the
orthography used in Guinea before 1985, was used in
Pular (a
Fula language) for the
voiced bilabial implosive
A voiced bilabial implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b_<.
Features
Features of the ...
, whereas in
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
,
Zulu, and
Shona
Shona often refers to:
* Shona people, a Southern African people
* Shona language, a Bantu language spoken by Shona people today
Shona may also refer to:
* ''Shona'' (album), 1994 album by New Zealand singer Shona Laing
* Shona (given name)
* S ...
, represents the implosive and represents the plosive . In some orthographies of
Dan, is and is .
is used in
Cornish for an optionally
pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ''mabm'' ('mother') or ''hebma'' ('this').
is used in
Sandawe and romanized
Thai for , and in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
it represents as the eclipsis of .
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the
voiced labiodental affricate
The voiced labiodental affricate ( in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a voiced labiodental stop and released as a voiced labiodental fricative .
Features
Features of the voiced labiodental affricate:
*There are two ...
.
is used in
Shona
Shona often refers to:
* Shona people, a Southern African people
* Shona language, a Bantu language spoken by Shona people today
Shona may also refer to:
* ''Shona'' (album), 1994 album by New Zealand singer Shona Laing
* Shona (given name)
* S ...
for a
whistled sibilant cluster .
C
is used in Andean Spanish for loanwords from
Quechua
Quechua may refer to:
*Quechua people, several indigenous ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru
*Quechuan languages, a Native South American language family spoken primarily in the Andes, derived from a common ancestral language
**So ...
or
Aymara
Aymara may refer to:
Languages and people
* Aymaran languages, the second most widespread Andean language
** Aymara language, the main language within that family
** Central Aymara, the other surviving branch of the Aymara(n) family, which today ...
with , as in ''Ccozcco'' (modern ''Qusqu)'' ('
Cuzco
Cusco, often spelled Cuzco (; qu, Qusqu ()), is a city in Southeastern Peru near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cusco Region and of the Cusco Province. The city is the seventh most populous in Peru; ...
'). In many European languages, before
front vowels represents a sequence such as , e.g. English ''success'', French ''occire'', Spanish ''accidente'' (dialectally or ); this is not the case of
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
, where a before a
front vowel represents a geminated , as in ''lacci'' . In
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
and
Lombard, represents the sound at the end of a word. In
Hadza it is the glottalized click . In English internet slang, can sometimes replace the letters or at the ends of words, such as with ''thicc'', ''protecc'', ''succ'' and ''phucc''.
was used for or in Old English (''ecg'' in Old E and nglish sounded like 'edge' in Modern English, while ''frocga'' sounded like 'froga'), where both are
long consonants. It is used for the click in
Naro
Naro ( scn, Naru ) is a ''comune'' in the province of Agrigento, on the island of Sicily, Italy. It is bounded by the comuni of Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Camastra, Campobello di Licata, Canicattì, Castrofilippo, Delia, Italy, Delia, Favara, Ag ...
, and in the Tindall orthography of
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for the
voiceless dental click .
is used in several languages. In English, it can represent , , , or . See article.
is used in
Manx for , as a distinction from which is used for .
is used in
Romani and the
Chechen Latin alphabet for . In the
Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for .
is used in the
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
for before the non-front vowel letters . In
English, it usually represents whenever it precedes any vowel other than . In
Polish, it represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of
ć appearing in other situations. In Romanian, it represents . The digraph is found at the end of a word (deci, atunci, copaci) or before the letters a, o, or u (ciorba, ciuleandra); the sound made by the letter c in front of the letters e or i becomes in front of the three aforementioned vowels, making the addition of the letter i necessary.
is used in
Friulian for such as in words ''cjocolate'' . It's also used in local orthographies of
Lombard to represent derived from Latin ⟨cl⟩.
is used in many
Germanic languages in lieu of or to indicate either a
geminated , or a with a preceding (historically)
short vowel. The latter is the case with English ''tack'', ''deck'', ''pick'', ''lock'', and ''buck'' (compare ''backer'' with ''baker''). In
German, indicates that the preceding vowel is short. Prior to the
German spelling reform of 1996, it was replaced by for syllabification. The new spelling rules allow only syllabification of the as a whole:
:*Old spelling: ''Säcke'': ''Säk-ke'' ('sacks')
:*New spelling: ''Säcke'': ''Sä-cke''
:Among the modern Germanic languages, is used mainly in
Alsatian,
English,
German,
Luxembourgish,
Scots,
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
, and other
West Germanic languages in
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
,
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
and
Switzerland. Similarly, is used for the same purpose in
Afrikaans,
Danish,
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
,
Icelandic,
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
, and other West Germanic languages in the
Netherlands and
Belgium. Compare the word ''nickel'', which is the same in many of these languages except for the customary or spelling. The word is ''
nickel'' in English and Swedish, ''
Nickel'' in German, and ''
nikkel'' in Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, Icelandic and Norwegian.
:It was also used in the Tindall orthography of
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for the
voiceless dental click (equivalent to ).
:It is also used in
Cornish for at the end of a syllable after a short vowel; only in loanwords (mostly from English) in the
Standard Written Form (SWF),
more widely in
Kernowek Standard.
is used in
English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ''
cnidarian.'' When not initial, it represents , as in ''acne.''
is used in
Seri for a
labialized
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve ...
velar plosive, . It is placed between and in
alphabetical order
Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is t ...
.
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .
is used in the
Hungarian for a
voiceless postalveolar affricate
The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with , (formerly ...
, . It is considered a distinct letter, named ''csé'', and is placed between and in
alphabetical order
Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is t ...
. Examples of words with cs include ''csak'' ('only'), ''csésze'' ('cup'), ''cső'' ('pipe'), ''csípős'' ('peppery').
is used in
English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ''ctenoid.'' When not initial, it represents , as in ''act''.
is used in languages such as
Nahuatl (that is, based on
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
or
Portuguese orthography
Portuguese orthography is based on the Latin alphabet and makes use of the acute accent, the circumflex accent, the grave accent, the tilde, and the cedilla to denote stress, vowel height, nasalization, and other sound changes. The diaeresis w ...
) for . In Nahuatl, is used before a vowel, whereas is used after a vowel.
is used in modern scholarly editions of Old English for the sound , which was spelled , or in manuscripts. In Middle English these were all replaced by Latin .
is used in
Esperanto as an unofficial surrogate of , which represents .
is used in
Polish for as in ('hello'). In
Kashubian, represents . In
French and
Catalan, historical contracted to the
ligature
Ligature may refer to:
* Ligature (medicine), a piece of suture used to shut off a blood vessel or other anatomical structure
** Ligature (orthodontic), used in dentistry
* Ligature (music), an element of musical notation used especially in the me ...
, and represents the sound . In
Hungarian, it was formerly used for the sound , which is now written .
D
is used in
Naro
Naro ( scn, Naru ) is a ''comune'' in the province of Agrigento, on the island of Sicily, Italy. It is bounded by the comuni of Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Camastra, Campobello di Licata, Canicattì, Castrofilippo, Delia, Italy, Delia, Favara, Ag ...
for the click , and in
Juǀʼhoan for the
prevoiced ejective
In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some ...
.
is used in
English to indicate a with a preceding (historically) short vowel (e.g. ''jaded'' has a "long a" while ''ladder'' has a "short a"). In
Welsh, represents a
voiced dental fricative
The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the ''th'' sound in ''father''. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or and was taken from the Old Engl ...
. It is treated as a distinct letter, named ''èdd'', and placed between and in
alphabetical order
Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is t ...
. In the ISO romanization of
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled ; examples are ''
ddeokbokki'' and ''
bindaeddeok''. In
Basque
Basque may refer to:
* Basques, an ethnic group of Spain and France
* Basque language, their language
Places
* Basque Country (greater region), the homeland of the Basque people with parts in both Spain and France
* Basque Country (autonomous co ...
, it represents a
voiced palatal plosive
The voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a barred dotless that was initially created by turning the type for a ...
, as in ''onddo'', ('mushroom'). In several African languages it is implosive .
Latin delta (ẟ, lowercase only) is represented by "dd" in
Modern Welsh
The history of the Welsh language (Welsh: ''Hanes yr iaith Gymraeg'') spans over 1400 years, encompassing the stages of the language known as Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh.
Origins
Welsh evolved from British, the C ...
.
is used in
English for in certain contexts, such as with ''judgement'' and ''hedge''
is used in the
Albanian,
Swahili, and revived
Cornish for the
voiced dental fricative
The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the ''th'' sound in ''father''. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or and was taken from the Old Engl ...
. The first examples of this digraph are from the
Oaths of Strasbourg, the earliest French text, where it denotes the same sound developed mainly from intervocalic Latin -''t''-.
In early traditional Cornish (
yogh
The letter yogh (ȝogh) ( ; Scots Language, Scots: ; Middle English: ) was used in Middle English and Older Scots, representing ''y'' () and various velar consonant , velar phonemes. It was derived from the Insular G, Insular form of the letter ...
), and later , were used for this purpose.
Edward Lhuyd
Edward Lhuyd FRS (; occasionally written Llwyd in line with modern Welsh orthography, 1660 – 30 June 1709) was a Welsh naturalist, botanist, linguist, geographer and antiquary. He is also named in a Latinate form as Eduardus Luidius.
Life
...
is credited for introducing the grapheme to Cornish orthography in 1707 in his ''Archaeologia Britannica''. In
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
it represents the
voiced velar fricative or the
voiced palatal approximant
The voiced palatal approximant, or yod, is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic no ...
; at the beginning of a word it shows the
lenition
In linguistics, lenition is a sound change that alters consonants, making them more sonorous. The word ''lenition'' itself means "softening" or "weakening" (from Latin 'weak'). Lenition can happen both synchronically (within a language at a pa ...
of , for example ''mo dhoras'' ('my door' cf. ''doras'' 'door').
:In the
pre-1985 orthography of Guinea, was used for the
voiced alveolar implosive in
Pular. It is currently written . In the orthography of
Shona
Shona often refers to:
* Shona people, a Southern African people
* Shona language, a Bantu language spoken by Shona people today
Shona may also refer to:
* ''Shona'' (album), 1994 album by New Zealand singer Shona Laing
* Shona (given name)
* S ...
it is the opposite: represents , and . In the
transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages, represents a dental stop, .
:In addition, is used in various romanization systems. In transcriptions of
Indo-Aryan language
The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated in India, Pa ...
s, for example, it represents the
murmured voiced dental plosive , and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In
Juǀʼhoan, it's used for the similar
prevoiced Prevoicing, in phonetics, is voicing before the onset of a consonant or beginning with the onset of the consonant but ending before its release. In the extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for speech pathology, prevoicing is transcribe ...
aspirated plosive . In the
romanization of Arabic
The romanization of Arabic is the systematic rendering of written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, cataloging Arabic language works, language e ...
, it denotes , which represents in
Modern Standard Arabic.
is used in
Faroese,
French and many French-based orthographies for . In the
transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as
Warlpiri,
Arrernte, and
Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop such as or ; this sound is also written , , , or . It is also formerly used in Indonesian as .
is used in
Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
’s
Romanized Popular Alphabet for . In
Navajo, it represents , and in
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
it represents . In
Hadza it is ejective .
is used in
Tlingit
The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ), for (in Alaska, is used instead).
is used in
Yélî Dnye for
doubly articulated and
nasally released .
is used in
Yélî Dnye for
nasally released . In
Cornish, it is used for an optionally
pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ''pedn'' ('head') or ''pednow'' ('heads').
is used in
Yélî Dnye for
doubly articulated .
is used for the click in
Naro
Naro ( scn, Naru ) is a ''comune'' in the province of Agrigento, on the island of Sicily, Italy. It is bounded by the comuni of Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Camastra, Campobello di Licata, Canicattì, Castrofilippo, Delia, Italy, Delia, Favara, Ag ...
.
is used in
Malagasy for . See . It is used in
Fijian for 'ndr' nasalized ().
is used in
Juǀʼhoan for the
prevoiced ejective
In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some ...
.
is used in
German,
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
, and
Sandawe orthography as well as the romanization of
Thai for . In
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
it represents as the eclipsis of .
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the
voiced dental affricate
A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tongue tip, tip or tongue blade, blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound ...
.
is used in some
Zapotecan languages for a
voiced postalveolar fricative . (It is placed between and in
alphabetical order
Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is t ...
.) In
Juǀʼhoan it is used for the
prevoiced Prevoicing, in phonetics, is voicing before the onset of a consonant or beginning with the onset of the consonant but ending before its release. In the extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for speech pathology, prevoicing is transcribe ...
uvularized plosive .
is used in
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
for . In
Shona
Shona often refers to:
* Shona people, a Southern African people
* Shona language, a Bantu language spoken by Shona people today
Shona may also refer to:
* ''Shona'' (album), 1994 album by New Zealand singer Shona Laing
* Shona (given name)
* S ...
, it represents . In
Tagalog it is used for . In the
transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as
Warlpiri,
Arrernte, and
Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop such as or . This sound is also written , , , , or .
is used in several languages, often to represent . See article.
is used in the
Polish and
Sorbian alphabets for , the
voiced alveolo-palatal affricate, as in ''dźwięk'' . is never written before a
vowel ( is used instead, as in ''dziecko'' 'child').
is used in the
Polish for a
voiced retroflex affricate
The voiced retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , sometimes simplified to or . It occurs in such language ...
(e.g. 'jam').
is used in
Serbo-Croatian,
Slovak,
Lithuanian, and
Latvian to represent . See article.
E
is used in
Taa, where it represents the
glottalised or
creaky vowel .
is used in many
languages. In
English, usually represents the monophthong as in ''meat''; due to a
sound change that happened in Middle English, it also often represents the vowel as in ''sweat''. Rare pronunciations occur, like in ''break'', ''great'', ''steak'', and ''yea'', and in the archaic ''
ealdorman''. When followed by r, it can represent the standard outcomes of the previously mentioned three vowels in this environment: as in ''beard'', as in ''heard'', and as in ''bear'', respectively; as another exception, occurs in the words ''hearken'', ''heart'' and ''hearth''. It often represents two independent vowels, like (''seance''), (''reality''), (''create''), and or (''lineage''). Unstressed, it may represent (''ocean'') and or (''Eleanor''). In
Romanian, it represents the diphthong as in ''beată'' ('drunk female'). In
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, represents between a slender and a broad consonant. In
Old English
Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th c ...
, it represents the diphthong . is also the transliteration of the rune of the
Anglo-Frisian Futhorc.
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between a slender and a broad consonant.
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between a slender and a broad consonant.
represents a long mid vowel in a number of languages. In
English, represents as in ''teen''. In
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
and
German, represents (though it is pronounced in majority of northern Dutch dialects). In the
Cantonese Romanisation
Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding are ...
, it represents as in English, or for characters which might be pronounced as in
other dialects. In
Bouyei, is used for plain , as stands for .
is used in
Taa for the
murmured vowel . In the
Wade-Giles transliteration of
Mandarin Chinese, it is used for after a consonant, as in ''yeh'' . In
German, represents , as in ''Reh''.
This digraph was taken over from
Middle High German, where it represented . It usually represents a
diphthong. In
Modern German, is predominant in representing , as in ''Einstein'', while the equivalent digraph appears in only a few words. In
English, can represent many sounds, including , as in ''vein'', as in ''seize'', as in ''heist'', as in ''heifer'', as in ''enceinte'', and or as in ''forfeit''. See also
I before e except after c. In southern and western
Faroese dialects, it represents the diphthong , while in northern and eastern dialects, it represents the diphthong . In
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
, represents in
Greater Lisbon, so do and , but or in Brazil, East Timor, Macau, rest of Portugal, and Portuguese-speaking African countries,
In
Welsh, represents . In
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
and
Scottish Gaelic, it represents before a slender consonant. In
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
and
Afrikaans, represents . In
French, represents , as in ''seiche''.
is used In
Hepburn romanization of the
Japanese language to transcribe the sound .
is used in
French for , as in ''reître'' .
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between slender consonants.
is used in
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
in some short words, such as ''leja'' or ''nej'' .
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for at the end of a word and before a consonant. In French orthography, it can represent /ɑ̃/.
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for at the end of a word.
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for at the end of a word and before a consonant.
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for at the end of a word followed or not by an as in ''hífen'' or ''hifens''; and for before a consonant within a word. In
French, it represents or .
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for before a consonant.
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for before a consonant.
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for ( in 4 words) between a slender and a broad consonant. In the
Jyutping
Jyutping is a romanisation system for Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK), an academic group, in 1993. Its formal name is the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme. The LSHK advocates fo ...
romanization of
Cantonese, it represents , an allophone of , while in the
Cantonese Romanisation
Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding are ...
, it represents . In the
Revised Romanization of Korean, represents the
open-mid back unrounded vowel
The open-mid back unrounded vowel or low-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (c ...
, and in
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
it is . In
English is a rare digraph without a single pronunciation, representing in ''
feoff'', ''jeopardy'', ''leopard'' and the given name ''Geoffrey'', in ''people'', in ''
yeoman'' and in the archaic ''
feodary'', while in the originally Gaelic name
MacLeod
MacLeod, McLeod and Macleod ( ) which cited: are surnames in the English language.
Generally, the names are considered to be Anglicised forms of the Scottish Gaelic ', meaning "son of '".
One of the earliest occurrences of the surname is of Gi ...
it represents . However, usually it represents two vowels, like in ''leotard'' and ''galleon'', in ''stereo'' and, in ''
geodesy'', and, uniquely, in ''
geoduck
The Pacific geoduck ("gooey-duck"; ; ''Panopea generosa'') is a species of very large saltwater clam in the family Hiatellidae. The common name is derived from the Lushootseed ( Nisqually) word .
The geoduck is native to the coastal waters of t ...
''.
is used in
Taa for the
pharyngealized vowel .
is found in many
languages, most commonly for the diphthong . Additionally, in
English, represents as in ''neuter'' ( in yod-dropping accents); however, the ''eu'' in "maneuver/manoeuvre" always represents even in most non yod-dropping accents. In
German, it represents as in ''Deutsch''; and in
French,
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
,
Breton, and
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
, it represents . In
Cornish, it represents either long and short or long and short .
In
Yale romanization of Cantonese
The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook ''Speak Cantonese'' initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952 but later published in 1958. Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandar ...
it represents , while in the
Cantonese Romanisation
Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding are ...
, it represents . In
Wugniu romanization of
Wu Chinese, it represents sounds ranging from to , depending on the lect. In
Sundanese and
Acehnese, it represents as in ''beureum'' ('red'). In the
Revised Romanization of Korean, it represents .
is used in
French for , as in ''jeûne'' .
is used in
English for as in ''few'' and ''flew''. An exception is the pronunciation in ''sew'', leading to the
heteronym ''sewer'',(, 'drain') vs ''sewer'' (, 'one who sews'). In
Cornish, it stands for .
is used in the
Kernowek Standard orthography of
Cornish to refer to a sound that can be either or . This distribution can also be written .
is used in
English for a variety of sounds, including in ''they'', in ''key'', and in ''geyser''. In
Faroese, it represents the diphthong . In
Cornish, it represents the diphthong or .
(a
split digraph) indicates an English
'long e', historically but now most commonly realised as .
is used for in
Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī.
F
which may be written as the single unit: ff, is used in
English and
Cornish for the same sound as single , . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or for
etymological reasons, in
latinisms. Very rarely,
may be found word-initially in English, such as in proper names (e.g.,
Rose ffrench,
Jasper Fforde
Jasper Fforde (born 11 January 1961) is an English novelist, whose first novel, '' The Eyre Affair'', was published in 2001. He is known mainly for his '' Thursday Next'' novels, but has published two books in the loosely connected '' Nursery Cr ...
). In
Welsh, represents , while represents . In Welsh, is considered a distinct letter, and placed between and in
alphabetical order
Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is t ...
. In medieval
Breton, vowel nasalisation was represented by a following . This notation was reformed during the 18th century, though proper names retain the former convention, which leads to occasional mispronunciation. For ff as a single unit see:
Typographic ligature and Unicode FB00 (U+FB00) in
Latin script in Unicode
Over a thousand characters from the Latin script are encoded in the Unicode Standard, grouped in several basic and extended Latin blocks. The extended ranges contain mainly precomposed letters plus diacritics that are equivalently encoded with co ...
and
Unicode equivalence
Unicode equivalence is the specification by the Unicode character encoding standard that some sequences of code points represent essentially the same character. This feature was introduced in the standard to allow compatibility with preexisting st ...
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
and
Scottish Gaelic for the
lenition
In linguistics, lenition is a sound change that alters consonants, making them more sonorous. The word ''lenition'' itself means "softening" or "weakening" (from Latin 'weak'). Lenition can happen both synchronically (within a language at a pa ...
of . This happens to be silent, so that in Gaelic corresponds to no sound at all. For example, the Irish phrase ('how long') is pronounced , where is the lenited form of ('long').
in used in
Nambikwara
The Nambikwara (also called Nambikuára) is an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the Amazon. Currently about 1,200 Nambikwara live in indigenous territories in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso along the Guaporé and Juruena rivers. Thei ...
for a
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
.
G
is used in
Uzbek to represent .
is used in some
African languages
The languages of Africa are divided into several major language families:
* Niger–Congo or perhaps Atlantic–Congo languages (includes Bantu and non-Bantu, and possibly Mande and others) are spoken in West, Central, Southeast and Souther ...
for a
voiced labial-velar plosive, .
is used in languages, such as
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
and
Zulu, for the click . In
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, it indicates the
eclipsis of and represents .
is used in
French for before as in ''geôle'' .
is used in
English for before , and (exampleː ''doggy''). It is also used in
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
for in languages such as
Yi. In
Central Alaskan Yup'ik, it represents . In
Greenlandic , it represents . In the ISO romanization of
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled (e.g. ''
ggakdugi''). In
Hadza it is ejective . In
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
, before a
front vowel represents a geminated , as in ''legge'' . In
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
and
Lombard, is an etymological spelling representing an at the end of a word which is the unvoicing of an ancient .
is used in several languages. In English, it can be silent or represent or . See article.
is used in
Vietnamese
Vietnamese may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia
** A citizen of Vietnam. See Demographics of Vietnam.
* Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam
** Overse ...
for in northern dialects and in the southern ones. In
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
, it represents before the non-front vowel letters .
is used in
Albanian for the
voiced palatal plosive
The voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a barred dotless that was initially created by turning the type for a ...
, though for
Gheg
Gheg (also spelled Geg; Gheg Albanian: ''gegnishtja'', Standard sq, gegërishtja) is one of the two major varieties of Albanian, the other being Tosk. The geographic dividing line between the two varieties is the Shkumbin River, which winds ...
speakers it represents . In the
Arbëresh dialect, it represents the
voiced velar plosive
The voiced velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages.
Some languages have the voiced pre-velar plosive, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototyp ...
. In
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
and
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
represents in words like ''gjorde'' ('did'). In
Faroese, it represents . It is also used in the
Romanization of Macedonian as a Latin equivalent of
Cyrillic . Also, it's used in
Friulian to represent (whilst is one of the pronunciations of the letter ⟨z⟩). It can be found in some local orthographies of
Lombard to represent derived from Latin ⟨gl⟩. Before the letter
Đ was introduced into
Gaj's Latin alphabet
Gaj's Latin alphabet ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Gajeva latinica, separator=" / ", Гајева латиница}, ), also known as ( sh-Cyrl, абецеда, ) or ( sh-Cyrl, гајица, link=no, ), is the form of the Latin script used for writing Serb ...
in 1878, the digraph ⟨gj⟩ had been used instead; and it remained in use till the beginning of the 20th century.
is used in
Sandawe and the romanization of
Thai for ; in
Limburgish it represents . Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph
γ κ for , as
γ is used for ~ .
is used in
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
and some African languages for .
is used in
English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ''phlegm'' and ''paradigm.'' Between vowels, it simply represents , as in ''paradigmatic.''
is used in
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
, where it represented in the classical period. Latin
velar
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum).
Since the velar region of the roof of the mouth is relatively extensive a ...
-
coronal sequences like this (and also ) underwent a
palatal
The palate () is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.
A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separ ...
mutation to varying degrees in most
Italo-Western Romance languages
The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language ...
. For most languages that preserve the spelling (such as
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
and
French), it represents a
palatal nasal , and is similarly used in
Romanization schemes such as
Wugniu for . This was not the case in
Dalmatian and the
Eastern Romance languages where a different mutation changed the velar component to a
labial consonant as well as the spelling to .
:In
English, represents initially (see
/gn/ reduction) and finally (i.e. ''gnome, gnu, benign, sign''). When it appears between two syllables, it represents (e.g. ''signal''). In
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
and
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
, represents in monosyllabic words like ''agn'', and between two syllables, ''tegne''. Initially, it represents , e.g. Swedish ''gnista'' .
was used in several Spanish-derived orthographies of the Pacific for . It is one of several variants of the digraph , and is preserved in the name of the town of
Sagñay,
Philippines.
is used in
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
for .
is used in languages, such as
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
and
Zulu, for the click . In the
Taa language, it represents .
is used in
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
for .
is used in
English,
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
,
French,
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
and
Catalan for before front vowels ( in English and French) where a "soft g" pronunciation (English ; Spanish ; French, Portuguese and Catalan ) would otherwise occur. In English, it can also be used to represent . In the
Ossete Latin alphabet, it is used for .
is used in
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
and
Catalan for before front vowels where the digraph would otherwise represent .
is used for in
Standard Zhuang and in
Bouyei. In the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages it is used for the labialized fricative .
is used in various languages for , and in
Dene Suline
Chipewyan or Denesuline (ethnonym: ), often simply called Dene, is the language spoken by the Chipewyan people of northwestern Canada. It is categorized as part of the Northern Athabaskan languages, Northern Athabaskan language family. Dënës ...
it represents .
, capital (or ), is used in
Tlingit
The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ), for (in Alaska); in Canada, this sound is represented by .
is used in languages, such as
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
and
Zulu, for the click . In
Esperanto, it is an unofficial surrogate of , which represents .
is used in
Hungarian for a
voiced palatal plosive
The voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a barred dotless that was initially created by turning the type for a ...
. In Hungarian, the letter's name is ''gyé.'' It is considered a single letter, and
acronyms keep the digraph intact. The letter appears frequently in Hungarian words, such as the word for "Hungarian" itself: ''magyar''. In the old orthography of
Bouyei, it was used for .
is used in
Juǀʼhoan for the
voiced alveolar click
The voiced (post)alveolar click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is or ; a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferre ...
.
is used in
Juǀʼhoan for the
voiced dental click .
is used in
Juǀʼhoan for the
voiced lateral click .
is used in
Juǀʼhoan for the
voiced palatal click
The voiced palatal click is a click consonant found among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is or . Variations of the latter include and .
Features
Features of the ...
.
H
is used in
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
to write the
murmured glottal fricative , though this is often written ''h.'' In the
Iraqw language
Iraqw (;) is a Cushitic language spoken in Tanzania in the Arusha and Manyara Regions. It is expanding in numbers as the Iraqw people
The Iraqw People (; are the Cushitic-speaking ethnic group inhabiting the northern Tanzanian regions. They ...
, ''hh'' is the
voiceless epiglottal fricative , and in
Chipewyan
The Chipewyan ( , also called ''Denésoliné'' or ''Dënesųłı̨né'' or ''Dënë Sųłınë́'', meaning "the original/real people") are a Dene Indigenous Canadian people of the Athabaskan language family, whose ancestors are identified ...
it is a velar/uvular . In
Esperanto orthography
Esperanto is written in a Latin-script alphabet of twenty-eight letters, with upper and lower case. This is supplemented by punctuation marks and by various logograms, such as the digits 0–9, currency signs such as $ € ¥ £ ₷, and mathema ...
, it is an official surrogate of , which represents .
is used in the
Italian dialect of Albanian for . In
Faroese, it represents either or , and in Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, it represents . In
Icelandic it is used to denote .
is used for or in various alphabets, such as the
Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write
Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
() and
Icelandic (). See also
reduction of Old English /hl/.
is used in the
Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write
Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
, where it represents the sound .
is used in the
Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write
Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
, where it represents the sound . It is also used in
Icelandic to denote the same phoneme. See also
reduction of Old English /hn/.
is used for in
Bouyei. In
Icelandic it is used for . See also
reduction of Old English /hr/.
is used in the
Wade-Giles transcription of
Mandarin Chinese for the sound , equivalent to
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
''x.''
is used primarily in the
Classical Nahuatl language, in which it represents the sound before a vowel; for example, ''Wikipedia'' in Nahuatl is written ''Huiquipedia''. After a vowel, is used. In the
Ossete Latin alphabet, ''hu'' was used for , similar to French ''roi.'' The sequence ''hu'' is also found in Spanish words such as ''huevo'' or ''hueso;'' however, in Spanish this is not a digraph but a simple sequence of silent ''h'' and the vowel ''u.''
is used
Faroese and
Icelandic for (often ), generally in
wh-words, but also in other words, such as Faroese ''hvonn''. In the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages it is used for the supposed fricative .
is used in modern editions of
Old English
Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th c ...
for , originally spelled or (the latter with the
wynn
Wynn or wyn (; also spelled wen, ƿynn, and ƿen) is a letter of the Old English alphabet, where it is used to represent the sound .
History The letter "W"
While the earliest Old English texts represent this phoneme with the digraph , ...
letter). In its descendants in modern English, it is now spelled (see there for more details). It is used in some orthographies of
Cornish for .
is used in
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
for in languages such as
Yi ( alone represents the fricative ), and in
Nambikwara
The Nambikwara (also called Nambikuára) is an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the Amazon. Currently about 1,200 Nambikwara live in indigenous territories in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso along the Guaporé and Juruena rivers. Thei ...
it is a
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
. In
Esperanto orthography
Esperanto is written in a Latin-script alphabet of twenty-eight letters, with upper and lower case. This is supplemented by punctuation marks and by various logograms, such as the digits 0–9, currency signs such as $ € ¥ £ ₷, and mathema ...
, it is an unofficial surrogate of , which represents .
is used in
Hepburn romanization of the
Japanese language to transcribe the sound , which is the syllable ''hi'' before a ''y''-vowel, such as ''hya'', ''hyu'', and ''hyo'', which appear in Chinese loanwords.
I
is used in
Taa to represent the
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
or
creaky vowel .
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for the diphthong .
is used in
English, where it usually represents the sound as in ''pries'' and ''allied'' or the sound as in ''priest'' and ''rallied''. Followed by an ''r'', these vowels follow the standard changes to and , as in ''brier'' and ''bier''. Unique pronunciations are in ''sieve'', in ''friend'' and in ''lingerie''. Unstressed it can represent , as in ''spaniel'' and ''conscience'', or or as in ''mischief'' and ''hurriedly''. It also can represent many vowel combinations, including in ''diet'' and ''client'', in ''diester'' and ''quiescent'', in ''alien'' and ''skier'', in ''oriental'' and ''hygienic'', and in British ''medieval''.
:In
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
and
Afrikaans, represents the
tense vowel . In
German, it may represent the lengthened vowel as in ''Liebe'' (love) as well as the vowel combination as in ''Belgien'' (Belgium). In
Latvian and
Lithuanian, the is considered two letters for all purposes and represents , commonly (although less precisely) transcribed as . In
Maltese, is a distinct letter and represents a long
close front unrounded vowel
The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English wo ...
, or . In
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
it is used to write the vowel in languages such as
Yi, where ''e'' stands for . In
Old English
Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th c ...
was one of the common diphthongs, the
umlauted version of "ea" and "eo". Its value is not entirely clear, and in Middle English it had become /e/.
is used in
Afrikaans for .
is used in
Catalan for in the
coda.
, is used in
Taa to represent the breathy or
murmured vowel . It is also used in
Tongyong Pinyin and
Wade-Giles transcription for the fricative vowels of Mandarin Chinese, which are spelled ''i'' in
Hanyu Pinyin.
is used in many languages such as Finnish (example:Riikka, Niinistö, Siitala, Riikkeli), Italian (example:Riina), Estonian (example:Riik), Scots (example:Auld Nii, Iisay), with phonemic long vowels for .
is used in
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
for . See article.
is used in
French for , historically , as in ''ail'' "garlic".
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for .
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for before a consonant.
is used in many languages to write a
nasal vowel. In
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
before a consonant, and in many
West African languages, it is , while in French it is .
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for before a consonant.
is used in
French to write a vowel sound that was once followed by a historical ''s'', as in ''vous vîntes'' "you came".
is used in
Lakhota for the nasal vowel .
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for , , and between a slender and a broad consonant.
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between a slender and a broad consonant.
is used in
Taa to represent the
pharyngealized vowel .
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between a slender and a broad consonant. In Mandarin
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
, it is after a consonant. (In initial position, this is spelled ''you.'')
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between a slender and a broad consonant.
is used in
Welsh and
Cornish for the diphthong or .
is used in
Catalan for (Eastern Catalan) or (Western Catalan) after a vowel.
(a
split digraph) indicates an English
'long i', historically but now most commonly realised as .
J
is used in
Walloon to write a consonant that is variously , or , depending on the dialect. In
Tongyong pinyin, it represents , written ''zh'' in standard pinyin. ''Jh'' is also the standard transliteration for the
Devanāgarī letter झ .
In
Esperanto, it is an official surrogate of , which represents .
is used in
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
for in languages such as
Yi. In romanized
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
, it represents the fortis sound . In
Hadza it is ejective .
is used as a letter of the
Seri alphabet, where it represents a
labialized
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve ...
velar fricative
A velar fricative is a fricative consonant produced at the velar place of articulation. It is possible to distinguish the following kinds of velar fricatives:
*Voiced velar fricative, a consonant sound written as in the International Phonetic Alph ...
, . It is placed between
J and
L in
alphabetical order
Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is t ...
.
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .
is used in
Esperanto as an unofficial surrogate of , which represents .
K
is used for in southern African languages such as
Setswana and
Sotho. For instance, the
Kalahari
The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savanna in Southern Africa extending for , covering much of Botswana, and parts of Namibia and South Africa.
It is not to be confused with the Angolan, Namibian, and South African Namib coasta ...
is spelled ''Kgalagadi'' in Setswana.
, in transcriptions of
Indo-Aryan and
Dravidian languages, represents the
aspirated voiceless velar plosive
The voiceless velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k.
The sound is a ver ...
(). For most other languages, it represents the
voiceless velar fricative , for example in transcriptions of the letter () in standard Arabic, standard Persian, and Urdu, Cyrillic ''
Х'', ''х'' (kha), Spanish ''j'', as well as the Hebrew letter
kaf () in instances when it is
lenited. When used for transcription of the letter () in
Sephardic Hebrew
Sephardi Hebrew (or Sepharadi Hebrew; he, עברית ספרדית, Ivrit S'faradít, lad, Hebreo Sefardíes) is the pronunciation system for Biblical Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Sephardi Jewish practice. Its phonology was influenced by ...
, it represents the
voiceless pharyngeal fricative . In Canadian
Tlingit
The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ), it represents , which in Alaska is written ''
k.'' In the
Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for .
is used
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
and
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
for or . See also . In
Faroese, it represents .
is used in romanized
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
for the
fortis sound , in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for ejective , and in
Cypriot Arabic for .
is used in
Zulu to write a sound variously realized as or .
is used in
Yélî Dnye doubly articulated and
nasally released .
is used in English to write the word-initial sound (
formerly pronounced /kn/) in some words of Germanic origin, such as ''knee'' and ''knife.'' It is used in
Yélî Dnye for
nasally released .
is used as a letter in some
African languages
The languages of Africa are divided into several major language families:
* Niger–Congo or perhaps Atlantic–Congo languages (includes Bantu and non-Bantu, and possibly Mande and others) are spoken in West, Central, Southeast and Souther ...
, where it represents a
voiceless labial-velar plosive
In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of phonation, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies v ...
.
is used in
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
for .
is used in
Cornish for either or .
is used in
Purépecha for . It also had that value in the
Ossete Latin alphabet.
is used for in some dialects of
Zhuang.
is used in various languages for the
labialized velar consonant , and in
Dene Suline
Chipewyan or Denesuline (ethnonym: ), often simply called Dene, is the language spoken by the Chipewyan people of northwestern Canada. It is categorized as part of the Northern Athabaskan languages, Northern Athabaskan language family. Dënës ...
(Chipewyan) for . Used informally in English for
phonemic spelling
A phonemic orthography is an orthography (system for writing a language) in which the graphemes (written symbols) correspond to the phonemes (significant spoken sounds) of the language. Natural languages rarely have perfectly phonemic orthographi ...
of ''
qu'', as in ''
kwik'' (from ''quick''), ultimately from
Proto-Indo-European .
is used in Alaskan
Tlingit
The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ), for , which in Canada is written ''
khw.''
in used in
Nambikwara
The Nambikwara (also called Nambikuára) is an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the Amazon. Currently about 1,200 Nambikwara live in indigenous territories in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso along the Guaporé and Juruena rivers. Thei ...
for a
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
, and in
Juǀʼhoan for the
ejective
In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some ...
.
is used in
Tibetan Pinyin for .
is used in
Esperanto for , equivalent to Polish .
L
, in
Occitan,
Gallo, and
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
, represents a
palatal lateral approximant . In many
Indigenous languages of the Americas it represents a
voiceless alveolar lateral fricative . In the
transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages it represents a dental lateral, . In the
Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of
Mandarin Chinese, initial indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in , which is otherwise spelled . In
Middle Welsh
Middle Welsh ( cy, Cymraeg Canol, wlm, Kymraec) is the label attached to the Welsh language of the 12th to 15th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This form of Welsh developed directly from Old Welsh ( cy, Hen G ...
it was sometimes used to represent the sound as well as , in
modern Welsh
The history of the Welsh language (Welsh: ''Hanes yr iaith Gymraeg'') spans over 1400 years, encompassing the stages of the language known as Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh.
Origins
Welsh evolved from British, the C ...
it has been replaced by . In
Tibetan, it represents the
voiceless alveolar lateral approximant
The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives i ...
, as in ''
Lhasa''.
is a letter in some
Slavic language
The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants. They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic, spoken during the Ea ...
s, such as the Latin orthographies of
Serbo-Croatian, where it represents a
palatal lateral approximant . For example, the word ''ljiljan'' is pronounced .
Ljudevit Gaj first used the digraph in 1830; he devised it by analogy with a
Cyrillic digraph, which developed into the typographic ligature, ligature . In
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
it represents /j/ such as in Ljus.
:The sound is written in Italian, in Castilian Spanish and Catalan as , in Portuguese as , in some Hungarian dialects as , and in
Latvian as . In Czech language, Czech and
Slovak, it is often transcribed as ; it is used more frequently in the latter language. While there are dedicated Unicode codepoints, U+01C7 (LJ), U+01C8 (Lj) and U+01C9 (lj), these are included for backwards compatibility (with legacy encodings for Serbo-Croatian which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic Љљ) and modern texts use a sequence of Basic Latin characters.
and are used in several languages. See article.
is used in Asturian language, Asturian for a sound that was historically but which is now an affricate, .
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .
is used in
Yélî Dnye for
doubly articulated .
is used for in Arrernte language#Orthography, Arrernte.
in used in
Nambikwara
The Nambikwara (also called Nambikuára) is an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the Amazon. Currently about 1,200 Nambikwara live in indigenous territories in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso along the Guaporé and Juruena rivers. Thei ...
for a
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
.
is used in
Hungarian. See article.
M
, in many African languages, represents or . It is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
to indicate the
eclipsis of and represents ; for example 'our boat' (cf. 'boat'). The Irish digraph is capitalized mB, for example 'in Dublin'. In English, ''mb'' represents when final, as in ''lamb'' (see -mb, reduction of /mb/). In
Standard Zhuang and in
Bouyei, is used for .
is used in
Yélî Dnye for
doubly articulated and prenasalized .
, in many African languages, represents or .
is used in
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
for in languages such as
Yi, where the more common digraph is restricted to . It is used in
Yélî Dnye for
doubly articulated and prenasalized .
, in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, stands for the
lenition
In linguistics, lenition is a sound change that alters consonants, making them more sonorous. The word ''lenition'' itself means "softening" or "weakening" (from Latin 'weak'). Lenition can happen both synchronically (within a language at a pa ...
of and represents or ; for example or 'my mother' (cf. 'mother'). In
Welsh it stands for the Welsh morphology, nasal mutation of and represents the voicelessness, voiceless ; for example 'my head' (cf. 'head'). In both languages it is considered a sequence of the two letters and for purposes of alphabetization. In
Shona
Shona often refers to:
* Shona people, a Southern African people
* Shona language, a Bantu language spoken by Shona people today
Shona may also refer to:
* ''Shona'' (album), 1994 album by New Zealand singer Shona Laing
* Shona (given name)
* S ...
,
Juǀʼhoan and several other languages, it is used for a murmured . In the
Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of
Mandarin Chinese, initial ''mh-'' indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in , which is otherwise spelled ''m-.'' In several languages, such as Gogo language, Gogo, it's a voiceless .
is used in the
Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write
Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
, where it represents the sound .
is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized . It is used in
Cornish for an optionally
pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ('mother') or ('this').
is used in English to write the word-initial sound in a few words of Greek origin, such as ''mnemonic.'' When final, it represents , as in ''damn'' or as in ''hymn'', and between vowels it represents /m/ as in ''damning'', or as in ''damnation'' (see Phonological history of English consonant clusters#mb, /mn/-reduction). In
French it represents , as in and .
, in many African languages, represents or . Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph Mu (letter), μPi (letter), π for , as Beta (letter), β is used for . In Mpumpong language, Mpumpong of Cameroon, is a plain .
is used in
Juǀʼhoan for a pharyngealized or perhaps creaky .
is used in
Yélî Dnye for
doubly articulated and prenasalized .
, in many African languages, represents or .
is used for in Arrernte language#Orthography, Arrernte.
is used in
Nambikwara
The Nambikwara (also called Nambikuára) is an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the Amazon. Currently about 1,200 Nambikwara live in indigenous territories in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso along the Guaporé and Juruena rivers. Thei ...
for a
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
.
N
is used in
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
and
Shona
Shona often refers to:
* Shona people, a Southern African people
* Shona language, a Bantu language spoken by Shona people today
Shona may also refer to:
* ''Shona'' (album), 1994 album by New Zealand singer Shona Laing
* Shona (given name)
* S ...
for . Since is not a letter in either language, is not technically a digraph.
is used in
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
for in languages such as
Yi. It is also used in Fula language, Fula in Guinea for (written as mb in other countries).
is used in various alphabets. In the
Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write
Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
, it represents the sound . In Tharaka language, Tharaka it is . In
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
and
Zulu it represents the click .
, in many African languages, represents or , and capitalized . It is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for the
eclipsis of , and represents , for example in ''ár ndoras'' "our door" (cf. ''doras'' "door"). In this function it is capitalized , e.g. ''i nDoire'' "in Derry". In
Standard Zhuang and in
Bouyei, is used for .
, equivalent to for or . In Rangi language, Rangi ''nf'' is while ''mf'' is .
, in Sino-Tibetan languages, as in
English and several other European and derived orthographies (for example Vietnamese language, Vietnamese), generally represents the velar nasal . It is considered a single letter in many Austronesian languages (Māori language, Māori,
Tagalog, Tongan language, Tongan, Gilbertese language, Gilbertese, Tuvaluan language, Tuvaluan, Indonesian language, Indonesian, Chamorro language, Chamorro), Welsh Language, Welsh, and Rheinische Dokumenta, for velar nasal ; and in some
African languages
The languages of Africa are divided into several major language families:
* Niger–Congo or perhaps Atlantic–Congo languages (includes Bantu and non-Bantu, and possibly Mande and others) are spoken in West, Central, Southeast and Souther ...
(Lingala language, Lingala, Bambara language, Bambara, Wolof language, Wolof) for prenasalization, prenasalized ().
:For the development of the pronunciation of this digraph in English, see NG-coalescence and G-dropping.
:Finnish language, Finnish uses the digraph 'ng' to denote the phonemically long velar nasal in contrast to 'nk' , which is its "strong" form under consonant gradation, a type of
lenition
In linguistics, lenition is a sound change that alters consonants, making them more sonorous. The word ''lenition'' itself means "softening" or "weakening" (from Latin 'weak'). Lenition can happen both synchronically (within a language at a pa ...
. Weakening produces an archiphoneme, archiphonemic "velar fricative", which, as a velar fricative does not exist in Standard Finnish, is assimilated to the preceding , producing . (No is involved at any point, despite the spelling 'ng'.) The digraph 'ng' is not an independent letter, but it is an exception to the Phonemic orthography, phonemic principle, one of the few in standard Finnish.
:In
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
''ng'' is used word-initially as the
eclipsis of and represents , e.g. ''ár ngalar'' "our illness" (cf. ). In this function it is capitalized ''nG'', e.g. ''i'' nG''aillimh'' "in Galway".
:In Tagalog and other Philippine languages, ''ng'' represented the prenasalized sequence during the Spanish era. The velar nasal, , was written in a variety of ways, namely "n͠g", "ñg", "gñ" (as in
Sagñay), and—after a vowel—at times "g̃". During the standardization of Tagalog in the early part of the 20th century, ''ng'' became used for the velar nasal , while prenasalized came to be written ''Ngg (trigraph), ngg.'' Furthermore, ''ng'' is also used for a common genitive case, genitive particle pronounced , to differentiate it from an adverbial particle ''nang.''
:In
Uzbek, it is considered as a separate letter, being the last (twenty-ninth) letter of the Uzbek alphabet. It is followed by the apostrophe (''tutuq belgisi'').
is used in
Central Alaskan Yup'ik to write the voiceless nasal sound .
, or more precisely , was a digraph in several Spanish-derived orthographies of the Pacific, such as
Tagalog and Chamorro language, Chamorro, where it represented the sound , as opposed to ''ng'', which originally represented . An example is Chamorro ''agan͠gñáijon'' (modern ''agangñaihon)'' "to declare". Besides ''ñg'', variants of ''n͠g'' include ''gñ'' (as in
Sagñay), ''ng̃'', and a ''g̃'', that is preceded by a vowel (but not a consonant). It has since been replaced by the trigraph or (see above).
is used for in Swahili and languages with Swahili-based orthographies. Since is not a letter in Swahili, is technically a digraph, not a trigraph (orthography), trigraph.
is used in several languages. See article.
in
Polish, it usually represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of ń appearing in other situations. (In some cases it may represent also before a vowel; for a better description, when, see Polish orthography#Other issues with i and j, the relevant section in the article on Polish orthography).
is a letter in the Latin orthographies of Albanian language, Albanian,
Serbo-Croatian.
Ljudevit Gaj, a Croat, first used this digraph in 1830. In all of these languages, it represents the
palatal nasal . For example, the Croatian and Serbian word ''konj'' (''horse'') is pronounced . The digraph was created in the 19th century by analogy with a digraph of
Cyrillic, which developed into the typographic ligature, ligature . While there are dedicated Unicode codepoints, U+01CA (NJ), U+01CB (Nj) and U+01CC (nj), these are included for backwards compatibility (with legacy encodings for Serbo-Croatian which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic Њњ) and modern texts use a sequence of Basic Latin characters.
:In
Faroese, it generally represents , although in some words it represent , like in ''banjo''. It is also used in some languages of Languages of Africa, Africa and Languages of Oceania, Oceania where it represents a Prenasalized consonant, prenazalized voiced postalveolar affricate or Voiced postalveolar fricative, fricative, or . In
Malagasy, it represents .
:Other letters and digraphs of the
Latin alphabet used for spelling this sound are (in Polish language, Polish), (in Czech language, Czech and Slovakian language, Slovakian), (in Spanish language, Spanish), (in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
and
Occitan), (in
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
and
French), and (in
Hungarian, among others).
is used in many Bantu languages like Lingala, Tshiluba, and Kikongo, for or . In the
transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as
Warlpiri,
Arrernte, and
Pitjantjatjara, it distinguishes a prenasalized velar stop, , from the nasal .
is used in
Yélî Dnye for
doubly articulated .
is used in
Yélî Dnye for
doubly articulated .
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for the Old Irish language, Old Irish "Irish phonology#Fortis and lenis sonorants, fortis sonorants" ("broad", i.e. non-palatalized or velarized) and ("slender", i.e. Palatalization (phonetics), palatalized) in non-initial position. In modern
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
, the "broad" sound is , while the slender sound can be any of , , or , depending on dialect and position in the word. In Spanish language, Spanish historical has contracted to the
ligature
Ligature may refer to:
* Ligature (medicine), a piece of suture used to shut off a blood vessel or other anatomical structure
** Ligature (orthodontic), used in dentistry
* Ligature (music), an element of musical notation used especially in the me ...
and represents the sound . In the
Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of
Mandarin Chinese, final ''-nn'' indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in , which is otherwise spelled ''-n.'' It is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized . In
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
, it is in the middle of a word, and at the end. In
Cornish, it is used for an optionally
pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ''penn'' ('head') or ''pennow'' ('heads').
is used in the
Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write
Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
, where it represents the sound .
is used in various alphabets. In the
Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write
Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
, it represents the sound . In
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
and
Zulu it represents the click . In the
Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of
Mandarin Chinese, final ''-nq'' indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in , which is otherwise spelled ''-ng.''
is used in the
Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write
Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
, where it represents the sound . In the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages it is .
, in many African languages, represents or .
is a letter present in many African languages where it represents or . Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph Nu (letter), νTau (letter), τ for , as Delta (letter), δ is used for .
, equivalent to for or .
is used in Igbo language, Igbo for , and in Arrernte language#Orthography, Arrernte for .
is used for the click in
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
and
Zulu, and in
Nambikwara
The Nambikwara (also called Nambikuára) is an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the Amazon. Currently about 1,200 Nambikwara live in indigenous territories in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso along the Guaporé and Juruena rivers. Thei ...
for a
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
.
is used in several languages for . See article.
, in many African languages, represents ~ , ~ , ~ , or ~ .
is used in
Juǀʼhoan for the alveolar nasal click .
is used in
Juǀʼhoan for the dental nasal click .
is used in
Juǀʼhoan for the lateral nasal click .
is used in
Juǀʼhoan for the palatal nasal click .
is used for medial in
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
.
Ŋ
⟨ŋm⟩, a letter was used in Anii language, Anii.
O
is used for and in
Uzbek, with the preferred typographical form being (Cyrillic ). Technically it is not a digraph in Uzbek, since is not a letter of the Uzbek alphabet, but rather a typographic convention for a diacritic. In handwriting the letter is written as .
It is also used in
Taa, for the
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
or
creaky vowel .
is used in
English, where it commonly represents the sound as in ''road'', ''coal'', ''boast'', ''coaxing'', etc. In Middle English, where the digraph originated, it represented , a pronunciation retained in the word ''broad'' and derivatives, and when the digraph is followed by an "r", as in ''soar'' and ''bezoar''. The letters also represent two vowels, as in ''koala'' , ''boa (disambiguation), boas'' , ''coaxial'' , ''oasis'' , and ''doable'' . In
Malagasy, it is occasionally used for .
is found in many
languages. In
English, it represents the sound as in ''hoe'' and sometimes the sound as in ''shoe''. It may also represent the sound in American English, AmE pronunciation of ''Oedipus'', ''(o)esophagus'' (also in British English, BrE), and ''(o)estrogen'', in ''boehmite'' (AmE) and surnames like ''John Boehner, Boehner'' and ''Matt Groening, Groening'' (as if spelled ''Bayner'' and ''Gray/Greyning'' respectively), and in ''foetus'' (BrE and Commonwealth English, CoE) and some speakers' pronunciation of ''Oedipus'' and ''oestrogen''.
Afrikaans and
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
''oe'' is , as in ''doen''; it also represented the same phoneme in the Indonesian language before the Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan, 1972 spelling reform. ligature (typography), Ligatured to in
French, it stands for the vowels (as in ) and (as in ). It is an alternative way to write or in German or Scandinavian languages when this character is unavailable. In Cantonese Pinyin it represents the vowel , while in the
Jyutping
Jyutping is a romanisation system for Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK), an academic group, in 1993. Its formal name is the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme. The LSHK advocates fo ...
romanisation of
Cantonese it represents , and in
Zhuang it is used for ( is used for ). In
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
, it is . In the Kernewek Kemmyn orthography of
Cornish, it is used for a phoneme which is long, mid-length, and short.
is used in
French to write the vowel sound in a few words before what had historically been an ''s'', mostly in words derived from ' "stove". The diacriticless variant, , rarely represents this sound except in words related to ' (rarely spelt ).
is used in Afrikaans for the vowel .
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for . It is used in plural forms of some words ended in , such as ''wiktionary:anão, anão–anões'' and ''wiktionary:campeão, campeão–campeões.''
is used in
Taa, for the breathy or
murmured vowel .
is used in various
languages. In
English, ''oi'' represents the sound as in ''coin'' and ''join''. In
French, it represents , which was historically – and still is in some cases – written "oy." In
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
it is used for between a broad and a slender consonant. In
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
, it is .
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in
French to write before what had historically been an ''s'', as in ''boîtier'' or ''cloître.''
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
for .
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for , and in French to write .
is used in Portuguese orthography, Brazilian Portuguese for before a consonant.
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for before a consonant, and in French to write .
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for before a consonant.
is used in
Tibetan Pinyin for . It is alternately written Oin (trigraph), oin.
is used in many
languages. In
English, ''oo'' commonly represents sounds which historically descend from the Middle English phonology, Middle English pronunciation . After the
Great Vowel Shift
The Great Vowel Shift was a series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1400 and 1700, beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English. Through ...
, this came to typically represent as in "m''oo''n" and "f''oo''d". Subsequently, in a handful of common words like "g''oo''d" and "fl''oo''d" the vowel was shortened to /u/, and after the Phonological history of English close back vowels#FOOT–STRUT split, Middle English – split, these became and respectively. Like in Middle English, the digraph's pronunciation is in most other languages. In
German and
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
, the digraph represents . In
Cornish, it represents either or .
Is used in
Taa,for the
pharyngealized vowel .
, in Daighi tongiong pingim, represents mid central vowel or close-mid back rounded vowel in Taiwanese Hokkien.
[董峰政, "Taiwanese Tong-iong Pingim Dictionary", 臺南市寧南語言文化協會, Tainan City, Jul 2006.]
is used in
English for the
diphthong , as in ''out'' . This spelling is generally used before consonants, with being used instead before vowels and at the ends of words. Occasionally ''ou'' may also represent other vowels – as in ''trouble'', as in ''soul'', as in ''would'', as in ''group'', or as in the alternate American pronunciation of ''coupon''. The ''ou'' in ''out'' originally represented , as in French, and its pronunciation has mostly changed as part of the
Great Vowel Shift
The Great Vowel Shift was a series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1400 and 1700, beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English. Through ...
. However, the sound was kept before p.
In
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
represents in the Netherlands or in Flanders. In
Cornish, it represents , , or .
In
French, it represents the
vowel , as in ''vous'' "you", or the approximant consonant , as in ''oui'' "yes".
In
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
this digraph stands for the close-mid back rounded vowel or for the falling
diphthong , according to dialect.
is used In
Hepburn romanization of the
Japanese language to transcribe the sound .
is used in
French to write the vowel sound before what had historically been an ''s'', as in ''soûl'' "drunk" (also spelt ''soul'').
, in
English, usually represents the sound as in ''coward'', ''sundowner'', and ''now'' or the sound, as in ''froward'', ''landowner'', and ''know''. An exceptional pronunciation is in ''knowledge'' and ''rowlock''. There are many English Heteronym (linguistics), heteronyms distinguished only by the pronunciation of this digraph, like: ''bow'' (front of ship or weapon), ''bower'' (a dwelling or string player), ''lower'' (to frown or drop), ''mow'' (to grimace or cut), ''row'' (a dispute or line-up), ''shower'' (rain or presenter), ''sow'' (a pig or to seed), ''tower'' (a building or towboat). In
Cornish, this represents the diphthong
or ;
before vowels, it can also represent .
is used in the
Kernowek Standard orthography of
Cornish to refer to a sound that can be either or . This distribution can also be written .
is found in many
languages. In
English and
Faroese, oy represents the diphthong . Examples in English include ''toy'' and ''annoy''. In
Cornish, it represents the diphthong ; in the words ''oy'' ('egg') and ''moy'' ('much'), it can also be pronounced .
is an obsolete digraph once used in
French.
is used in
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
for .
(a
split digraph) indicates an English Great Vowel Shift, 'long o', historically but now most commonly realised as .
P
in
German represents a labial affricate . It can be initial (''Pferd'', 'horse'), medial (''Apfel'', 'apple'), or final (''Knopf'', 'button'). Where it appears in English, usually in names or words recently derived from German, it is ordinarily simplified to such as Pfizer.
, in English and some other languages, represents , mostly in words derived from Greek language, Greek. The Ancient Greek letter phi originally represented (an aspiration (phonetics), aspirated ''p'' sound), and was thus transcribed into Latin orthography as , a convention that was transferred to some other Western European languages. The Greek pronunciation of later changed to /f/, and this was also the sound adopted in other languages for the relevant loanwords. Exceptionally, in English, represents in the name ''Stephen'' and some speakers' pronunciations of ''nephew''.
In
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
and
Welsh it reprsents the Irish initial mutations, Lenition/Colloquial Welsh morphology, Aspirate mutation of .
is used in the
Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .
is used for in Arrernte language#Orthography, Arrernte.
is used in English for an initial sound in words of Greek origin such as ''pneumatic.'' When not initial, it represents the sequence , as in ''apnea.''
is used in romanized
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
for the fortis sound , and in
Cypriot Arabic for .
is used in English for an initial sound in words of Greek origin such as ''psyche.'' When not initial, it represents the sequence , as in ''ellipse.'' It is also used in
Shona
Shona often refers to:
* Shona people, a Southern African people
* Shona language, a Bantu language spoken by Shona people today
Shona may also refer to:
* ''Shona'' (album), 1994 album by New Zealand singer Shona Laing
* Shona (given name)
* S ...
to write a
whistled sibilant cluster .
is used in several languages for in words of Greek origin, where it was . An example in English is ''pterosaur'' , and an exception is ''ptarmigan'' , which is Scottish Gaelic, Gaelic, not Greek. When not initial, ''pt'' represents the sequence , as in ''apt.''
is used for in Arrernte language#Orthography, Arrernte.
is used in
Cypriot Arabic for .
Q
is used to write the click in
Naro
Naro ( scn, Naru ) is a ''comune'' in the province of Agrigento, on the island of Sicily, Italy. It is bounded by the comuni of Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Camastra, Campobello di Licata, Canicattì, Castrofilippo, Delia, Italy, Delia, Favara, Ag ...
. It was used in the Tindall orthography of
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for the voiceless alveolar click .
is used in various alphabets. In
Quechua
Quechua may refer to:
*Quechua people, several indigenous ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru
*Quechuan languages, a Native South American language family spoken primarily in the Andes, derived from a common ancestral language
**So ...
and the
Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write
Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
, it represents the sound . In
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
, it represents the click .
was used in the Tindall orthography of
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for the voiceless alveolar click (equivalent to ).
is used in
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
for .
is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for ejective . In
Hadza it is the glottalized click .
is used in
Catalan,
French, Galician language, Galician,
Occitan,
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
and
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
for before the vowel letters ''e, i'', where the letter ''c'' represents the sound (Castilian Spanish and most of Galician language, Galicia) or (
Catalan,
French, Spanish language in the Americas, American Spanish,
Occitan and
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
). This dates to Latin ''qu'', and ultimately the
Proto-Indo-European labialized velar consonant ; in English this sound instead became written primarily as wh (digraph), ''wh'', due to Grimm's law changing > (written ''hw''), and Middle English spelling change switching ''hw'' to ''wh''. In English, it represents in words derived from those languages (e.g., ''wikt:quiche, quiche''), and in other words, including borrowings from Latin (e.g., ''wikt:quantity, quantity''). In
German, where the /w/ sound evolved into /v/, it is used to represent /kv/ in both native Germanic words and Latin borrowings. In the
Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for . In
Vietnamese
Vietnamese may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia
** A citizen of Vietnam. See Demographics of Vietnam.
* Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam
** Overse ...
it is used to represent the or sound. In Cornish, it represents the sound.
is used for glottalized in
Bouyei.
is used in some languages for the sound . In Mi'kmaq language, Mi'kmaq it is used for . In the
Kernowek Standard and
Standard Written Form orthographies for Revived Cornish, and in William Jordan (writer), William Jordan's 1611 ''Creation of the World'', it is used for .
is used for glottalized in
Bouyei.
R
is used in the
transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as
Warlpiri,
Arrernte, and
Pitjantjatjara for a retroflex stop, . In
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
and
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
it represents voiced retroflex plosive, .
is used in
English for Greek language, Greek words transliteration, transliterated through Latin language, Latin. Examples include "rhapsody", "rhetoric" and "rhythm". These were pronounced in Ancient Greek with a voiceless "r" sound, , as in
Old English
Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th c ...
. The digraph may also be found within words, but always at the start of a word component, e.g., "polyrhythmic".
German,
French, and Interlingua use ''rh'' in the same way. is also found in
Welsh where it represents a voiceless alveolar trill (), that is a voiceless "r" sound. It can be found anywhere; the most common occurrence in English from Welsh is in the slightly respelled given name "Rhonda". In
Wade-Giles transliteration, is used for the syllable-final rhotic of
Mandarin Chinese. In the
Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of
Mandarin Chinese, initial ''rh-'' indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in , which is otherwise spelled ''r-.'' In
Purépecha, it is a retroflex flap, .
is used in the
transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as
Warlpiri,
Arrernte, and
Pitjantjatjara, as well in
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
and
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
, for a retroflex lateral, written in the International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA. In
Greenlandic, it represents as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component.
is used in Inuktitut for .
represents the retroflex nasal in
Warlpiri,
Arrernte, and
Pitjantjatjara (see
transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages), as well in
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
and
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
. In
Greenlandic, it represents . In Inuktitut, it represents .
is used in
Greenlandic for as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component.
is used in
English for . It normally appears in words of Latin or Romance languages, Romance origin, and "rrh" in words of ancient Greek language, Greek origin. It is quite a common digraph. Some words with "rr" are relatively recent loanwords from other languages; examples include ''burro'' from Spanish language, Spanish. It is often used in impromptu pronunciation guides to denote either an alveolar tap or an alveolar trill. It is a letter in the Albanian alphabet.
In several European languages, such as
Catalan, Spanish language, Spanish,
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
or Albanian language, Albanian, "rr" represents the alveolar trill (or the voiced uvular fricative in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
) and contrasts with the single "r", which represents the alveolar tap (in Catalan and Spanish a single "r" also represents the alveolar trill at the beginning of words or syllables). In Italian and Finnish, "rr" is a geminate consonant, geminated (long) consonant . In
Central Alaskan Yup'ik it is used for . In
Cornish, it can represent either , , or .
was equivalent to and stood for (modern ''ř'') in medieval Czech language, Czech. In
Greenlandic, it represents as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component. In
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
and
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
, it represents voiceless retroflex fricative, .
is used in Australian Aboriginal languages such as
Warlpiri,
Arrernte, and
Pitjantjatjara, as well in
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
and
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
, for a retroflex stop .
is used for in Arrernte language#Orthography, Arrernte.
is used in
Polish and Kashubian alphabet, Kashubian for a voiced retroflex fricative , similar to English ''/ʒ/, zh'' as in ''Zhivago''. Examples from Polish are ' "March" and ' "river". represents the same sound as , but they have a different origin. used to be pronounced the same way as Czech () in older Polish, but the sounds phonetic merger, merged, and the Polish orthography, orthography still follows etymology. When preceded by a voiceless consonant (''ch'', ''k'', ''p'', ''t'') or final-obstruent devoicing, end of a word, consonant voicing and devoicing, devoices to , as in ' ("before", ).
S
is used in Italian orthography, Italian for before the front vowel letters ''e, i''. It is used for in Catalan, Spanish, French, English, Occitan and Brazilian Portuguese (e.g. French/English ''reminiscence'', Spanish ''reminiscencia'', Brazilian Portuguese ''reminiscência'', Catalan ''reminiscència'', Occitan ''reminiscéncia''); in European Portuguese this changed to in the early 20th century, although in careful speech it can be . However, it represents in modern pronunciations of ''crescent'' in British English, British and non-Canadian English, Canadian English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English. In Old English orthography, Old English it usually represented .
is used in
French for in a few verb forms such as simple past ''acquiesça'' . It is also used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
as in the imperative/conjunctive form of verbs ending with ''scer'': ''crescer'' ''cresça''. Still pronounced in Brazilian Portuguese, in European Portuguese this changed to in the early 20th cent.ury, although in careful speech it can be
is used in
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
for .
is used in several languages. In English, it represents . See Sh (digraph), separate article. See also ſh #Other letters, below, which has the capitalized forms SH and ŞH.
is used in English for in words such as ''fusion'' (see yod-coalescence). In
Polish, it represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of ś appearing in other situations. In
Welsh is used for the sound as in ''siocled'' ('chocolate').
is used
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
to write the Voiceless palatal-velar fricative, ''sje'' sound (see also ) and in
Faroese,
Danish,
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
and
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
to write Voiceless postalveolar fricative .
is used in
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
to write the Voiceless palatal-velar fricative, ''sje'' sound . It takes by rule this sound value before the front vowels (''e, i, y, ä'' and ''ö'') word or root initially (as in ''sked'' (spoon)), while normally representing in other positions. In Norwegian and Faroese, it is used to write voiceless postalveolar fricative (only in front of ''i'', ''y'', ''ei'' and ''øy''/''oy'').
is used in Iraqw language, Iraqw and
Bouyei to write the lateral fricative . ''(Sl'' is used in the French tradition to transcribe in other languages as well, as in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages.)
is used in
German for as in ''Spaß'' instead of using schp.
is used in Kosraean language, Kosraean for .
is used in
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
for in languages such as
Yi. For its use in the Wade–Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, see Wade–Giles#Syllabic consonants, Wade–Giles → Syllabic consonants. In English, typically represents in the first ''ss'' of ''possess'' and its derivatives ''possessed'', ''possesses'', ''possession'', ''possessive'' and '' possessor'', ''brassiere'', ''dessert'', ''dissolution'' and its derivatives ''dissolved'', ''dissolves'' and ''dissolving'', ''Missoula, Montana, Missoula (Missoula County, Montana, County)'', ''Missouri(an)'', ''scissors'', and pronunciations of ''Aussie'' outside the United States. In other languages, such as
Catalan,
Cornish,
French,
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
,
Occitan,
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
and
Central Alaskan Yup'ik, where transcribes between vowels (and elsewhere in the case of Yup'ik), is used for in that position ( in Italian and also in some cases in Cornish
). In romanized
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
, it represents the fortis sound . In
Cypriot Arabic it is used for .
Also to note, there are spellings of words with as opposed to them with just one , varied in different types of English. For the word ''focus'', in British English the 3rd person singular, the past participle and the present participle are spelled with (i.e. ''focusses'', ''focussed'' and ''focussing'') whereas in American English and usually Canadian and Australian English they are spelled with one (i.e. ''focuses'', ''focused'' and ''focusing'').
is used in
German for as in ''Stadt'' instead of using scht (or cht). In some parts of northern Germany, the pronunciation (as in English) is still quite common in the local dialect.
is used in
Shona
Shona often refers to:
* Shona people, a Southern African people
* Shona language, a Bantu language spoken by Shona people today
Shona may also refer to:
* ''Shona'' (album), 1994 album by New Zealand singer Shona Laing
* Shona (given name)
* S ...
to write the
whistled sibilant . This was written ȿ from 1931 to 1955.
in used in
Nambikwara
The Nambikwara (also called Nambikuára) is an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the Amazon. Currently about 1,200 Nambikwara live in indigenous territories in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso along the Guaporé and Juruena rivers. Thei ...
for a
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
, and in
Esperanto orthography
Esperanto is written in a Latin-script alphabet of twenty-eight letters, with upper and lower case. This is supplemented by punctuation marks and by various logograms, such as the digits 0–9, currency signs such as $ € ¥ £ ₷, and mathema ...
it is an unofficial surrogate of , that represents .
is used to write the sound in Malay language, Malay and
Tagalog.
is used in several languages. See article.
and are used in
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
for the sequence .
and are used in
Piedmontese
Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...
for the sequence .
T
is used for the palatal click in
Naro
Naro ( scn, Naru ) is a ''comune'' in the province of Agrigento, on the island of Sicily, Italy. It is bounded by the comuni of Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Camastra, Campobello di Licata, Canicattì, Castrofilippo, Delia, Italy, Delia, Favara, Ag ...
, and to write the affricate in
Sandawe,
Hadza and
Juǀʼhoan.
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiceless dental affricate
is used for in
Naro
Naro ( scn, Naru ) is a ''comune'' in the province of Agrigento, on the island of Sicily, Italy. It is bounded by the comuni of Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Camastra, Campobello di Licata, Canicattì, Castrofilippo, Delia, Italy, Delia, Favara, Ag ...
. In
Catalan, it represents .
is used in several languages. In English, it can represent , or . See article. See also: Pronunciation of English th.
, before a vowel, is usually pronounced in French and in German.
is used in
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
and
Faroese words like ''tjære''/''tjøra'' ('tar') for (Norwegian) and (Faroese). In the closely related Swedish alphabet, it represents , as in ''tjära'' . It is also the standard written form of the sound in
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
and was likewise used in Dutch-based orthographies that used to apply for languages in Indonesia and Surinam. In the
transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as
Warlpiri,
Arrernte, and
Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop, phonetic transcription, transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet as or depending on voicing. This sound is also written , , , , or . In Catalan it represents .
In
Juǀʼhoan it is used for the
ejective
In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some ...
affricate .
is used in
Juǀʼhoan for the uvularized
ejective
In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some ...
.
is used in various orthographies for the affricate .
is used in the transcription of Athabascan languages for a lateral affricate or .
is used in
Yélî Dnye for
doubly articulated and
nasally released . In Catalan, it's used to represent , that can result not geminated as well, , as in ''setmana'' (pronounced in standard Catalan and in Valencian).
is used for a prestopped nasal in
Arrernte, and for the similar in
Yélî Dnye.
is used in
Yélî Dnye for
doubly articulated .
generally represents a sound like a retroflex consonant, retroflex version of English "ch" in areas of German influence, such as Truk Lagoon, ''Truk'' lagoon, now spelled . For instance, in
Malagasy it represents . In southern dialects of Vietnamese language, Vietnamese, represents a voiceless retroflex affricate . In the northern dialects, this sound is pronounced , just like what represents. was formerly considered a distinct letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, but today is not.
is used in the
Basque
Basque may refer to:
* Basques, an ethnic group of Spain and France
* Basque language, their language
Places
* Basque Country (greater region), the homeland of the Basque people with parts in both Spain and France
* Basque Country (autonomous co ...
, where it represents an apical consonant, apical voiceless alveolar affricate . It contrasts with , which is laminal consonant, laminal . In
Hausa
Hausa may refer to:
* Hausa people, an ethnic group of West Africa
* Hausa language, spoken in West Africa
* Hausa Kingdoms, a historical collection of Hausa city-states
* Hausa (horse) or Dongola horse, an African breed of riding horse
See also
...
, represents an alveolar ejective fricative or affricate ), depending on dialect. It is considered a distinct letter, and placed between and in
alphabetical order
Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is t ...
. It is also used in
Catalan for . It is also used in Hausa language#Boko .28Latin.29, Hausa Boko.
The
Wade-Giles and Yale romanization of Mandarin, Yale romanizations of Chinese language, Chinese use for an aspiration (phonetics), unaspirated voiceless alveolar affricate . Wade-Giles also uses for the aspirated equivalent . These are equivalent to
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
and , respectively. The
Hepburn romanization of Japanese language, Japanese uses for a voiceless alveolar affricate ). In native Japanese words, this sound only occurs before , but it may occur before other vowels in loanwords. Other romanization systems write as . in
Tagalog is used for . The sequence occurs in English, but it has no special function and simply represents a sequence of and . It occurs word-initially only in some loanwords, such as ''tsunami'' and ''tsar''. Most English-speakers do not pronounce a in such words and pronounce them as if they were spelled and or , respectively.
was used in medieval Basque language, Basque for a
voiceless postalveolar affricate
The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with , (formerly ...
; this is now represented by .
is used in Basque language, Basque for , and in romanized Kabyle language, Kabyle for . In romanized
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
, it represents the fortis sound , in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) it is ejective , and in
Cypriot Arabic, it represents .
is used for in
Arrernte.
is used in Basque language, Basque,
Catalan and some indigenous languages of South America, for a
voiceless postalveolar affricate
The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with , (formerly ...
. In
Nambikwara
The Nambikwara (also called Nambikuára) is an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the Amazon. Currently about 1,200 Nambikwara live in indigenous territories in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso along the Guaporé and Juruena rivers. Thei ...
it represents a
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
. In
Juǀʼhoan it is used for the uvularized-release .
is used in the Hungarian alphabet for , a voiceless palatal affricate; in Hungarian, digraphs are considered single letters, and
acronyms keep them intact. In Xhosa, represents and the similar in the Algonquian Massachusett orthography. In
Shona
Shona often refers to:
* Shona people, a Southern African people
* Shona language, a Bantu language spoken by Shona people today
Shona may also refer to:
* ''Shona'' (album), 1994 album by New Zealand singer Shona Laing
* Shona (given name)
* S ...
, it represents . In Tagalog it represents . In the
transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as
Warlpiri, and
Arrernte, it represents a postalveolar stop, either voiceless or voiced . (This sound is also written , , , , and ). In
Cypriot Arabic, it represents .
is used in Basque language, Basque,
German and
Nahuatl for the voiceless alveolar affricate ). In Basque, this sound is laminal and contrasts with the apical consonant, apical affricate represented by . It is also used in Catalan to represent the voiced alveolar affricate .
In
Juǀʼhoan it is used for the
ejective
In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some ...
affricate .
For its use in the Wade–Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, see Wade–Giles#Syllabic consonants, Wade–Giles → Syllabic consonants.
U
is used in
Taa for the
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
or
creaky vowel .
is used in
Nahuatl for before a consonant. Before a vowel, is used.
is found in many
languages. In
English, represents /ju/ or /u/ as in ''cue'' or ''true'', respectively. In
German, it is equivalent to Ü, and as such may appear in proper names of people, representing or . In the
Cantonese Romanisation
Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding are ...
, it represents in a non-initial position.
is used in Afrikaans to represent .
is used in
Central Alaskan Yup'ik for .
is used in
Taa for the breathy or
murmured vowel . In
Nahuatl, it is used for before a consonant. Before a vowel, is used.
in
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
stands for the diphthong . In
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
and Scottish Gaelic language, Scottish Gaelic, it is after a
velarized
Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four d ...
(broad) consonant, and in Irish, it is used for between a broad and a slender consonant. In
German, it represents the diphthong , which appears only in interjections such as ''"pfui!"''. In
English, it represents the sound in ''fruit'', ''juice'', ''suit'' and ''pursuit''. However, in many English words, this does not hold. For example, it fails in words where the ''u'' in ''ui'' functions as a modifier of a preceding ''g'' (forcing ''g'' to remain rather than shifting to in ''guild'', ''guilt'', ''guilty'', ''sanguine'', ''Guinea'', etc.), doing the same with ''c'' (in words like ''circuit'' and ''biscuit''), or in cases of unusual etymological spelling or syllable separation (e.g. ''build'', ''suite'', and ''intuition''). It represents /ai/ in ''guide''. In Mandarin
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
, it is after a consonant. (In initial position, this is spelled ''wei.'') In
Cantonese Romanisation
Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding are ...
, it represents or . In
French, it is not a digraph, but a predictable sequence , as in ''h''ui''t'' "eight". In Scots orthography, Scots it represents the vowel in words such as bluid (blood), duin (done), muin (moon) and spuin (spoon) and is used similarly in Northumbrian and Cumbrian.
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in
Irish
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for , and in
French to write (only before a consonant and at the end of a word).
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for before a consonant.
is used in many languages to write a
nasal vowel. In
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
before a consonant, and in many
West African languages, it is , while in French it is , or among the younger generation . In
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
, is spelled ''un'' after a consonant, ''wen'' initially.
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
for before a consonant.
is used in
Tibetan Pinyin for .
is used in
Lakhota for the nasal vowel .
is used in
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
to write the vowel in languages such as
Yi, where ''o'' stands for .
is used in
Taa, for the
pharyngealized vowel .
is used in
Central Alaskan Yup'ik for , and in
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
to write the trill consonant, trilled vowel in languages such as
Yi.
is used in
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
for . In languages with phonemic long vowels, it may be used to write .
occurs in
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
, as in (''yours''), duwen (''to push'') . It is used in
Cornish for the sound
or .
is used in Afrikaans for .
is used in
Esperanto as an unofficial surrogate of , which represents .
(a
split digraph) indicates an English Great Vowel Shift, 'long u', historically , also .
V
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the labiodental flap .
was used in the Tindall orthography of
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for the voiceless palatal click .
represents in
Shona
Shona often refers to:
* Shona people, a Southern African people
* Shona language, a Bantu language spoken by Shona people today
Shona may also refer to:
* ''Shona'' (album), 1994 album by New Zealand singer Shona Laing
* Shona (given name)
* S ...
. It was also used in the Tindall orthography of
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for the aspirated consonant, aspirated palatal click .
was used in the Tindall orthography of
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for the voiceless palatal click (equivalent to ).
was used in the Tindall orthography of
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for the palatal nasal click .
is used in
Central Alaskan Yup'ik for .
is used in Quechuan languages, Quechua.
W
is used in
English to represent Proto-Germanic , the continuation of the PIE Labialized velar consonant, labiovelar (which became in Latin and the
Romance languages
The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language ...
). Most English question words begin with this digraph, hence the terms ''wh-word'' and ''wh-question''. In Old English, /hw/ was spelled or , and only the former was retained during the Middle English period, becoming during the gradual development of the letter during the 14th-17th centuries. In most dialects it is now pronounced , but a distinct pronunciation realized as a voiceless labio-velar approximant, voiceless w sound, [ʍ], is retained in some areas: Scotland, central and southern Ireland, the southeastern United States, and (mostly among older speakers) in New Zealand. In a few words (''who'', ''whose'', etc.) the pronunciation used among almost all speakers regardless of geography is /h/. For details, see Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩.
In Māori language, Māori, represents or more commonly , with some regional variations approaching or . In the Taranaki Region, Taranaki region, for some speakers, this represents a glottalized . In
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
, it represents , a murmured variant of found in loan words. In
Cornish, it represents .
is used in
English for words which formerly began , now Phonological history of English consonant clusters#wr, reduced to /r/ in virtually all dialects.
is used in Mandarin
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
to write the vowel in initial position, as in the name ''Wuhan.'' It is sometimes found with this value in Romanized Korean as well, as in hanwu. In
Cantonese Romanisation
Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding are ...
, it is used to represent in an initial position or in a non-initial position.
is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized .
is used in
Nambikwara
The Nambikwara (also called Nambikuára) is an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the Amazon. Currently about 1,200 Nambikwara live in indigenous territories in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso along the Guaporé and Juruena rivers. Thei ...
for a
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
.
X
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the labialized fricative .
is used to write the click in
Naro
Naro ( scn, Naru ) is a ''comune'' in the province of Agrigento, on the island of Sicily, Italy. It is bounded by the comuni of Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Camastra, Campobello di Licata, Canicattì, Castrofilippo, Delia, Italy, Delia, Favara, Ag ...
. It was used in the Tindall orthography of
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for the voiceless lateral click .
, in Albanian language, Albanian, represents the sound of the voiced postalveolar affricate consonant , as in the surname ''Hoxha'' . In
Zulu and
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
it represents the aspiration (phonetics), voiceless aspirated alveolar lateral click , for example in the name of the language ''
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
'' . In
Walloon to write a consonant that is variously , , , depending on the dialect. In Canadian
Tlingit
The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ), it represents , which in Alaska is written ''x̱.''
is used in English for in words such as ''flexion''. (It is equivalent to plus the digraph , as in ''action''.)
was used in the Tindall orthography of
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for the voiceless lateral click (equivalent to ).
is used as a letter of the
Seri alphabet, where it represents a
labialized
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve ...
voiceless uvular fricative, uvular fricative, . It is placed between X and Y in
alphabetical order
Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is t ...
.
is used in
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
in the word ''exsudar'' in Brazilian Portuguese. In European Portuguese this digraph changed to in the early 20th century and the word came to be pronounced as
was used in the
Ossete Latin alphabet for .
is used in the Kurdish language, Kurdish and the Tlingit language for .
is used in Alaskan
Tlingit
The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ), for , which in Canada is written ''Xhw (trigraph), xhw.''
is used in
Hadza for the glottalized click , and in
Cypriot Arabic for .
is used in the
Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write
Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
, where it represents the sound .
Y
used in various languages. In some languages such as English it is used as an such as in bye or dye. In most languages, it is used as an sound, such as in yellow.
was used in the
pre-1985 orthography of Guinea, for the "ejective y" or Palatalization (sound change), palatalized glottal stop () in
Pular (a
Fula language). In the current orthography it is now written ƴ. In
Xhosa
Xhosa may refer to:
* Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa
* Xhosa language, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa, principally spoken by the Xhosa people
See als ...
it is used for the sound . In a handful of Australian languages, it represents a "dental semivowel".
is used in Mandarin
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
to write the vowel when it forms an entire syllable.
is used in Yanyuwa language, Yanyuwa for a pre-
velar
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum).
Since the velar region of the roof of the mouth is relatively extensive a ...
stop, .
is used in
French to write the vowel sound ( before another vowel), as in ''thym'' "thyme".
is used in
French to write the vowel sound in some words of Greek origin, such as ''syncope'' "syncope".
is used in
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
to write the trill consonant, trilled vowel in languages such as
Yi.
is used in romanized Chinese to write the vowel . In Mandarin
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
it is used for in initial position, whereas in Cantonese
Jyutping
Jyutping is a romanisation system for Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK), an academic group, in 1993. Its formal name is the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme. The LSHK advocates fo ...
it is used for in non-initial position. In the
Yale romanization of Cantonese
The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook ''Speak Cantonese'' initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952 but later published in 1958. Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandar ...
and
Cantonese Romanisation
Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding are ...
, it represents in an initial position and in a non-initial position. (See jyu (trigraph), jyu.)
is used for in Arrernte language#Orthography, Arrernte and for
doubly articulated in
Yélî Dnye. It is used in
Cornish for the diphthongs ,
, or .
in used in
Nambikwara
The Nambikwara (also called Nambikuára) is an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the Amazon. Currently about 1,200 Nambikwara live in indigenous territories in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso along the Guaporé and Juruena rivers. Thei ...
for a
glottalized
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consona ...
.
is used in some languages such as Finnish language, Finnish to write the long vowel . In Haida (Bringhurst orthography) it is glottalized .
(a
split digraph) indicates an English Great Vowel Shift, 'long y' (equivalent to ).
Z
represents the
voiced postalveolar fricative (), like the in ''pleasure'', in Albanian language, Albanian and in Native American languages, Native American orthographies such as
Navajo. It is used for the same sound in some English-language dictionaries, as well as to transliterate the sound when represented by Cyrillic and Persian alphabet, Persian into English, but is rarely seen in English words, appearing primarily in foreign borrowings (eg ''muzhik'') and slang (eg ''zhoosh''). as a digraph is rare in European languages using the
Latin alphabet; in addition to Albanian it is found in
Breton in words that are pronounced with in some dialects and in others. In
Hanyu Pinyin, represents the voiceless retroflex affricate . When Malayalam and Tamil language, Tamil are transliterated into the Latin script, represents a retroflex approximant (Malayalam ഴ and Tamil ழ, ḻ, [ɻ]).
in
Polish represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of ź appearing in other situations.
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced lateral fricative
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .
is the last (forty-fourth) letter of the Hungarian alphabet. Its name is "zsé" and represents , a
voiced postalveolar fricative, similar to ''J'' in ''Jacques'' and ''s'' in ''vision''. A few examples are ''rózsa'' "rose" and ''zsír'' "fat".
is used in
Shona
Shona often refers to:
* Shona people, a Southern African people
* Shona language, a Bantu language spoken by Shona people today
Shona may also refer to:
* ''Shona'' (album), 1994 album by New Zealand singer Shona Laing
* Shona (given name)
* S ...
to write the
whistled sibilant . This was written ɀ from 1931 to 1955.
is used in
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
to represent the Labialization, labialized voiced alveolar fricative ().
is used in
Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
for in languages such as
Yi. It is also used with that value in romanized Kabyle language, Kabyle. In medieval Czech language, Czech, it stood for . In
Hadza it is ejective .
Other
, capital , is used in many
West African languages for the nasal vowel . ''Ɛ'' is an "Latin epsilon, open e".
, capital , is used in many
West African languages for the nasal vowel . ''Ɔ'' is an "open o".
, capitalized , is used in
French for the vowels and . The first element of the digraph, ''œ'', is itself is a ligature of ''o'' and ''e'', and may also be written as the trigraph (orthography), trigraph .
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .
is used in the
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the labial-velar nasal .
, capitalized , was used for in the old orthography of
Zhuang and
Bouyei; this is now spelled with the trigraph (orthography), trigraph .
is used in Adzera for the prenasalized glottal stop .
, capitalized or sometimes , was a digraph used in the Slovene Bohorič alphabet for . The first element, , the long s, is an archaic non-final form of the letter .
are used in
Juǀʼhoan for its four glottalized nasal clicks, .
are used in
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for its four tenuis click consonant, clicks, .
are used in
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for its four aspirated nasal clicks, , and in
Juǀʼhoan for its plain aspirated clicks, .
are used in
Juǀʼhoan for its four affricate ejective-contour clicks, .
are used in
Khoekhoe
Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...
for its four plain nasal clicks, .
are used in
Juǀʼhoan for its four affricate pulmonic-contour clicks, .
See also
* List of Latin-script trigraphs
* List of Latin-script tetragraphs
* Pentagraph
* Hexagraph
* Heptagraph
* List of Latin letters
* List of Cyrillic digraphs
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Latin Digraphs
Latin-script digraphs,