Landtag

A Landtag (State Diet) is generally the legislative assembly or parliament of a federated state or other subnational self-governing entity in German-speaking nations. It is usually a unicameral assembly exercising legislative competence in non-federal matters.

The States of Germany and Austria are governed by ''landtage''. In addition, the legislature of the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol is known in German as a ''landtag''. Historically, states of the German Confederation also established ''landtage''. The Landtag of Liechtenstein is the small nation's unicameral assembly.

Name

The German word Landtag is composed of the words ''Land'' (state, country or territory) and ''Tag'' (day). The German word ''Tagung'' (meeting) is derived from the German word ''Tag'', as such meetings were held at daylight and sometimes spanned several days.

Historic Landtag assemblies

States of the Holy Roman Empire

In feudal society, the formal class system was reflected in the composition of the Imperial States' representative assemblies ('' Landstände''), regardless of their name well described as estates of the realm: it was not intended as an elected reflection of public opinion, but a fixed expression of established power as recognized in formal privileges, including the right to be seated in person (granted to many nobles (knightage) and prelates, as well as certain cities) or to be represented as elector in a college that is entitled to one or more seats. Therefore, the representatives primarily defended class interests, and decisions were based on a class-based electoral system.

In some of the Imperial States that were known as ''Land'', the name of such estates assembly was ''Landtag'', analogous to the '' Reichstag'' (Imperial Diet), which mainly comprised most of the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire plus '' Reichsgrafen'', Imperial prelates and Free imperial cities. The precise composition obviously varied greatly, and could change over time, as the result of privileges granted or lost, entities split or merged, border changes ''et cetera''.

Prussia

Royal Prussia

Since 1466, Prussian Landtag were held in Royal Prussia. Prior to that, ''Prussian Landtag'' meetings were held in the Monastic state of the Teutonic Order. See also Prussian estates.

Ducal Prussia

Since 1525, ''Prussian Landtag'' were held in Ducal Prussia. See also Preußischer Landtag.

States of the German Confederation

As Austria and Prussia escaped the French 'exporting the revolution', and Napoleon was happy to maintain satellite monarchies in most German territories under his control (members of the Confederation of the Rhine), the more democratic principles of the Enlightenment would have less effect in the German-speaking lands, or only much later.

In 1815 the German Confederation ("Deutscher Bund") was founded as successor of the Holy Roman Empire. § 13 of the "Bundesakte" (the constitution of the German Confederation) forced the German states to pass constitutions and implement parliaments called Landstände or Landtage.

The first constitution was passed in Nassau in 1814. Until 1841 (Luxembourg) all but 2 states got their constitution and parliaments.

States of the German Empire

1871 the German Empire was founded. All 25 states of the German Empire and the "Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen" (since 1911) had Landtage as legislative authorities. The most important one was the '' Prussian Landtag''.

States of the Weimar Republic

In the Weimar Republic 1918 till 1933 all German states had Landtage. In difference to the former Landstände and Landtage the Weimar Republik Landtage have been elected in free an equal elections.

1933 the Nazis abandoned the federal structure of the Weimar Republic and established a unitary state. The Landtage were abolished as a result.

East Germany

Under its original constitution, East Germany was federal republic with five Länder, each with its own Landtage. Each Landtage was responsible for electing the Chamber of States, the upper house of the national parliament.

In 1952, the Länder were dissolved and replaced by Bezirke. The Landtage were accordingly abolished and their functions transferred to the Bezirke governments. The Länder were eventually restored after the Peaceful Revolution, but their Landtage did not convene until after the reunification of Germany.

Finland

The Diet of Finland, which was created when the country was ceded from Sweden to Russia in 1809, was called ''lantdag'' in Swedish until 1906 when it was replaced by the unicameral Parliament of Finland. Parliament continued using the name lantdag in Swedish until 1919, when Finland adopted its first constitution following the declaration of independence in 1917. Since then, the official term in Swedish is ''riksdag'', equivalent of the German Reichstag. The Finnish name is ''eduskunta''.

Baltic countries

The first Landtag of the Livonian Confederation was called by archbishop of Riga Johannes Ambundii in 1419 and reconvened on a regular basis until the incorporation of Livonian lands into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Sweden and Denmark in 1561. Separate Landtags for Livonia, Courland and Estonia continued to exist as bodies of the Duchies of Livonia, Estonia, Courland and Semigallia, and later the Russian Governorates of Livonia, Estonia and Courland. After the independence of Estonia and Latvia in 1918, they were ultimately replaced by the Riigikogu and the Saeima.

Modern legislatures

In the contemporary Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Austria and the Italian Republic's province of South Tyrol (with a German-speaking majority), a Landtag is a unicameral legislature for a constitutive federal state (Bundesland).
In the Principality of Liechtenstein, the Landtag is the sole national parliament, because Liechtenstein has no federal structure due to its size.

German legislatures

In most of the German constitutive federal states (''Bundesländer''), the unicameral legislature is called ''Landtag'':
* Landtag of Baden-Württemberg
* Landtag of Bavaria (until 1999, the large federal state of Bavaria was the only state with a bicameral legislature, with a lower house called the Landtag, and an upper house called the Senate)
* Landtag of Brandenburg
* Landtag of Hesse
* Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Landtag of Lower Saxony
* Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
* Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate
* Landtag of Saarland
* Landtag of Saxony
*Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt
* Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein
*Landtag of Thuringia
In the German city states, the parliamentary city council serves the function of the state parliament within the federal system - in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg it is called the ''Bürgerschaft'' (municipal assembly):
* Bürgerschaft of Bremen
*Bürgerschaft of Hamburg
In the German capital and city state of Berlin, the legislature since 1951 (then of West Berlin) is called '' Abgeordnetenhaus'' ("House of Representatives"), adopting the tradition of the Prussian Landtag.

The national bicameral Parliament comprises the directly elected Bundestag and the Bundesrat which represents the state governments in Federal matters which affect the ''Länder''.

Austrian legislatures

According to the Constitution of Austria, the ''Landtage'' are the unicameral legislatures of the nine states of Austria (''Bundesländer''), dealing with all matters not explicitly allotted to federal level:
* Landtag of Burgenland
* Landtag of Carinthia
* Landtag of Lower Austria
* Landtag of Upper Austria
* Landtag of Salzburg
* Landtag of Styria
* Landtag of Tyrol
* Landtag of Vorarlberg
As the Austrian capital Vienna (like Berlin) is both a city-state and a municipality, Gemeinderat (municipal assembly) of Vienna also serves as the state Landtag. However, per the city constitution, municipal and state affairs are kept separate, and the two bodies hold separate meetings even though their memberships are identical.

The representatives are elected in general, free, secret and direct ballots according to the principle of proportional representation. The largest of the parliamentary groups (called ''Klubs'' in Austria) usually nominates the '' Landeshauptmann'' governor. The modern ''Landtage'' are the democratic successors of the estates assemblies in the corresponding crown lands of the Austrian Empire. Exceptions are the city of Vienna, which belonged to the Lower Austria Kronland until 1920, and Burgenland, ceded to Austria by the Kingdom of Hungary in 1921.

Austria's national bicameral parliament consists of the directly elected National Council and the Federal Council, which represents the ''Landtage'' parliaments on the federal level. The two chambers meet in the Federal Assembly, held for the ceremonial swearing-in of the Austrian president.

Sources and references

Donaumonarchie

See also

* The Estates
* Diet (assembly)
* Composition of the German State Parliaments

{{Authority control

Federalism by country
German feudalism
Legislatures of country subdivisions