Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

The ''Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben'' (''LIV'', ''"Lexicon of the Indo-European Verbs"'') is an etymological dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verb. The first edition appeared in 1998, edited by Helmut Rix. A second edition followed in 2001. The book may be seen as an update to the verb entries of the ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (''IEW'') by Julius Pokorny. It was the first dictionary fully utilizing the modern three- laryngeal theory with reconstructions of Indo-European verbal roots.

The ''LIVs hypothesis about aspect

The authors of the ''LIV'' assume a dichotomy between ''telic'' verbs (terminated: for example, 'to light up') and ''atelic'' verbs (ongoing: for example, 'to shine') in early stages of Proto-Indo-European. Before the daughter languages split off, ''aspect'' emerged as a new grammatical category.

Telic verbs were interpreted as aorist forms, and the missing present was formed with various suffixes (for example, ) and the nasal infix (), all of which are supposed to come from old grammatical forms of uncertain meaning.

Atelic verbs were interpreted as present forms, and the missing aorist was formed with the suffix ''-s-'', yielding the sigmatic aorist.

This hypothesis is used to explain various phenomena:
*Some verbs in Indo-European languages form root presents ( Latin 'I pull, I lead', from PIE ) and derived sigmatic aorists ( perfect forms in Latin: 'I have pulled, I have led', pronounced ''dūksī'', from ).
*Other verbs form root aorists (Latin 'I have won', pronounced ''wīkī'', from ) and derived present forms ( 'I win', from , with nasal infix).
*For many PIE verbs, various present forms can be reconstructed without discernible differences in meaning (like and above, both forms have attested reflexes in IE languages: Greek 'I shine' and Proto-Celtic 'to shine, burn', respectively).

In addition to the present and the aorist, the following aspects are assumed:
* Perfect
*Causative-Iterative
*Desiderative
*Intensive (repetition)
*Fientive (onset of a new state)
*Essive (persistent state)

Entries

The lexical part contains for each verbal root
*the conjectured meaning,
*reconstructed stems with their reflexes in the daughter languages,
*extensive footnotes (with references, remarks on alternative and dubious reconstructions, etc.),
*the page number of the corresponding ''IEW'' entry.

Indices

The book includes
*a regressive root index,
*an index of reconstructed primary stems, sorted by aspect and formation rule,
*an index of reflexes in the daughter languages, sorted by language.

Reception and criticism

*Seebold claims insufficient evidence for roots reconstructed from a single daughter language. Helmut Rix insists in the preface to the second edition that the assessment of the evidence should be left to the reader.
*Seebold also criticises some of the conjectured meanings. Rix calls this criticism ''basically legitimate''.
*Meier-Brügger tentatively calls the ''LIVs aspect hypothesis “adequate and capable of consensus” (), without agreeing on all of the details of the analysis.
*Fortson calls the ''LIV'' “ ry useful and up-to-date – though in various places controversial”, but does not elaborate on the controversial places.
*Ringe states that the theories in Rix (what he terms the “Cowgill-Rix verb”) largely reflect current consensus, but implies that some of his phonological reconstructions may go beyond the consensus (in terms of being insufficiently “conservative”).

See also

* Proto-Indo-European verb

Other PIE dictionaries and grammars

* ''Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen'' (published 1886–1916 by Karl Brugmann and Berthold Delbrück)
* ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (''IEW'', first published 1956 by Julius Pokorny), with reconstructions pre-dating the laryngeal theory
* ''Indo-European Etymological Dictionary'', an ongoing project based in Leiden, intended to result in the publication of a comprehensive Indo-European etymological dictionary
* ''Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon'' (NIL), structured similarly to the ''LIV'' and treating PIE nouns and adjectives
* ''Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme'' (LIPP), structured similarly to the ''LIV'' and treating PIE particles and pronouns.

References

External links

*''Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²''
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Latest update: 3 Feb. 2015.

(University of Texas)

(based on the ''IEW'' and including laryngeal-based reconstructions, but only as alternative lemmas with cross references to the pre-laryngeal ones)

{{Proto-Indo-European language

1998 non-fiction books
Indo-European linguistics works
Etymological dictionaries