The Ladinian is a

stage Stage or stages may refer to: Acting * Stage (theatre), a space for the performance of theatrical productions * Theatre, a branch of the performing arts, often referred to as "the stage" * ''The Stage'', a weekly British theatre newspaper * St ...

and

age Age or AGE may refer to: Time and its effects * Age, the amount of time someone or something has been alive or has existed ** East Asian age reckoning, an Asian system of marking age starting at 1 * Ageing or aging, the process of becoming older ...

in the Middle Triassic

series Series may refer to: People with the name * Caroline Series (born 1951), English mathematician, daughter of George Series * George Series (1920–1995), English physicist Arts, entertainment, and media Music * Series, the ordered sets used in ...

or epoch. It spans the time between Ma and ~237 Ma (million years ago). The Ladinian was preceded by the Anisian and succeeded by the

Carnian The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic Series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic Epoch). It lasted from 237 to 227 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by ...

(part of the Upper or Late Triassic). The Ladinian is coeval with the Falangian regional stage used in China.

Stratigraphic definitions

The Ladinian was established by Austrian geologist

Alexander Bittner Alexander Bittner (16 March 1850, in Friedland – 31 March 1902, in Vienna) was an Austrian paleontologist and geologist. Following graduation from the University of Vienna in 1873, he remained in Vienna as an assistant to Eduard Suess. In 1874 ...

in 1892. Its name comes from the

Ladin people The Ladins are an ethnic group in northern Italy. They are distributed in several valleys, collectively known as Ladinia. These include the valleys of Badia and Gherdëina in South Tyrol, of Fassa in the Trentino, and Livinallongo (also kno ...

that live in the

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional It ...

Alps The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Sw ...

(in the

Dolomites The Dolomites ( it, Dolomiti ; Ladin: ''Dolomites''; german: Dolomiten ; vec, Dołomiti : fur, Dolomitis), also known as the Dolomite Mountains, Dolomite Alps or Dolomitic Alps, are a mountain range located in northeastern Italy. They form pa ...

, then part of

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1 ...

). The base of the Ladinian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the

ammonite Ammonoids are a group of extinct marine mollusc animals in the subclass Ammonoidea of the class Cephalopoda. These molluscs, commonly referred to as ammonites, are more closely related to living coleoids (i.e., octopuses, squid and cuttlefish ...

species '' Eoprotrachyceras curionii'' first appears or the first appearance of the conodont ''

Budurovignathus praehungaricus ''Budurovignathus'' is an extinct genus of conodont. Use in stratigraphy The Ladinian stage of the Middle Triassic is defined by the first appearance of ''Budurovignathus praehungaricus''. The global reference profile for the base (the GSSP ...

''. The global reference profile for the base (the GSSP) is at an outcrop in the

river bed A stream bed or streambed is the bottom of a stream or river (bathymetry) or the physical confine of the normal water flow ( channel). The lateral confines or channel margins are known as the stream banks or river banks, during all but flood ...

of the Caffaro river at Bagolino, in the

province of Brescia The Province of Brescia ( it, provincia di Brescia; Brescian: ) is a Province in the Lombardy administrative region of northern Italy. It has a population of some 1,265,964 (as of January 2019) and its capital is the city of Brescia. With an a ...

, northern Italy.The GSSP was established by Brack ''et al.'' (2005) The top of the Ladinian (the base of the Carnian) is at the first appearance of ammonite species ''

Daxatina canadensis ''Daxatina'' is a fossil ammonoid cephalopod included in the trachyceratid family of the order Ceratitida Ceratitida is an order that contains almost all ammonoid cephalopod genera from the Triassic as well as ancestral forms from the Upper ...

''. The Ladinian is sometimes subdivided into two subages or substages, the Fassanian (early or lower) and the Longobardian (late or upper). The Ladinian contains four ammonite biozones, which are evenly distributed among the two substages: *zone of '' Frechites regoledanus'' *zone of '' Protrachyceras archelaus'' *zone of ''Protrachyceras gredleri'' *zone of ''Eoprotrachyceras curionii''

Ladinian life

References

Notes

Literature

*; 2005: ''The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale'', Episodes 28(4), pp. 233–244. *; 2004: ''A Geologic Time Scale 2004'', Cambridge University Press.

External links

GeoWhen Database - Ladinian

Upper Triassic
an
Lower Triassic
timescales, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS *Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy: ''Stratigraphic charts for the Triassic''

an

{{Authority control Ladinian, *02 Geological ages Triassic geochronology