Littorinimorpha is a large
order of snails,
gastropod
Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
s, consisting primarily of sea snails (
marine species), but also including some freshwater snails (
limnic species) and land snails (
terrestrial species).
[Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families''. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany. . . 397 pp. http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278]
Previously, the
Linnaean taxonomy
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:
# The particular form of biological classification (taxonomy) set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his ''Systema Naturae'' (1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus th ...
used in the
taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Ponder & Lindberg (1997) ranked like this: subclass
Orthogastropoda, superorder
Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic subclass of molluscs in the class Gastropoda. It is a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The subcla ...
, order
Sorbeoconcha, suborder
Hypsogastropoda, infraorder Littorinimorpha.
The order Littorinimorpha contains many gastropod families that were formerly placed in the order Mesogastropoda, as introduced by
J. Thiele in his work from 1921. Evidence for this group being
monophyletic
In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria:
# the grouping contains its own most recent co ...
is scanty. In 2003, E. E. Strong suggested using only
Neogastropoda as a clade within the clade
Hypsogastropoda, and to include the unresolved superfamilies of the Hypsogastropoda within the Littorinimorpha.
Gofas, S. (2010). Littorinimorpha. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382213 on 2010-06-06
/ref>
Superfamilies and families
The superfamilies grouped in this clade include a few families that are well-known based on their shells:
(Extinct taxa indicated by a dagger
A dagger is a fighting knife with a very sharp point and usually one or two sharp edges, typically designed or capable of being used as a cutting or stabbing, thrusting weapon.State v. Martin, 633 S.W.2d 80 (Mo. 1982): This is the dictionary or ...
, †.)
;Families brought into synonymy:
* Adeorbidae Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Tornidae Sacco, 1896 (1884)
* Paludestrinidae Newton, 1891 accepted as Hydrobiidae Stimpson, 1865
* Pyrgulidae Brusina, 1882 (1869) accepted as Hydrobiidae Stimpson, 1865
* Vitrinellidae Bush, 1897 accepted as Tornidae Sacco, 1896 (1884)
File:Calyptraea chinensis fossil 01.JPG, '' Calyptraea chinensis'' ( Calyptraeidae)
File:Cypraea tigris 01.JPG, '' Cypraea tigris'' (Cypraeidae
Cypraeidae, common name, commonly named the cowries ( cowry or cowrie), is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small to large sea snails. These are marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, ...
)
File:Ovula ovum 01.JPG, '' Ovula ovum'' (Ovulidae
Ovulidae, common names the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries, is a family (biology), family of small to large predatory or parasitic sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and the co ...
)
File:Ficus ficus 01.JPG, '' Ficus ficus'' ( Ficidae)
File:Littorina littorea 02.JPG, '' Littorina littorea'' ( Littorinidae)
File:Tectarius coronatus 01.JPG, '' Tectarius coronatus'' ( Littorinidae)
File:Tudorella sulcata 01.JPG, '' Tudorella sulcata'' ( Pomatiidae)
File:Natica vitellus 01.JPG, '' Natica vitellus'' (Naticidae
Naticidae, common name moon snails or necklace shells, is a family (biology), family of medium to large-sized predatory sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The shells of the species in this family a ...
)
File:Pterotracheidae.jpg, Pterotracheidae spp.
File:Barleeia unifasciata 01.jpg, '' Barleeia unifasciata'' ( Barleeiidae)
File:Rissoa decorata 01.jpg, '' Rissoa decorata'' (Rissoidae
Rissoidae is a large family of sea snails. Members of the Rissoidae are very small in size and possess an operculum.
Distribution and habitat
Rissoidae are found worldwide. They live on sandy or gravel bottoms among algae or marine plants. Th ...
)
File:Rissoina tornatilis 01.jpg, '' Rissoina tornatilis'' ( Rissoinidae)
File:Aporrhais pesgallinae 01.JPG, '' Aporrhais pesgallinae'' ( Aporrhaidae)
File:Rostellariella delicatula 01.JPG, '' Rostellariella delicatula'' ( Rostellariidae)
File:Sinustrombus sinuatus, Bohol, Philippines.jpg, '' Sinustrombus sinuatus'' ( Strombidae)
File:Tutufa bubo 01.JPG, '' Tutufa bubo'' ( Bursidae)
File:Cypraecassis rufa 01.JPG, '' Cypraecassis rufa'' ( Cassidae)
File:Distorsio kurzi 01.JPG, '' Distorsio kurzi'' ( Personidae)
File:Monoplex nicobaricus 01.JPG, '' Monoplex nicobaricus'' ( Ranellidae)
File:Tonna galea 01.jpg, '' Tonna galea'' ( Tonnidae)
File:Pisinna glabrata 01.jpg, '' Pisinna glabrata'' ( Anabathridae)
File:Bithynia tentaculata 01.JPG, ''Bithynia tentaculata
''Bithynia tentaculata'', common names the mud bithynia or common bithynia, or faucet snailKipp R. M. & Benson A. (2008). ''Bithynia tentaculata''. United States Geological Survey, USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. ht ...
'' ( Bithyniidae)
File:Caecum glabrum.jpg, '' Caecum glabrum'' ( Caecidae)
File:Emericia patula1 A MRKVICKA.JPG, '' Emericia patula'' ( Emmericiidae)
File:Liroceratia sulcata 01.jpg, '' Liroceratia sulcata'' ( Iravadiidae)
File:Thyca ectoconcha sur face orale de L. multifora.jpg, '' Thyca ectoconcha'' ( Eulimidae) parasiting a sea star
File:Trivia monacha 01.JPG, '' Trivia monacha'' ( Triviidae)
File:Thylacodes arenarius 01.JPG, '' Thylacodes arenarius'' ( Vermetidae)
File:Xenophora pallidula 01.jpg, '' Xenophora pallidula'' ( Xenophoridae)
File:Cypraea onyx S2-21 37mm.jpg, '' Erronea onyx'' (Cypraeidae
Cypraeidae, common name, commonly named the cowries ( cowry or cowrie), is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small to large sea snails. These are marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, ...
)
File:Lyncina lynx S2-22 46mm.jpg, '' Lyncina lynx'' S2-22 46mm
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1187122