Liberalism and radicalism in France refer to different movements and ideologies. The main line of conflict in
France during the 19th century was between
monarchists (mainly
Legitimists
The Legitimists (french: Légitimistes) are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution. They re ...
and
Orléanists but also
Bonapartists) and republicans (
Radical-Socialists,
Opportunist Republicans
The Moderates or Moderate Republicans (french: Républicains modérés), pejoratively labeled Opportunist Republicans (), was a French political group active in the late 19th century during the Third French Republic. The leaders of the group inc ...
, and later
socialists
Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the econ ...
). The Orléanists, who favoured
constitutional monarchy
A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. Constitutional monarchies dif ...
and
economic liberalism
Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic libera ...
, were opposed to the Republican Radicals.
The
Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (now mostly re-grouped in the
Radical Movement), and especially the Republican parties (
Democratic Republican Alliance,
Republican Federation
The Republican Federation (french: Fédération républicaine, FR) was the largest conservative party during the French Third Republic, gathering together the progressive Orléanists rallied to the Republic.
Founded in November 1903, the par ...
,
National Centre of Independents and Peasants,
Independent Republicans,
Republican Party
Republican Party is a name used by many political parties around the world, though the term most commonly refers to the United States' Republican Party.
Republican Party may also refer to:
Africa
* Republican Party (Liberia)
*Republican Party ...
, and
Liberal Democracy
Liberal democracy is the combination of a liberal political ideology that operates under an indirect democratic form of government. It is characterized by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into ...
) have since embraced liberalism, including its economic version, and have mostly joined either the
Union for a Popular Movement
The Union for a Popular Movement (french: link=no, Union pour un mouvement populaire, ; UMP, ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Soci ...
in 2002, later renamed
The Republicans in 2015, or the
Union of Democrats and Independents
The Union of Democrats and Independents (french: Union des démocrates et indépendants, UDI) is a centre to centre-right political party in France and former electoral alliance founded on 18 September 2012 on the basis of the parliamentary grou ...
, launched in 2012.
Emmanuel Macron
Emmanuel Macron (; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has served as President of France since 2017. ''Ex officio'', he is also one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra. Prior to his presidency, Macron served as Minister of Econ ...
, a former member of the
Socialist Party
Socialist Party is the name of many different political parties around the world. All of these parties claim to uphold some form of socialism, though they may have very different interpretations of what "socialism" means. Statistically, most of ...
, launched
La République En Marche! in 2016 and was elected
President of France
The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (french: Président de la République française), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency i ...
the next year.
Background and history
The early high points of
liberalism
Liberalism is a Political philosophy, political and moral philosophy based on the Individual rights, rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law."political rationalism, hostilit ...
in France were:
*1790–1792: when
Girondins
The Girondins ( , ), or Girondists, were members of a loosely knit political faction during the French Revolution. From 1791 to 1793, the Girondins were active in the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention. Together with the Montagnard ...
and
Feuillants dominated the early
French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are conside ...
;
*1848: the
French Revolution of 1848, which ended the
Orléans monarchy (since 1830) and led to the creation of the
French Second Republic
The French Second Republic (french: Deuxième République Française or ), officially the French Republic (), was the republican government of France that existed between 1848 and 1852. It was established in February 1848, with the February Re ...
.
In France, as in much of Southern Europe, the term ''liberal'' was used during the 19th century either to refer to the traditional liberal
anti-clericalism
Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historical anti-clericalism has mainly been opposed to the influence of Roman Catholicism. Anti-clericalism is related to secularism, which seeks to ...
or
economic liberalism
Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic libera ...
. Economic liberalism in France was long associated more with the
Orléanists and with
Opportunist Republicans
The Moderates or Moderate Republicans (french: Républicains modérés), pejoratively labeled Opportunist Republicans (), was a French political group active in the late 19th century during the Third French Republic. The leaders of the group inc ...
(whose heir was the
Democratic Republican Alliance), rather than the
Radical Party, leading to the use of the term ''radical'' to refer to political liberalism. The Radicals tended to be more statist than most European liberals, but shared liberal values on other issues, especially support for individual liberty and secularism, while the Republicans were keener on economic liberalism than secularism.
Intellectuals played a powerful role in all the movements, for example a major spokesman for radicalism was
Émile Chartier
Émile-Auguste Chartier (; 3 March 1868 – 2 June 1951), commonly known as Alain (), was a French philosopher, journalist, and pacifist. He adopted his pseudonym in homage to the 15th-century Norman poet Alain Chartier.
Early life
Alain was bo ...
(1868–1951), who wrote under the pseudonym of "Alain". He was a leading theorist of radicalism, and his influence extended through the Third and Fourth Republics. He stressed individualism, seeking to defend the citizen against the state. He warned against all forms of power – military, clerical, and economic. To oppose them, he exalted the small farmer, the small shopkeeper, the small town, and the little man. He idealized country life and saw Paris as a dangerous font of power.
[Patrick H. Hutton, ed. ''Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870-1940'' (1986) vol 1 pp 12-13.]
After World War II, the Republicans gathered in the liberal-conservative
National Centre of Independents and Peasants, from which the conservative-liberal
Independent Republicans was formed in 1962. The originally centre-left Radical Party was a declining force and joined the centre-right in 1972, causing the split of the left-wing faction and the foundation of the
Radical Party of the Left, closely associated to the
Socialist Party
Socialist Party is the name of many different political parties around the world. All of these parties claim to uphold some form of socialism, though they may have very different interpretations of what "socialism" means. Statistically, most of ...
. The former was later associated with the
Union for a Popular Movement
The Union for a Popular Movement (french: link=no, Union pour un mouvement populaire, ; UMP, ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Soci ...
.
In 1978 both the
Republican Party
Republican Party is a name used by many political parties around the world, though the term most commonly refers to the United States' Republican Party.
Republican Party may also refer to:
Africa
* Republican Party (Liberia)
*Republican Party ...
(successor of the Independent Republicans) and the Radical Party were founding components, along with the Christian-democratic
Centre of Social Democrats
The Centre of Social Democrats (''Centre des démocrates sociaux'', CDS; also translated as ''Democratic and Social Centre'') was a Christian-democratic and centrist political party in France. It existed from 1976 to 1995 and was based directly a ...
, of the
Union for French Democracy
The Union for French Democracy (french: Union pour la démocratie française, UDF) was a centre to centre-right political party in France. It was founded in 1978 as an electoral alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in order to ...
, an alliance of non-
Gaullist centre-right forces. The Republican Party, re-founded as
Liberal Democracy
Liberal democracy is the combination of a liberal political ideology that operates under an indirect democratic form of government. It is characterized by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into ...
and re-shaped as an economic liberal party, left the federation in 1998 and was later merged, along with the Radical Party, into the liberal-conservative
Union for a Popular Movement
The Union for a Popular Movement (french: link=no, Union pour un mouvement populaire, ; UMP, ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Soci ...
(later
The Republicans) in 2002. The Radicals and several former Republicans launched the
Union of Democrats and Independents
The Union of Democrats and Independents (french: Union des démocrates et indépendants, UDI) is a centre to centre-right political party in France and former electoral alliance founded on 18 September 2012 on the basis of the parliamentary grou ...
in 2012.
In 2016
Emmanuel Macron
Emmanuel Macron (; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has served as President of France since 2017. ''Ex officio'', he is also one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra. Prior to his presidency, Macron served as Minister of Econ ...
, a former member of the
Socialist Party
Socialist Party is the name of many different political parties around the world. All of these parties claim to uphold some form of socialism, though they may have very different interpretations of what "socialism" means. Statistically, most of ...
, launched
La République En Marche!, a liberal party, and was elected
President of France
The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (french: Président de la République française), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency i ...
in the
2017 presidential election. The party formed an alliance with the
Democratic Movement, established in 2017 as a successor of the Union for French Democracy, stripped of most former Republicans, who joined the Union for a Popular Movement (later The Republicans) or the Union of Democrats and Independents.
Timeline of parties
19th Century
*1815: The
Doctrinaires
During the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830) and the July Monarchy (1830–1848), the Doctrinals (french: doctrinaires) were a group of French royalists who hoped to reconcile the monarchy with the French Revolution and power with liberty. Hea ...
were formed.
*1817: Former
Feuillants re-united in the Democrats, also known as
Liberals.
*1848: A radical faction forms the Radicals, supporting the
Second Republic in opposition to the Orléanists and the
Moderate Republicans emerge
*1870: The
Third Republic is formed.
*1871: The Moderate Republicans split into the
Opportunist Republicans
The Moderates or Moderate Republicans (french: Républicains modérés), pejoratively labeled Opportunist Republicans (), was a French political group active in the late 19th century during the Third French Republic. The leaders of the group inc ...
, whose official name was Republican Left (GR), and the
Republican Union (UR)
*1885: The GR and the UR are united in the Democratic Union (UD).
*1889: The
Progressive Republicans, whose official name was Liberal Republican Union (ULR), are formed. The remaining Opportunist Republicans formed the National Republican Association (ANR).
*1894: The Progressive Union (UR) is formed.
The Republican tradition
*1901: The centre-right liberal
Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD) and the
Popular Liberal Action
The Popular Liberal Action (french: Action libérale populaire, ALP), simply called Liberal Action (), was a political party that represented Catholic supporters of the French Third Republic. It operated in the center-right, primarily to oppose ...
(ALP) are formed.
*1902: The Progressive Union (UR) is merged into the ARD.
*1903: The more conservative
Republican Federation
The Republican Federation (french: Fédération républicaine, FR) was the largest conservative party during the French Third Republic, gathering together the progressive Orléanists rallied to the Republic.
Founded in November 1903, the par ...
(FR) is founded and the Liberal Republican Union (ULR) and National Republican Association (ANR) are merged into it.
*1911: The ARD is renamed Democratic Republican Party (PRD).
*1917: The ARD goes back to its original name.
*1919: The ALP is merged into the FR.
*1920: The ARD is further renamed Social, Democratic and Republican Party (PRDS).
*1926: The ARD is finally renamed Democratic Alliance (AD).
*1945: The liberal-conservative
Republican Party of Liberty
The Republican Party of Liberty (french: Parti républicain de la liberté, PRL) was a centre-right to right-wing French political party founded after the Liberation of France on 22 December 1945 by Joseph Laniel, André Mutter, Édouard Fré ...
(PRL), successor of the FR, is founded.
*1948: The liberal-conservative
National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP) is founded.
*1949: The declining AD and the PRL are absorbed by the CNIP.
*1962: A group of splinters from the CNIP, led by
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, oppose the party's decision to withdraw support to President
Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (; ; (commonly abbreviated as CDG) 22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French army officer and statesman who led Free France against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Governm ...
and, in order to continue to be part of the government, form the
Independent Republicans (RI).
*1974: Giscard d'Estaing is elected
President of France
The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (french: Président de la République française), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency i ...
in the
presidential election
A presidential election is the election of any head of state whose official title is President.
Elections by country
Albania
The president of Albania is elected by the Assembly of Albania who are elected by the Albanian public.
Chile
The p ...
.
*1976: The RI are a founding member of the
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party.
*1977: The RI are renamed
Republican Party
Republican Party is a name used by many political parties around the world, though the term most commonly refers to the United States' Republican Party.
Republican Party may also refer to:
Africa
* Republican Party (Liberia)
*Republican Party ...
(PR).
*1978: The PR joins forces with the
Centre of Social Democrats
The Centre of Social Democrats (''Centre des démocrates sociaux'', CDS; also translated as ''Democratic and Social Centre'') was a Christian-democratic and centrist political party in France. It existed from 1976 to 1995 and was based directly a ...
, the
Radical Party and the
Social Democratic Party
The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology.
Active parties
For ...
to form the
Union for French Democracy
The Union for French Democracy (french: Union pour la démocratie française, UDF) was a centre to centre-right political party in France. It was founded in 1978 as an electoral alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in order to ...
(UDF).
*1995: The
Popular Party for French Democracy (PPDF) is formed by supporters of Giscard, including several Republicans, within the UDF.
*1997: The PR, under the new leader
Alain Madelin, is renamed
Liberal Democracy
Liberal democracy is the combination of a liberal political ideology that operates under an indirect democratic form of government. It is characterized by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into ...
(DL).
*1998: The DL separates from the UDF, but a group of dissidents form the
Independent Republican and Liberal Pole
The Independent Republican and Liberal Pole (french: Pôle républicain indépendant et libéral, PRIL) was a liberal-centrist political party in France.
The PRIL was founded in 1998 by members of Liberal Democracy (DL) who refused to leave the ...
(PRIL) in order to remain loyal to the UDF.
*2002: The DL and the PPDF merge with the Gaullist-conservative
Rally for the Republic
The Rally for the Republic (french: Rassemblement pour la République ; RPR ), was a Gaullist and conservative political party in France. Originating from the Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR), it was founded by Jacques Chirac in 1976 a ...
(RPR) to form the
Union for a Popular Movement
The Union for a Popular Movement (french: link=no, Union pour un mouvement populaire, ; UMP, ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Soci ...
(UMP). Liberal factions within the new party include
The Reformers, the "Liberal Clubs", "Liberal Generation" and the "Free Right", as well as the Radical Party (see below).
*2007: The UDF is transformed into the
Democratic Movement (see below). Dissidents form the
New Centre (NC) and the
Civic Alliance for Democracy in Europe (ACDE) to continue the alliance with the UMP.
*2009: Former UDF members formed the
Centrist Alliance
The Centrist Alliance (french: Alliance centriste) (AC) is a centrist political party in France.
It was founded in June 2009 by Jean Arthuis, a former member of the Union for French Democracy (UDF) and currently Member of European parliament, ...
(AC).
*2012: The NC, the AC, the ACDE,
Modern Left and other minor centre-right or centrist parties form the
Union of Democrats and Independents
The Union of Democrats and Independents (french: Union des démocrates et indépendants, UDI) is a centre to centre-right political party in France and former electoral alliance founded on 18 September 2012 on the basis of the parliamentary grou ...
(UDI), which aims at becoming a centrist alternative to the UMP, while being in alliance with it.
Democratic European Force
The Democratic European Force (''Force européenne démocrate'', FED) is a centre-right political party in France founded in July 2012 by Jean-Christophe Lagarde and other dissidents of the New Centre who opposed Hervé Morin's leadership. It i ...
splits from the NC.
*2014: The UDI and the Democratic Movement form a short-lived alliance named
The Alternative.
*2015: The UMP is transformed into
The Republicans (LR).
*2016: The UDI joins the
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
. The NC is transformed into
The Centrists (LC), which continues to be part of the UDI.
*2017: A moderate faction of LR forms
Agir.
*2021: Centre-right politicians form
Horizons.
*2021: Agir and Horizons join the ⇒ LREM-led
Ensemble Citoyens
Ensemble () is a liberal political coalition in France. Formed in November 2021 as Ensemble Citoyens, it includes Renaissance (REN), formerly known as En Marche, Democratic Movement (MoDem) Horizons, En commun, and the Progressive Federatio ...
.
The Radical tradition
*1901: The Radicals organise themselves in the
Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (Rad).
*1926: Dissident Radicals form the
Independent Radicals
The Independent Radicals (french: Radicaux indépendants) were a centrist or conservative-liberal political current during the French Third Republic. It was slightly to the right of the more famous Radical-Socialist Party, and shared much of it ...
(RI), later Independent Radical Party (PRI).
*1946: The Radicals, along with the PRI, the
Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (UDSR) and minor parties, form the
Rally of Left Republicans
The Rally of Republican Lefts (french: Rassemblement des gauches républicaines, RGR) was an electoral alliance during the French Fourth Republic composed of the Radical Party, the Independent Radicals, the Democratic and Socialist Union of th ...
(RGR).
*1956: The Radicals and the other components of the RGR join forces with the
French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), however some dissidents transformed the RGR into a full-fledged party and other Radical dissidents from the Republican Centre (CR).
*1959: The RGR merges into the Gaullist
Union for the New Republic (UNR).
*1961:
Pierre Mendès France, a leading Radical and former Prime Minister, joins the
Unified Socialist Party (PSU).
*1972: A left-wing faction forms the
Movement of Left Radicals (MRG).
*1978: The Rad becomes an affiliated member of the centrist UDF.
*1996: The MRG is renamed Radical-Socialist Party (PRS).
*1996: The PRS is renamed Radical Party of the Left (PRG).
*2002: The Rad leaves the UDF and becomes an affiliated member of the
Union for a Popular Movement
The Union for a Popular Movement (french: link=no, Union pour un mouvement populaire, ; UMP, ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Soci ...
(UMP).
*2011: The Rad cuts its ties with the UMP and joins
The Alliance.
*2012: The Rad is, along with other parties (see above), a founding member of the
Union of Democrats and Independents
The Union of Democrats and Independents (french: Union des démocrates et indépendants, UDI) is a centre to centre-right political party in France and former electoral alliance founded on 18 September 2012 on the basis of the parliamentary grou ...
(UDI).
*2017: The Rad and the PRG are merged into the
Radical Movement (MR).
*2017: A group of PRG members founded
The Radicals of the Left (LRG).
*2019: A group of former members of the PRG re-form the PRG as an independent party.
Classical liberals
*2006: A group of classical liberals establish the
Liberal Alternative (AL).
*2008: A group of dissidents leaves the AL and launches the
Liberal Democratic Party (PLD).
*2012: The PLD joins the
Union of Democrats and Independents
The Union of Democrats and Independents (french: Union des démocrates et indépendants, UDI) is a centre to centre-right political party in France and former electoral alliance founded on 18 September 2012 on the basis of the parliamentary grou ...
(UDI).
Democratic Movement
*2007: The
Democratic Movement (MoDem) is formed by
François Bayrou
François René Jean Lucien Bayrou (; born 25 May 1951) is a French politician who has presided over the Democratic Movement (MoDem) since he founded it in 2007. A centrist, he was a candidate in the 2002, 2007 and 2012 presidential elections ...
, until then leader of the
Union for French Democracy
The Union for French Democracy (french: Union pour la démocratie française, UDF) was a centre to centre-right political party in France. It was founded in 1978 as an electoral alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in order to ...
(which has suffered the split of some of its founding components in 1998–2002, see above), on the remnants of the latter party.
*2014: The MoDem and the
Union of Democrats and Independents
The Union of Democrats and Independents (french: Union des démocrates et indépendants, UDI) is a centre to centre-right political party in France and former electoral alliance founded on 18 September 2012 on the basis of the parliamentary grou ...
form a short-lived alliance named
The Alternative.
*2017: The MoDem forms an alliance with
La République En Marche! and endorses its leader
Emmanuel Macron
Emmanuel Macron (; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has served as President of France since 2017. ''Ex officio'', he is also one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra. Prior to his presidency, Macron served as Minister of Econ ...
in the
presidential election
A presidential election is the election of any head of state whose official title is President.
Elections by country
Albania
The president of Albania is elected by the Assembly of Albania who are elected by the Albanian public.
Chile
The p ...
(see below).
La République En Marche!
*2016:
Emmanuel Macron
Emmanuel Macron (; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has served as President of France since 2017. ''Ex officio'', he is also one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra. Prior to his presidency, Macron served as Minister of Econ ...
, a former member of the
Socialist Party
Socialist Party is the name of many different political parties around the world. All of these parties claim to uphold some form of socialism, though they may have very different interpretations of what "socialism" means. Statistically, most of ...
, launches
La République En Marche! (EM!).
*2017: Macron is elected
President of France
The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (french: Président de la République française), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency i ...
in the
presidential election
A presidential election is the election of any head of state whose official title is President.
Elections by country
Albania
The president of Albania is elected by the Assembly of Albania who are elected by the Albanian public.
Chile
The p ...
.
Liberal leaders
*19th century:
Lafayette,
Benjamin Constant
Henri-Benjamin Constant de Rebecque (; 25 October 1767 – 8 December 1830), or simply Benjamin Constant, was a Franco-Swiss political thinker, activist and writer on political theory and religion.
A committed republican from 1795, he backed t ...
,
François Guizot
François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (; 4 October 1787 – 12 September 1874) was a French historian, orator, and statesman. Guizot was a dominant figure in French politics prior to the Revolution of 1848.
A conservative liberal who opposed the ...
,
Adolphe Thiers
Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers ( , ; 15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French statesman and historian. He was the second elected President of France and first President of the French Third Republic.
Thiers was a key figure in the July Rev ...
,
Jules Grévy,
Léon Gambetta
*ARD:
Émile Loubet,
Armand Fallières,
Paul Deschanel,
Raymond Poincaré
Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (, ; 20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1913 to 1920, and three times as Prime Minister of France.
Trained in law, Poincaré was elected deputy in ...
,
Louis Barthou
Jean Louis Barthou (; 25 August 1862 – 9 October 1934) was a French politician of the Third Republic who served as Prime Minister of France for eight months in 1913. In social policy, his time as prime minister saw the introduction (in Jul ...
,
Albert Lebrun,
André Tardieu
André Pierre Gabriel Amédée Tardieu (; 22 September 1876 – 15 September 1945) was three times Prime Minister of France (3 November 1929 – 17 February 1930; 2 March – 4 December 1930; 20 February – 10 May 1932) and a dominant figure of ...
,
André Maginot,
Pierre-Étienne Flandin
*Rad/MR:
Émile Combes
Émile Justin Louis Combes (; 6 September 183525 May 1921) was a French statesman and freemason who led the Bloc des gauches's cabinet from June 1902 to January 1905.
Career
Émile Combes was born in Roquecourbe, Tarn. He studied for the pri ...
,
Georges Clemenceau,
Gaston Doumergue
Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue (; 1 August 1863 in Aigues-Vives, Gard18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the Third Republic. He served as President of France from 13 June 1924 to 13 June 1931.
Biography
Doumergue cam ...
,
Édouard Herriot,
Henri Queuille
Henri Queuille (; 31 March 1884 – 15 June 1970) was a French Radical politician prominent in the Third and Fourth Republics. After World War II, he served three times as Prime Minister.
Governments
First ministry (11 September 1948 – 28 O ...
,
Édouard Daladier
Édouard Daladier (; 18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French Radical-Socialist (centre-left) politician, and the Prime Minister of France who signed the Munich Agreement before the outbreak of World War II.
Daladier was born in Carpe ...
,
Camille Chautemps,
René Mayer,
Gaston Monnerville
Gaston Monnerville (2 January 1897 – 7 November 1991) was a French Radical politician and lawyer who served as the first President of the Senate under the Fifth Republic from 1958 to 1968. He previously served as President of the Council of th ...
,
Pierre Mendès France,
Edgar Faure,
Maurice Faure,
Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber,
Jean-Louis Borloo,
Laurent Hénart
Laurent Hénart (born 15 October 1968) is a French politician who is the president of the Radical Party. He was a member of the National Assembly of France and represented the Meurthe-et-Moselle department.
Before the Republicans' 2016 presid ...
*CNIP:
Paul Reynaud (ex-ARD),
René Coty
Jules Gustave René Coty (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic.
Early life and politics
René Coty was born in Le Havre and studied at t ...
(ex-Rad),
Joseph Laniel (ex-ARD),
Antoine Pinay (ex-ARD),
Roger Duchet
Roger Duchet (4 July 1904 – 6 September 1981) was a French veterinarian and politician. He was Minister of PTT from 1951 to 1953, and Minister of Reconstruction from 1955 to 1956.
After leaving politics he became involved in film production.
Ea ...
*RI/PR/DL:
Raymond Marcellin
Raymond Marcellin (19 August 1914 in Sézanne, Marne – 8 September 2004) was a French politician.
Biography
The son of a banker, he studied law at the University of Strasbourg and the University of Paris. He worked as a lawyer for three yea ...
(ex-CNIP),
Michel Poniatowski (ex-CNIP),
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (ex-CNIP),
Simone Veil,
Jean-Pierre Soisson
Jean-Pierre Soisson (born 9 November 1934) is a French politician of the Union for a Popular Movement. He was a deputy in the National Assembly of France for the first district of Yonne for several terms between 1968 and 2012; mayor of Auxerre ...
,
Alain Madelin
*MRS/PRS/PRG:
Robert Fabre
Robert Fabre (21 December 1915 in Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Aveyron – 23 December 2006 in Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Aveyron) was a French politician and pharmacist.
He was a founding member of the Left Radical Movement (MRG) in 1972 and ...
(ex-Rad),
Michel Crépeau
Michel Crépeau (30 October 1930, Fontenay-le-Comte, Vendée – 30 March 1999, Paris) was a French centre-left politician.
Born in 1930, barrister, he joined the Radical Party. When it split in 1972, he founded the Movement of Left Radical ...
(ex-Rad),
Émile Zuccarelli,
Roger-Gérard Schwartzenberg,
Jean-Michel Baylet,
Sylvia Pinel
*UMP:
Jean-Claude Gaudin
Jean-Claude Gaudin (; born 8 October 1939) is a French politician for The Republicans. He served as the Mayor of Marseille from 1995 to 2020.
He was a member of the National Assembly of France from Bouches-du-Rhône from 1978 to 1989 and has be ...
(ex-PR/DL),
Patrick Devedjian,
Jean-Pierre Raffarin
Jean-Pierre Raffarin (; born 3 August 1948) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 6 May 2002 to 31 May 2005.
He resigned after France's rejection of the referendum on the European Union draft constitution. Howev ...
(ex-PR/DL)
*LREM:
Emmanuel Macron
Emmanuel Macron (; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has served as President of France since 2017. ''Ex officio'', he is also one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra. Prior to his presidency, Macron served as Minister of Econ ...
(ex-
PS),
Sylvie Goulard
Sylvie Goulard (born 6 December 1964) is a French politician and civil servant who served as Deputy Governor of the Banque de France from 2018 to 2022.
Prior to this, Goulard briefly served as Minister of the Armed Forces from 17 May to 21 Jun ...
(ex-MoDem)
Liberal thinkers
*
Montesquieu
Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (; ; 18 January 168910 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, historian, and political philosopher.
He is the princi ...
(1689–1755)
*
Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 169430 May 1778) was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. Known by his '' nom de plume'' M. de Voltaire (; also ; ), he was famous for his wit, and his criticism of Christianity—e ...
(1694–1778)
*
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolu ...
(1712–1778)
*
Marquis de Condorcet
Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of Condorcet (; 17 September 1743 – 29 March 1794), known as Nicolas de Condorcet, was a French philosopher and mathematician. His ideas, including support for a liberal economy, free and equal pu ...
(1743–1794)
*
Benjamin Constant
Henri-Benjamin Constant de Rebecque (; 25 October 1767 – 8 December 1830), or simply Benjamin Constant, was a Franco-Swiss political thinker, activist and writer on political theory and religion.
A committed republican from 1795, he backed t ...
(1767–1830)
*
Frédéric Bastiat
Claude-Frédéric Bastiat (; ; 30 June 1801 – 24 December 1850) was a French economist, writer and a prominent member of the French Liberal School.
A member of the French National Assembly, Bastiat developed the economic concept of opportu ...
(1801–1850)
*
Alexis de Tocqueville
Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville (; 29 July 180516 April 1859), colloquially known as Tocqueville (), was a French aristocrat, diplomat, political scientist, political philosopher and historian. He is best known for his wo ...
(1805–1859)
*
Raymond Aron
Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (; 14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, historian and journalist, one of France's most prominent thinkers of the 20th century.
Aron is best known for his 19 ...
(1905–1983)
*
Raymond Boudon
Raymond Boudon (27 January 1934 – 10 April 2013) was a sociologist, philosopher and Professor in the Paris-Sorbonne University.
Career
With Alain Touraine, Michel Crozier and Pierre Bourdieu, Raymond Boudon is one of the leading French soc ...
(1934–2013)
See also
*
History of France
*
Politics of France
*
List of political parties in France
This article contains a list of political parties in France.
France has a multi-party political system: one in which the number of competing political parties is sufficiently large as to make it almost inevitable that in order to participate in ...
References
External links
"Le Centre national des indépendants et paysans (CNIP) de 1948 à nos jours": interview with Gilles Richard, Professor of Contemporary history at Rennes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liberalism And Radicalism In France
Politics of France
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
Radical parties in France
Political history of France