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Lanao del Sur ( tl, Timog Lanao; Maranao and ilp, Pagabagatan Ranao), officially the Province of Lanao del Sur, is a
province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions out ...
in the
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
located in the
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ar, منطقة بانجسامورو ذاتية الحكم فى مسلمى مينداناو , native_name = , settlement_type = Autonomous region , anthem = Bangsamoro Hymn , image_skyline ...
(BARMM). The capital is the city of
Marawi Marawi, officially the Islamic City of Marawi ( Maranao: ''Inged a Marawi''; fil, Islamikong Lungsod ng Marawi), is a 4th class component city and capital of the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a ...
, and it borders Lanao del Norte to the north,
Bukidnon Bukidnon(), officially the Province of Bukidnon ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Bukidnon; fil, Lalawigan ng Bukidnon; hil, Kapuroan sang Bukidnon; Binukid and Higaonon: ''Probinsya ta Bukidnon''), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the ...
to the east, and Maguindanao del Norte and
Cotabato Cotabato or North Cotabato ( hil, Aminhan Cotabato; ceb, Amihanang Cotabato; Maguindanaon: ''Pangutaran Kutawatu'', Jawi: ڤڠوترن كوتاواتو; fil, Hilagang Cotabato), officially the Province of Cotabato, is a landlocked province in ...
to the south. To the southwest lies Illana Bay, an arm of the Moro Gulf. Situated in the interior of Lanao del Sur is
Lanao Lake Lake Lanao (Maranao: ''Ranao'' or ''Ranaw'') is a large ancient lake in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. With a surface area of , it is the largest lake in Mindanao, and the second largest lake in the Philippines and counted as one of ...
, the largest in
Mindanao Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...
.


Etymology

"Lanao" means "lake", derived from ''ranao''. The province, situated at basin of
Lake Lanao Lake Lanao ( Maranao: ''Ranao'' or ''Ranaw'') is a large ancient lake in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. With a surface area of , it is the largest lake in Mindanao, and the second largest lake in the Philippines and counted as one ...
, is known as the land of the "Maranaos" (which means "the "people of the lake").


History


Pre-Islamic Era

Prior to the arrival of Islam, the region already had a sophisticated culture, as embodied in various Maranao epics, chants, and recorded history. The people of Lanao used to adhere to
Hinduism Hinduism () is an Indian religion or '' dharma'', a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global p ...
, polytheist animism, and
Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
. During this era, various cultural icons developed, such as the torogan, the singkil dance, the darangen epic, the unique Maranao gong and metal craft culture, the
sarimanok The Sarimanok (Pronunciation: sá·ri·ma·nók), also known as papanok in its feminine form, is a legendary bird of the Maranao people, who originate from Mindanao, an island in the Philippines, and part of Philippine mythology. It comes from ...
, the okir motif, and an indigenous
suyat Suyat ('' Baybayin:'' , '' Hanunó'o:'' , '' Buhid:'' , ''Tagbanwa:'' , '' Modern Kulitan:'' '' Jawi (Arabic):'' ) is the modern collective name of the indigenous scripts of various ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines prior to Spanish c ...
script.


Sultanate of Lanao

Lanao was first explored by the Spaniards in 1689, upon which they discovered a well-settled community named ''Dansalan'' at the lake's northern end. Lanao was the seat of the Sultanate of Lanao. During the Pre-Spanish time, there were 4 important boundaries which held the power of appointing a new sultan namely: ''Bakayawan'', ''Dalama'', ''Madamba'' and ''Sawer''. In appointing a new
sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it c ...
the permission of these four boundaries are needed to validate the new sultan appointed to his position.


World War II

In 1942, it was occupied by the
Japanese Imperial Forces The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces (IJAF) were the combined military forces of the Japanese Empire. Formed during the Meiji Restoration in 1868,"One can date the 'restoration' of imperial rule from the edict of 3 January 1868." p. 334. they ...
who landed in Southern Lanao. On May 2, 1942, the former
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines The chief justice of the Philippines ( fil, Punong Mahistrado ng Pilipinas) presides over the Supreme Court of the Philippines and is the highest judicial officer of the government of the Philippines. As of April 5, 2021, the position is cu ...
José Abad Santos was killed by the Japanese Imperial forces in a
firing squad Execution by firing squad, in the past sometimes called fusillading (from the French ''fusil'', rifle), is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war. Some reasons for its use are that firearms are ...
at
Malabang, Lanao del Sur Malabang, officially the Municipality of Malabang (Maranao: ''Inged a Malabang''; tl, Bayan ng Malabang), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 49,088 peop ...
. In 1945, the first of the liberation forces landed in Southern Lanao and liberated the area with United States, Philippine Commonwealth troops together with the Maranao guerrilla units. They used infantry weapons, the Maranao
Kris The kris, or ''keris'' in the Indonesian language, is an asymmetrical dagger with distinctive blade-patterning achieved through alternating laminations of iron and nickelous iron (''pamor''). Of Javanese origin, the kris is famous for its dist ...
, Barong and Kampilan swords against the Japanese forces in the ''Battle of Lanao''. In 1956, ''
Republic Act This article contains a partial list of Philippine laws. Sources of Philippine laws ;Notes : *Customs may be considered as supplementary source of law, however, customs which are contrary to law, public order or public policy shall not be ...
No. 1552'' changed the name ''Dansalan'' to ''Marawi'', taken from the word ''rawi'', referring to the reclining lilies abundant in the Agus River.


Division

In 1959, Lanao was divided into two provinces, Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur, under ''Republic Act No. 2228''.
Marawi Marawi, officially the Islamic City of Marawi ( Maranao: ''Inged a Marawi''; fil, Islamikong Lungsod ng Marawi), is a 4th class component city and capital of the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a ...
was designated as the capital of Lanao del Sur. The city was renamed the "Islamic City of Marawi" in 1980, and is currently the Philippines' only city having a predominantly Muslim population.


Proposed Maranaw province

In 1971, ''Republic Act No. 6406'', which sought to create a new province out of eastern Lanao del Sur (now corresponding to the province's first congressional district), was approved on October 4, 1971. The province was to consist of the municipalities of Bubong,
Ditsaan-Ramain Ditsaan-Ramain, officially the Municipality of Ditsaan-Ramain ( Maranao: ''Inged a Ditsaan-Ramain''; tl, Bayan ng Ditsaan-Ramain), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a p ...
(including what is now
Buadiposo-Buntong Buadiposo-Buntong, officially the Municipality of Buadiposo-Buntong ( Maranao and Iranun: ''Inged a Buadiposo-Buntong''; tl, Bayan ng Buadiposo-Buntong), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the ...
),
Kapai Kapai, officially the Municipality of Kapai (Maranao: ''Inged a Kapai''; tl, Bayan ng Kapai), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 20,581 people. Geograph ...
,
Lumba-Bayabao Lumba-Bayabao, officially the Municipality of Lumba-Bayabao ( Maranao: ''Inged a Lumba-Bayabao''; tl, Bayan ng Lumba-Bayabao), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a popul ...
(including what is now
Maguing Maguing, officially the Municipality of Maguing ( Maranao: ''Inged a Maguing''; tl, Bayan ng Maguing), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 30,436 people. ...
),
Marantao Marantao, officially the Municipality of Marantao ( Maranao: ''Inged a Marantao''; tl, Bayan ng Marantao), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 37,763 peop ...
, Masiu, Mulondo, Saguiaran, Piagapo, Poona Bayabao, Tamparan, Taraka and Wao (including what is now
Bumbaran Amai Manabilang, officially the Municipality of Amai Manabilang ( Maranao: ''Inged a Amai Manabilang''; tl, Bayan ng Amai Manabilang), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it ha ...
), with the chartered city of Marawi serving as the new provincial capital. The division never took place due to the declaration of Martial law in the Philippines on September 21, 1972, which disrupted the elections for 1973.


Inclusion to the ARMM

In a 1989
plebiscite A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of ...
, Lanao del Sur voted to join the
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( tl, Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Muslim Mindanao; ar, الحكم الذاتي الاقليمي لمسلمي مندناو ''Al-ḥukm adh-dhātī al-'iqlīmī li-muslimī Mindanāu''; abbreviated as ARMM) was ...
(ARMM), but the city of Marawi voted to remain outside the ARMM. It later joined ARMM in 2001 following the plebiscite that sought to expand the autonomous region.


Contemporary history

The
Battle of Marawi The siege of Marawi ( fil, Pagkubkob sa Marawi), also known as the Marawi crisis (), and the Battle of Marawi (), was a five-month-long armed conflict in Marawi, Philippines, that started on May 23, 2017, between Philippine government securit ...
began and ended in 2017. The battle was against ISIL-affiliated militants, a number of which were Malaysian citizens. The battle destroyed most of the cityscape of Marawi and killed hundreds of civilians and Filipino soldiers. A petition was released in support for the usage of the torogan as inspiration for the rehabilation of Marawi after the
Battle of Marawi The siege of Marawi ( fil, Pagkubkob sa Marawi), also known as the Marawi crisis (), and the Battle of Marawi (), was a five-month-long armed conflict in Marawi, Philippines, that started on May 23, 2017, between Philippine government securit ...
. The petition was released in opposition to the possible Manila Rehabilation Effect that the government plans to impose. The
Manila Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of Manila ( fil, Lungsod ng Maynila, ), is the capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is highly urbanized and, as of 2019, was the world's most densely populated ...
-style rehabilation would establish shanty shouses and buildings without Maranao architectural styles, thus destroying Marawi's Maranao cultural skyline. The petition advocates a
Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officiall ...
-style Rehabilation Effect, where the culture and styles of a particular area is used as foundation for rehabilitation of built heritage and landscape. Among the local architectural styles that may be used under the Warsaw-style are the okir,
sarimanok The Sarimanok (Pronunciation: sá·ri·ma·nók), also known as papanok in its feminine form, is a legendary bird of the Maranao people, who originate from Mindanao, an island in the Philippines, and part of Philippine mythology. It comes from ...
, and inspirations from the torogan. The Warsaw-style is also foreseen to boost tourism in the city in the long-run due to the cultural aesthetics it would bring.


Governors after People Power Revolution


Geography

Lanao del Sur forms the western portion of
Northern Mindanao Northern Mindanao ( tl, Hilagang Mindanao; ceb, Amihanang Mindanao; Maranao: ''Pangotaraan Mindanao'') is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region X. It comprises five provinces: Bukidnon, Camiguin, Misamis Occidental, ...
. It is bounded on the north by Lanao del Norte, on the east by
Bukidnon Bukidnon(), officially the Province of Bukidnon ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Bukidnon; fil, Lalawigan ng Bukidnon; hil, Kapuroan sang Bukidnon; Binukid and Higaonon: ''Probinsya ta Bukidnon''), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the ...
, on the west by Illana Bay, and on the south by
Maguindanao Maguindanao (, Maguindanaon: ''Prubinsya nu Magindanaw''; Iranun'': Perobinsia a Magindanao''; tl, Lalawigan ng Maguindanao) was a province of the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). From 2014 ...
and
Cotabato Cotabato or North Cotabato ( hil, Aminhan Cotabato; ceb, Amihanang Cotabato; Maguindanaon: ''Pangutaran Kutawatu'', Jawi: ڤڠوترن كوتاواتو; fil, Hilagang Cotabato), officially the Province of Cotabato, is a landlocked province in ...
. The landscape is dominated by rolling hills and valleys, placid lakes and rivers. Located within the province is
Lanao Lake Lake Lanao (Maranao: ''Ranao'' or ''Ranaw'') is a large ancient lake in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. With a surface area of , it is the largest lake in Mindanao, and the second largest lake in the Philippines and counted as one of ...
, the second largest in the country, its waters drained by the Agus River which eventually empties into the
Iligan Bay Iligan Bay is a bay in Mindanao Island in the Philippines. The bay is part of the Bohol Sea, and curves into the northern coast of Mindanao Island. A branch of the bay, Panguil Bay, forms a natural isthmus with Illana Bay and geographic bou ...
. The climate in the province is characterized by even distribution of rainfall throughout the year, without a distinct summer season. The province is located outside the typhoon belt.


Administrative divisions

Lanao del Sur comprises 39
municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the ...
and 1
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
.


Demographics

The population of Lanao del Sur in the 2020 census was 1,195,518 people, with a density of . The majority of people in the province are Maranaos, while some are Cebuanos, Zamboangueños, Tausugs, Yakans, and Sama. Maranao is the most commonly spoken language in the province. Iranun is the native language of most of the inhabitants of the municipality of Kapatagan. Also spoken are
Maguindanao Maguindanao (, Maguindanaon: ''Prubinsya nu Magindanaw''; Iranun'': Perobinsia a Magindanao''; tl, Lalawigan ng Maguindanao) was a province of the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). From 2014 ...
, Cebuano, and
Chavacano Chavacano or Chabacano is a group of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in the Philippines. The variety spoken in Zamboanga City, located in the southern Philippine island group of Mindanao, has the highest concentration of speaker ...
followed by
Tagalog Tagalog may refer to: Language * Tagalog language, a language spoken in the Philippines ** Old Tagalog, an archaic form of the language ** Batangas Tagalog, a dialect of the language * Tagalog script, the writing system historically used for Taga ...
and
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ...
.


Religion

Most of the people of Lanao del Sur are practitioners of
Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the ...
. The majority of them are
Sunni Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims. Its name comes from the word '' Sunnah'', referring to the tradition of Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a dis ...
. The number of Muslims in this province is 872,678 or 94.00% of the total population of the province of Lanao Del Sur.


Economy


Schools/universities

* Dansalan College *Adiong Memorial Polytechnic State College * Gandamatu Private Hospital, located in Macadar (Patka Apo) * Lanao Agricultural College (LAC), located in Lumbatan *
Mindanao State University Mindanao State University, commonly referred to as MSU Main, is a regional state, coeducational, research higher education institution in the city of Marawi, Philippines. Founded in 1961, it is the flagship and the largest campus of the Mindana ...
(Main Campus) *Jamiatu Muslim Mindanao (Arabic - English) *Tamparan Populace Islamic College (TPIC) *Philippine Muslim Teachers' College (PMTC) *Al Khwarizmi International College (AKIC) *Philippine Integrated School Foundation Inc. (PISFI) *Philippine Engineering and Agro-Industrial College, Inc. (PEACI)


UNESCO Designations in Lanao del Sur

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international coope ...
has inscribed one Maranao element, the ''Darangen Chants of the Maranao People of Lake Lanao,'' in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008. The element was earlier inscribed in the UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Representative List in 2005. The organization has also designated the Old Town of Tugaya as a ''UNESCO Home for Culture and Heritage''. UNESCO has recommended for the nomination of Tugaya and all of Lanao del Sur's traditional crafts heritage in Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, following reports made in 2014 and 2015. The Philippine ambassador to UNESCO and France noted that it will be better to inscribe Maranao's traditional crafts in the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding as they have been endangered due to the 2017
Battle of Marawi The siege of Marawi ( fil, Pagkubkob sa Marawi), also known as the Marawi crisis (), and the Battle of Marawi (), was a five-month-long armed conflict in Marawi, Philippines, that started on May 23, 2017, between Philippine government securit ...
. The nomination is being finalized by the Philippine government, as announced in 2018. The torogans of Lanao are also recommended by UNESCO to be nominated in the
World Heritage List A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for ...
once proper documentation and restoration has been completed. Two torogans have been bought by a controversial heritage resort company,
Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar (Spanish for "Acuzar's Philippine Houses") is a beach resort, hotel, convention center and heritage destination in Bagac, Bataan, Philippines. History Jose Acuzar, the owner of New San Jose Builders, Inc., starte ...
, and were transported to Bataan, sparking a provincial campaign to get back the two royal houses to their ancestral homeland.


Hospitals

* Amai Pakpak Medical Center * Former Libyan Hospital * Dr. Abdullah Hospital


References


External links

* *
Philippine Census Information

Local Governance Performance Management System
{{Authority control Provinces of the Philippines Provinces of Bangsamoro States and territories established in 1959 1959 establishments in the Philippines