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Lessing-Othmer is a romanization of
-i, , bgcolor=#cff, ö �br>ㄜ e, , a br>ㄚ a
, bgcolor=#cff, e ibr>ㄟ ei, , ai ibr>ㄞ ai
, ou ubr>ㄡ ou, , bgcolor=#cff, au ubr>ㄠ ao
, bgcolor=#cff, ën �nbr>ㄣ en, , an nbr>ㄢ an
, bgcolor=#cff, ung �ŋbr>ㄨㄥ ong, , bgcolor=#cff, ëng �ŋbr>ㄥ eng, , ang ŋbr>ㄤ ang
, bgcolor=#cff, örl ɚbr>ㄦ er
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, i br>ㄧ i, , bgcolor=#cff, iä ebr>ㄧㄝ ie, , ia abr>ㄧㄚ ia
, , ,
, iu oubr>ㄧㄡ iu, , bgcolor=#cff, iau aubr>ㄧㄠ iao
, in nbr>ㄧㄣ in, , bgcolor=#cff, iän ɛnbr>ㄧㄢ ian
, bgcolor=#cff, iung ʊŋbr>ㄩㄥ iong, , ing ŋbr>ㄧㄥ ing, , iang aŋbr>ㄧㄤ iang
,
, -
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, u br>ㄨ u, , bgcolor=#cff, o obr>ㄨㄛ uo, , ua abr>ㄨㄚ ua
, ui eibr>ㄨㄟ ui, , uai aibr>ㄨㄞ uai
, , ,
, un ənbr>ㄨㄣ un, , uan anbr>ㄨㄢ uan
, , , bgcolor=#cff, ung əŋbr>ㄨㄥ ueng, , uang aŋbr>ㄨㄤ uang
,
, -
!{{IPA, /ɥ/
, ü br>ㄩ ü, , bgcolor=#cff, üä �ebr>ㄩㄝ üe, ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ün nbr>ㄩㄣ ün, , üan �ɛnbr>ㄩㄢ üan
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Mandarin
Mandarin or The Mandarin may refer to:
Language
* Mandarin Chinese, branch of Chinese originally spoken in northern parts of the country
** Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Mandarin, the official language of China
** Taiwanese Mandarin, Stand ...
Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of v ...
that was once utilized by Germans written by F. Lessing and Dr. W. Othmer, who in 1912 printed their book „Lehrgang der nordchinesischen Umgangssprache“ (Course in the North Chinese Colloquial Language“) in Tsingtau
Qingdao (, also spelled Tsingtao; , Mandarin: ) is a major city in eastern Shandong Province. The city's name in Chinese characters literally means "azure island". Located on China's Yellow Sea coast, it is a major nodal city of the One Belt, ...
() while it was a German colony in 1912 through the „Deutsch-Chinesische Druckerei und Verlagsanstalt.“
In 1979, the State Council of the People's Republic of China for Romanization ruled that translations of foreign-language publications should utilize Lessing-Othmer romanization in German-speaking countries
The following is a list of the countries and territories where German is an official language (also known as the Germanosphere). It includes countries that have German as (one of) their nationwide official language(s), as well as dependent ter ...
, and Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese f ...
in English-speaking countries.Encyclopædia Britannica, 2004 edition, "Pinyin romanization" article
Table
The tones romanized differently fromPinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese f ...
are highlighted in blue.
Initial
Finals
{, class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" , - !colspan=2 rowspan=2, !colspan=13, Coda , - !colspan=3, ∅!!colspan=2, !!colspan=2, !!colspan=2, !!colspan=3, !! , - !rowspan=4, Medial !∅ , ï �br>ㄭ -i, , bgcolor=#cff, ö �br>ㄜ e, , a br>ㄚ a
, bgcolor=#cff, e ibr>ㄟ ei, , ai ibr>ㄞ ai
, ou ubr>ㄡ ou, , bgcolor=#cff, au ubr>ㄠ ao
, bgcolor=#cff, ën �nbr>ㄣ en, , an nbr>ㄢ an
, bgcolor=#cff, ung �ŋbr>ㄨㄥ ong, , bgcolor=#cff, ëng �ŋbr>ㄥ eng, , ang ŋbr>ㄤ ang
, bgcolor=#cff, örl ɚbr>ㄦ er
, -
!
, i br>ㄧ i, , bgcolor=#cff, iä ebr>ㄧㄝ ie, , ia abr>ㄧㄚ ia
, , ,
, iu oubr>ㄧㄡ iu, , bgcolor=#cff, iau aubr>ㄧㄠ iao
, in nbr>ㄧㄣ in, , bgcolor=#cff, iän ɛnbr>ㄧㄢ ian
, bgcolor=#cff, iung ʊŋbr>ㄩㄥ iong, , ing ŋbr>ㄧㄥ ing, , iang aŋbr>ㄧㄤ iang
,
, -
!
, u br>ㄨ u, , bgcolor=#cff, o obr>ㄨㄛ uo, , ua abr>ㄨㄚ ua
, ui eibr>ㄨㄟ ui, , uai aibr>ㄨㄞ uai
, , ,
, un ənbr>ㄨㄣ un, , uan anbr>ㄨㄢ uan
, , , bgcolor=#cff, ung əŋbr>ㄨㄥ ueng, , uang aŋbr>ㄨㄤ uang
,
, -
!{{IPA, /ɥ/
, ü br>ㄩ ü, , bgcolor=#cff, üä �ebr>ㄩㄝ üe, ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ün nbr>ㄩㄣ ün, , üan �ɛnbr>ㄩㄢ üan
, , , , ,
,
References