The Leubingen

tumulus A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or ''kurgans'', and may be found throughout much of the world. A cairn, which is a mound of stones bui ...

(German: ''Fürstengrab von Leubingen'') is an

early bronze age The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second pr ...

"princely" grave of the Leubingen culture, (which, after further finds at Auntjetitz became known as Auntjetitz or

Unetice culture The Únětice culture or Aunjetitz culture ( cs, Únětická kultura, german: Aunjetitzer Kultur, pl, Kultura unietycka) is an archaeological culture at the start of the Central European Bronze Age, dated roughly to about 2300–1600BC. The epon ...

), dating to about 1940 BC. It is located near the hills of Kyffhäuser in Leubingen, an ''

Ortsteil A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town (although the word is often used to describe both hamlets and smaller towns), with a population typically ranging from a few hundred to ...

'' of Sömmerda in the eastern German state of

Thuringia Thuringia (; german: Thüringen ), officially the Free State of Thuringia ( ), is a state of central Germany, covering , the sixth smallest of the sixteen German states. It has a population of about 2.1 million. Erfurt is the capital and la ...

Excavations

The site was first unearthed in 1877 by

Jena Jena () is a German city and the second largest city in Thuringia. Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar, it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, while the city itself has a p ...

art professor and archaeologist (1831–1898). He was working at the behest of the ''Historische Kommission der Provinz Sachsen''. Klopfleisch kept a diary during his work and latter submitted an official report on the findings. Unfortunately, there are important differences between his original notes and the final report. Both the location of the burial chamber and of the grave goods within the chamber vary. During the excavations no second body is mentioned (see Description below), only a few bone remains. Today, the diary is deemed the more reliable source. After the excavations were finished, the mound was filled in again. In 1912, the local ''Königlicher Landrat'' ordered the Leubingen authorities to prevent its agricultural use. During road construction in 2011 excavations on the site nearby have also revealed the remains of one of the largest buildings in prehistoric Germany, a longhouse 44 m x 10.50 m, or 470 square meters (5,057 square feet) of floor space, a trove of bronze objects, and a cemetery of 44 farmers.

Dating and evaluation

Dendrochronologic testing of the oaken beams has placed the grave at circa 1942 BC. The tomb is considered one of the most opulent elite grave of the Early Bronze Age in Western Europe. Due to the effort required for its construction and the quality of the grave goods, the buried person must have been of great importance.

Description

MUFT - Leubingen Fürstengrab 1 Rekonstruktion

Mound and chamber

The earthen mound is high and contains a burial chamber of with a maximum height of . The original height of the mound was around and its diameter was . Around 210 cubic-meters of stones and 3,600 cubic-meters of earth were moved in its construction. Inside the earthen mound is the

burial Chamber A chamber tomb is a tomb for burial used in many different cultures. In the case of individual burials, the chamber is thought to signify a higher status for the interred than a simple grave. Built from rock or sometimes wood, the chambers cou ...

, which has roughly the form of a hut/house of the time. It has a saddle-shaped roof made out of heavy oak beams covered with stones.

Contents of the grave

In a central position lay the body of a man about 50 years old. According to Klopfleisch's final report, draped over the man's loins at an angle of ca. 40° was the body of a young man. This was not mentioned in his earlier notes, however. * Aside his right shoulder: **An open bracelet **Two pins **Two rings **A spiral made out of gold. * At his feet: **A stone battle-hammer which was pierced **A rectangular stone (anvil?) **Two bronze edge-axes (axe with elevated edges to prevent it from moving too much on the handle it was attached to) **Three bronze chisels **Three bronze dagger blades which were placed in leather and oak bark scabbards **Also found there was the blade of a dagger ('' :de:Stabdolch'') * In a corner of the burial chamber stood a large ceramic pot, with brown and black decorations, with little ears on the shoulder. The findings are now part of the permanent exhibition of the Halle State Museum of Prehistory.

Gallery

File:Skizze 1 im Grabungstagebuch.jpg, Illustration 1 from Klopfleisch's hand-drawn/-written report File:Skizze 2 im Grabungstagebuch.jpg, Illustration 2 from Klopfleisch's hand-drawn/-written report File:Goldener Armring.jpg, Gold armring File:Zwei goldene Ringe und ein Spiralröllchen.jpg, Gold rings and spiral File:MUFT - Leubingen Fürstengrab 2 Nadeln.jpg, Gold pins File:Steinerner "Schuhleistenkeil".jpg, Massive stone axe, a relic from the 5th millennium BC File:Bronzebeil.jpg, Bronze axe File:Bronzdolch.jpg, Bronze dagger

Surroundings

Between the 8th and 11th century AD, the local (at the time Slavic) community established a cemetery of about 70 graves in and around this manmade hill.

References

*Arnold B. and D. Blair Gibson (eds.) 1996², ''Celtic Chiefdoms, Celtic State, the Evolution of Complex Social Systems in Prehistoric Europe'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 159. *Biel J. 1998. ''Der Keltenfürst von Hochdorf'', Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 172. *Briard J. 1985. ''L'Âge du Bronze en Europe (2000-800 av. J. Chr.), Collection des Hespérides''. Paris, Éditions Errance, pp. 211. *Briard J. 1979. ''The Bronze Age in Barbarian Europe. From the Megaliths to the Celts'', London, Boston and Henley, Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 246. *Coles, J. M., and A. F. Harding. ''The Bronze Age in Europe: An Introduction to the Prehistory of Europe c. 2000–700 B.C.'' London: Methuen, 1979. *——. ''European Societies in the Bronze Age''. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000. *——. ''The Emergence of the European World System in the Bronze Age: Divergence, Convergence, and Social Evolution during the First and Second Millennium B.C. in Europe.'' In: ''Europe in the First Millennium B.C.'' Edited by Kristian Kristiansen and Jorgen Jensen, pp. 7–30. Sheffield Archaeological Monographs 6. Sheffield, U.K.: Collis, 1994. *Sherratt, A. G. ''The Emergence of Élites: Earlier Bronze Age Europe, 2500–1300 B.C.'' In: ''Prehistoric Europe: An Illustrated History''. Edited by Barry Cunliffe, pp. 244–276. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. *So⁄rensen, M. L. S. ''Reading Dress: The Construction of Social Categories and Identities in Bronze Age Europe.'' Journal of European Archaeology 5, no. 1 (1997): pp. 93–114. *Virchow, R. 1877. ''Schadeln aus einer Krypte in Leubingen im nordlichen Thiiringen''. (Verb. der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthologie, 1877, pp. 327–330.)

External links

{{Commons category, Fürstengrab von Leubingen Bronze Age sites in Europe Unetice culture Indo-European archaeological sites Tumuli in Germany Thuringia Sömmerda (district)