List Of Carbon Capture And Storage Projects
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This List of carbon capture and storage projects provides documentation of global, industrial-scale projects for
carbon capture and storage Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a process by which carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial installations is separated before it is released into the atmosphere, then transported to a long-term storage location.IPCC, 2021Annex VII: Glossary at ...
. According to the Global CCS Institute, in 2020 some 40 million tons CO2 per year capacity of CCS was in operation with 50 million tons per year in development. The world emits about 38 billion tonnes of CO2 every year, so CCS captured about one thousandth of the 2020 total.


Algeria

In Salah Ain Salah, officially Aïn Salah (), is an oasis town in central Algeria and the capital of In Salah Province and In Salah District. It was once an important trade link in the trans-Saharan caravan route. As of the 2008 census, it had a popula ...
was an operational onshore gas field with CO2 injection. CO2 was separated from produced gas and reinjected into the Krechba geologic formation at a depth of 1,900m. Since 2004, about 3.8 Mt of CO2 has been captured during
natural gas Natural gas (also fossil gas, methane gas, and gas) is a naturally occurring compound of gaseous hydrocarbons, primarily methane (95%), small amounts of higher alkanes, and traces of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and helium ...
extraction and stored. Injection was suspended temporarily in June 2011 due to concerns about the integrity of the seal, potential for fracture and leakage into the caprock, and movement of CO2 outside of the Krechba hydrocarbon lease. Injection has not restarted and no leakage of CO2 was reported during the lifetime of the project


Australia

In the early 2020s the government allocated over A$300 million for CCS both onshore and offshore.


Canada

Canadian governments committed $1.8 billion fund CCS projects over the 2008-2018 period. The main programs are the federal government's Clean Energy Fund, Alberta's Carbon Capture and Storage fund, and the governments of Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia. Canada works closely with the United States through the U.S.–Canada Clean Energy Dialogue launched by the Obama administration in 2009.


Alberta

Alberta committed $170 million in 2013/2014 – and a total of $1.3 billion over 15 years – to fund two large-scale CCS projects. The CAN $1.2 billion
Alberta Carbon Trunk Line The Alberta Carbon Trunk Line System is the largest carbon capture, utilization and storage system in the Alberta, Canada. The system, which cost 1.2 billion Canadian dollars, captures carbon dioxide from industrial emitters in the Alberta's In ...
Project (ACTL), pioneered by Enhance Energy, became fully operational in June 2020. It is now the world's largest carbon capture and storage system consisting of a 240 km pipeline that collects CO2 industrial emissions from the Agrium fertilizer plant and North West Sturgeon Refinery in Alberta. The capture is then delivered to the matured Clive oil reservoir for use in EOR (enhanced oil recovery) and permanent storage. At full capacity, it can capture 14.6 million tonnes of CO2 per year. For perspective, that translates into capturing CO2 from 2.6 million cars plus. The Quest Carbon Capture and Storage Project was developed by
Shell Canada Shell Canada Limited () is the principal Canadian subsidiary of British energy major Shell plc and one of Canada's largest integrated oil companies. Exploration and production of oil, natural gas and sulphur is a major part of its business, as ...
for use in the
Athabasca Oil Sands Project Albian Sands Energy Inc. is a mining company which operates the Muskeg River Mine and Jack Pine Mine, an oil sands mining project located north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. It is a joint venture between Shell Canada (10%), CNRL (70%) and ...
. It is cited as being the world's first commercial-scale CCS project. Construction began in 2012 and ended in 2015. The capture unit is located at the
Scotford Upgrader The Shell Scotford Upgrader is an oilsand upgrader, a facility which processes crude bitumen from oil sands into a wide range of synthetic crude oils. The upgrader is owned by Athabasca Oil Sands Project (AOSP), a joint venture of Shell Canada, She ...
in Alberta, Canada, where hydrogen is produced to
upgrade Upgrading is the process of replacing a product with a newer version of the same product. In computing and consumer electronics, an upgrade is generally a replacement of hardware, software or firmware with a newer or better version, in order to ...
bitumen from
oil sands Oil sands are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit. They are either loose sands, or partially consolidated sandstone containing a naturally occurring mixture of sand, clay, and water, soaked with bitumen (a dense and extremely viscous ...
into synthetic crude oil. The steam methane units that produce the hydrogen emit CO2 as a byproduct. The capture unit captures the CO2 from the steam methane unit using amine absorption technology, and the captured CO2 is then transported to
Fort Saskatchewan Fort Saskatchewan is a city along the North Saskatchewan River in Alberta, Canada. It is northeast of Edmonton, the provincial capital. It is part of the Edmonton Capital Region#Edmonton CMA, Edmonton census metropolitan area and one of 24 muni ...
where it is injected into a porous rock formation called the Basal Cambrian Sands. From 2015 to 2018, the project stored 3 Mt CO2 at a rate of 1 Mtpa. Entropy, a subsidiary of
Advantage Energy Advantage Energy Ltd. is a Canadian oil and Natural gas, gas company based in Calgary, Alberta. The company is focused on the development of its Montney fossil gas and liquids resource play to provide Canadian energy. In 2019, it produced 45,833 b ...
runs a sequestration project at Glacier plant near Valhalla, Alberta, storing 0.2 MT of CO2 per year as of 2022. In 2022, Alberta Energy granted 25 CO2 sequestration evaluation licenses covering a total area of 10 million hectares.


Saskatchewan


Boundary Dam Power Station Unit 3 Project

Boundary Dam Power Station Boundary Dam Power Station is the largest coal fired station owned by SaskPower, located near Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada. Description The Boundary Dam Power Station consists of two 62 net MW units (commissioned in 1959, shut down and decom ...
, owned by SaskPower, is a coal fired station originally commissioned in 1959. In 2010, SaskPower committed to retrofitting the
lignite Lignite (derived from Latin ''lignum'' meaning 'wood'), often referred to as brown coal, is a soft, brown, combustible sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat. It has a carbon content around 25–35% and is considered the lowest ...
-powered Unit 3 with a carbon capture unit. The project was completed in 2014. The retrofit utilized a post-combustion amine absorption technology. The captured CO2 was to be sold to Cenovus to be used for
Enhanced Oil Recovery Enhanced oil recovery (abbreviated EOR), also called tertiary recovery, is the extraction of crude oil from an oil field that cannot be extracted after primary and secondary recovery methods have been completely exhausted. Whereas primary and se ...
(EOR) in Weyburn field. Any CO2 not used for EOR was planned to be used by the Aquistore project and stored in deep saline aquifers. Many complications kept Unit 3 and this project from operating as much as expected, but between August 2017 – August 2018, Unit 3 was online for 65%/day on average. The project has a nameplate capacity of capture of 1 Mtpa. The other units are to be phased out by 2024. The future of the one retrofitted unit is unclear.


Great Plains Synfuel Plant and Weyburn-Midale Project

The Great Plains Synfuel Plant, owned by Dakota Gas, is a
coal gasification In industrial chemistry, coal gasification is the process of producing syngas—a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (), carbon dioxide (), methane (), and water vapour ()—from coal and water, air and/or oxygen. H ...
operation that produces synthetic natural gas and various
petrochemicals Petrochemicals (sometimes abbreviated as petchems) are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable so ...
from coal. The plant began operation in 1984, while CCS began in 2000. In 2000, Dakota Gas retrofitted the plant and planned to sell the CO2 to Cenovus and Apache Energy, for EOR in the Weyburn and Midale fields in Canada. The Midale fields were injected with 0.4 Mtpa and the Weyburn fields are injected with 2.4 Mtpa for a total injection capacity of 2.8 Mtpa. The
Weyburn-Midale Carbon Dioxide Project The Weyburn-Midale Carbon Dioxide Project (or IEA GHG Weyburn-Midale Monitoring and Storage Project) was, as of 2008, the world's largest carbon capture and storage project.Allan Casey, ''Carbon Cemetery'', Canadian Geographic Magazine, Jan/Feb ...
(or IEA GHG Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project), was conducted there. Injection continued even after the study concluded. Between 2000 and 2018, over 30 Mt CO2 was injected.


China

As of 2019 coal accounted for around 60% of China's energy production. The majority of CO2 emissions come from coal-fired power plants or coal-to-chemical processes (e.g. the production of synthetic ammonia, methanol, fertilizer,
natural gas Natural gas (also fossil gas, methane gas, and gas) is a naturally occurring compound of gaseous hydrocarbons, primarily methane (95%), small amounts of higher alkanes, and traces of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and helium ...
, and CTLs). According to the IEA, around 385 out of China's 900 gigawatts of coal-fired power capacity are near locations suitable for CCS. As of 2017 three CCS facilities are operational or in late stages of construction, drawing CO2 from
natural gas processing Nature is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the ecosphere or the universe as a whole. In this general sense nature refers to the laws, elements and phenomena of the physical world, including life. Although humans are part ...
or petrochemical production. At least eight more facilities are in early planning and development, most of which target power plant emissions, with an injection target of EOR. China's largest carbon capture and storage plant at Guohua Jinjie coal power station was completed in January 2021. The project is expected to prevent 150,000 tons of
carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at norma ...
emission annually at a 90% capture rate.


CNPC Jilin Oil Field

China's first carbon capture project was the
Jilin oil field Jilin oil field is an oil field located in Songyuan district, in the western plain of Jilin province, China. Its exploration and development cover the southern Songliao Plain and Yitong River basin within Jilin province. Its oil production exceeds ...
in
Songyuan Songyuan ( zh, s=松原 , p=Sōngyuán) is a prefecture-level city in west-central Jilin province, China. History Even though the present city of Songyuan is predominantly modern in appearance, the area has a long history dating back to the N ...
,
Jilin Province ) , image_skyline = Changbaishan Tianchi from western rim.jpg , image_alt = , image_caption = View of Heaven Lake , image_map = Jilin in China (+all claims hatched).svg , mapsize = 275px , map_a ...
. It started as a pilot EOR project in 2009, and developed into a commercial operation for the
China National Petroleum Corporation The China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) () is a major national oil and gas corporation of China and one of the largest integrated energy groups in the world. Its headquarters are in Dongcheng District, Beijing, Dongcheng District, Beij ...
(CNPC). The final development phase completed in 2018. The source of CO2 is the nearby Changling gas field, from which natural gas with about 22.5% is extracted. After separation at the natural gas processing plant, the CO2 is transported to Jilin via pipeline and injected for a 37% enhancement in oil recovery at the low-permeability oil field. At commercial capacity, the facility currently injects 0.6 Mt CO2 per year, and it has injected a cumulative total of over 1.1 million tonnes over its lifetime.


Sinopec Qilu Petrochemical CCS Project

Sinopec China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, or Sinopec Group, is a Chinese oil and gas enterprise based in Chaoyang District, Beijing. The SASAC administers China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation for the benefit of State Council of the ...
is developing a carbon capture unit whose first phase was to be operational in 2019. The facility is located in Zibo City,
Shandong Province Shandong is a coastal province in East China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center ...
, where a fertilizer plant produces CO2 from coal/coke gasification. CO2 is to be captured by cryogenic distillation and will be transported via pipeline to the nearby
Shengli oil field The Shengli Oil Field () is the second-largest oil field in China. Located in the delta of the Yellow River, it was discovered in 1961, and oil production began in earnest in 1964. Oil output quickly increased, peaking in 1991 at 33.55 millio ...
for EOR. Construction of the first phase began by 2018, and was expected to capture and inject 0.4 Mt CO2 per year. The Shengli oil field is the destination for CO2.


Yanchang Integrated CCS Project

Yanchang Petroleum is developing carbon capture facilities at two coal-to-chemical plants in Yulin City,
Shaanxi Province Shaanxi is a province in north Northwestern China. It borders the province-level divisions of Inner Mongolia to the north; Shanxi and Henan to the east; Hubei, Chongqing, and Sichuan to the south; and Gansu and Ningxia to the west. Shaanxi ...
. The first capture plant is capable of capturing 50,000 tonnes per year and was finished in 2012. Construction on the second plant started in 2014 and was expected to be finished in 2020, with a capacity of 360,000 tonnes per year. This CO2 will be transported to the
Ordos Basin The Ordos Plateau, also known as the Ordos Basin or simply the Ordos, is a highland sedimentary basin in parts of most Northern China with an elevation of , and consisting mostly of land enclosed by the Ordos Loop, a large northerly rectangular ...
, one of China's largest coal, oil, and gas-producing regions with a series of low- and ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs. Lack of water has limited the use of water for EOR, so the CO2 increase production.


Germany

From 2008 until 2014 the Schwarze Pumpe power station, about south of the city of
Spremberg Spremberg or Grodk (, ; Polish: ''Gródek'' ) is a municipality near the Saxon city of Hoyerswerda and is in the Spree-Neiße district of Brandenburg, Germany. First mentioned in 1301, the town alone has 14,028 inhabitants, and the municipalit ...
, was home to the world's first demonstration CCS coal plant. The mini pilot plant was run by an
Alstom Alstom SA () is a French multinational rolling stock manufacturer which operates worldwide in rail transport markets. It is active in the fields of passenger transportation, signaling, and locomotives, producing high-speed, suburban, regional ...
-built
oxy-fuel Oxy-fuel combustion is the process of burning a fuel using pure oxygen, or a mixture of oxygen and recirculated flue gas, instead of air. Since the nitrogen component of air is not heated, fuel consumption is reduced, and higher flame temperatur ...
boiler and is also equipped with a flue gas cleaning facility to remove
fly ash Coal combustion products (CCPs), also called coal combustion wastes (CCWs) or coal combustion residuals (CCRs), are byproducts of burning coal. They are categorized in four groups, each based on physical and chemical forms derived from coal combust ...
and
sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide (IUPAC-recommended spelling) or sulphur dioxide (traditional Commonwealth English) is the chemical compound with the formula . It is a colorless gas with a pungent smell that is responsible for the odor of burnt matches. It is r ...
. The Swedish company Vattenfall AB invested some €70 million in the two-year project, which began operation 9 September 2008. The power plant, which is rated at 30
megawatt The watt (symbol: W) is the unit of Power (physics), power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−3. It is used to quantification (science), quantify the rate of Work ...
s, was a pilot project to serve as a prototype for future full-scale power plants. 240 tonnes a day of CO2 were being trucked to be injected into an empty gas field. Germany's BUND group called it a "
fig leaf thumb In culture, a "fig leaf" or "fig-leaf" is a literal or figurative method of obscuring an act or object considered embarrassing or distasteful with something of innocuous appearance. The use of an actual fig leaf for the purpose originates i ...
". For each tonne of coal burned, 3.6 tonnes of CO2 was produced. The CCS program at Schwarze Pumpe ended in 2014 due to nonviable costs and energy use. As of 2007, the German utility
RWE RWE AG is a German multinational energy company headquartered in Essen. It generates and trades electricity in the Asia-Pacific region, Europe and the United States. In July 2020, RWE completed a far-reaching asset swap deal with E.ON first ...
operated a pilot-scale CO2 scrubber at the lignite-fired Niederaußem power station built in cooperation with
BASF BASF SE (), an initialism of its original name , is a European Multinational corporation, multinational company and the List of largest chemical producers, largest chemical producer in the world. Its headquarters are located in Ludwigshafen, Ge ...
(supplier of detergent) and Linde engineering.


Japan

The Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project is an ongoing project led by Japan CCS Co., Ltd. (JCCS) in
Tomakomai is a city and port in Iburi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the largest city in the Iburi Subprefecture, and the fourth largest city in Hokkaido. As of 31 July 2023, it had an estimated population of 167,372, with 83,836 households, an ...
,
Hokkaido prefecture is the second-largest island of Japan and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture, making up its own region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; the two islands are connected by railway via the Seikan Tunnel. The ...
. Funded by
METI Meti is a town in south-western Ethiopia, located in Godere woreda of the Gambela Region The Gambela Region, also spelled Gambella, and officially the Gambela Peoples' Region (), is a regional state in western Ethiopia. Previously known as ...
and commissioned by NEDO, JCCS has been leading CCS-related researches, including CO2 capture, injection and geological measurements at its Tomakomai site since 2012, although CO2 injection has been concluded since November 22, 2019 after reaching 300,012 tons of injected CO2, slightly above the initially proposed 300,000 tons. The source of the CO2 was
Idemitsu Kosan is a Japanese petroleum company. It owns and operates oil platforms, Oil refinery, refineries, produces and sells petroleum, oils and petrochemical products, and also operates gas stations under the brand and until 2023, in its own ''Idemitsu' ...
's nearby oil refinery, which was connected to the Tomakomai CCS site via an 1.4km (0.87mi) pipeline. After
amine gas treating Amine gas treating, also known as amine scrubbing, gas sweetening and acid gas removal, refers to a group of processes that use aqueous solutions of various Amine#Aliphatic amines, alkylamines (commonly referred to simply as amines) to remove hydr ...
a CO2 purity of 99% or higher has been achieved, which was then sent to the injection facility, where it was compressed and then injected into two separate undersea reservoirs. The reservoirs are located in the Lower Quaternary Moebetsu (which consists of
sandstone Sandstone is a Clastic rock#Sedimentary clastic rocks, clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of grain size, sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate mineral, silicate grains, Cementation (geology), cemented together by another mineral. Sand ...
) and the Miocene Takinoue (which consists of volcanic and volclaniclastic rocks) formation, located 1000 to 1200m (3280 to 3940ft) and 2400 to 3000m (7875 to 9840ft) deep respectively. In the future the facility may serve as a trial site for transferring liquefied CO2 from vessels directly into the reservoirs. After the
2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake An earthquake measuring 6.6 on the moment magnitude scale struck Iburi Subprefecture in southern Hokkaido, Japan, on 6 September 2018 at 3:08 a.m. JST. The earthquake's epicenter was near Tomakomai and occurred at a depth of . The Japan ...
, a survey conducted by JCCS revealed that the reservoirs did not sustain any detectable damage, as well as no direct link between the earthquake and the CCS facility could be established.


Netherlands

Developed in the Netherlands, an electrocatalysis by a copper complex helps reduce CO2 to
oxalic acid Oxalic acid is an organic acid with the systematic name ethanedioic acid and chemical formula , also written as or or . It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. It is a white crystalline solid that forms a colorless solution in water. Its name i ...
.


Norway

In Norway, the CO2 Technology Centre (TCM) at
Mongstad Mongstad is an industrial site in Vestland county, Norway. The site sits on the border of the municipalities of Alver and Austrheim, with most of the site in Alver. The site features an oil refinery for Equinor and other oil companies, including ...
began construction in 2009, and completed in 2012. It includes two capture technology plants (one advanced amine and one chilled ammonia), both capturing flue gas from two sources. This includes a gas-fired power plant and refinery cracker flue gas (similar to coal-fired power plant flue gas). In addition to this, the Mongstad site was also planned to have a full-scale CCS demonstration plant. The project was delayed to 2014, 2018, and then indefinitely. The project cost rose to US$985 million. Then in October 2011, Aker Solutions' wrote off its investment in Aker Clean Carbon, declaring the carbon sequestration market to be "dead". On 1 October 2013, Norway asked
Gassnova Gassnova SF is the Norwegian state enterprise for carbon capture and storage Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a process by which carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial installations is separated before it is released into the atmosphere, t ...
, its Norwegian state enterprise for carbon capture and storage, not to sign any contracts for carbon capture and storage outside Mongstad. In 2015 Norway was reviewing feasibility studies and hoping to have a full-scale carbon capture demonstration project by 2020. In 2020, it then announced "Longship" ("Langskip" in Norwegian). This 2,7 billion CCS project will capture and store the carbon emissions of Norcem's cement factory in Brevik. Also, it plans to fund Fortum Oslo's Varme waste incineration facility. Finally, it will fund the transport and storage project "Northern Lights", a joint project between
Equinor Equinor ASA (formerly Statoil and StatoilHydro) is a Norwegian multinational energy company headquartered in Stavanger, Norway. It is primarily a petroleum company, petroleum company operating in 36 countries with additional investments in renew ...
,
Shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses Science Biology * Seashell, a hard outer layer of a marine ani ...
and
Total Total may refer to: Mathematics * Total, the summation of a set of numbers * Total order, a partial order without incomparable pairs * Total relation, which may also mean ** connected relation (a binary relation in which any two elements are comp ...
. This latter project will transport liquid CO2 from capture facilities to a terminal at
Øygarden Øygarden is a Municipalities of Norway, municipality in Vestland Counties of Norway, county, Norway. It is an island municipality located in the Districts of Norway, traditional district of Midhordland, stretching along the west coast of the coun ...
in Vestland County. From there, CO2 will be pumped through pipelines to a reservoir beneath the seabed. The first two CO2 carrier ships for the
Øygarden Øygarden is a Municipalities of Norway, municipality in Vestland Counties of Norway, county, Norway. It is an island municipality located in the Districts of Norway, traditional district of Midhordland, stretching along the west coast of the coun ...
terminal were under construction at Dalian Shipbuilding in China in 2022. They are being equipped with rotor sails estimated to cut emissions by 5%. Øygarden is the world's first
open-access Open access (OA) is a set of principles and a range of practices through which nominally copyrightable publications are delivered to readers free of access charges or other barriers. With open access strictly defined (according to the 2001 de ...
transport and storage infrastructure.


Sleipner CO2 Injection

Sleipner is a fully operational offshore gas field with CO2 injection initiated in 1996. CO2 is separated from produced gas and reinjected in the Utsira saline aquifer (800–1000 m below ocean floor) above the hydrocarbon reservoir zones. This aquifer extends much further north from the Sleipner facility at its southern extreme. The large size of the reservoir accounts for why 600 billion tonnes of CO2 are expected to be stored, long after the Sleipner natural gas project has ended. The Sleipner facility is the first project to inject its captured CO2 into a geological feature for the purpose of storage rather than economically compromising EOR.


United Arab Emirates

After the success of their pilot plant operation in November 2011, the
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company The Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (), known by its acronym ADNOC, is the state-owned Petroleum industry, oil company of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It is the world's 12th largest oil company by production. As of 2021, the company has an oi ...
and
Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company Masdar (Arabic: مصدر‎), also known as the Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company, is an Emirati state-owned renewable energy company. It was founded and chaired by Sultan Al Jaber in 2006 as a subsidiary of Mubadala Investment Company. The compan ...
moved to create the first commercial CCS facility in the iron and steel industry. CO2 is a byproduct of the iron making process. It is transported via a 50 km pipeline to
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company The Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (), known by its acronym ADNOC, is the state-owned Petroleum industry, oil company of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It is the world's 12th largest oil company by production. As of 2021, the company has an oi ...
oil reserves for EOR. The facility's capacity is 800,000 tonnes per year. As of 2013, more than 40% of gas emitted by the
crude oil production Petroleum is a fossil fuel that can be drawn from beneath the Earth's surface. Reservoirs of petroleum are formed through the mixture of plants, algae, and sediments in shallow seas under high pressure. Petroleum is mostly recovered from oil d ...
process is recovered within the oil fields for EOR.


United Kingdom

The government aims to capture and store 20-30 Mtpa by 2030, and over 50 Mtpa by 2035 (for comparison greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom were 425 Mt in 2021). The 2020
budget A budget is a calculation plan, usually but not always financial plan, financial, for a defined accounting period, period, often one year or a month. A budget may include anticipated sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities including tim ...
allocated 800 million pounds to attempt to create CCS clusters by 2030, to capture CO2 from heavy industry and a gas-fired power station and store it under the
North Sea The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. A sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Se ...
. The
Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole, making it "the sovereign's public estate", which is neither government property nor part of the monarch's priva ...
is responsible for storage rights on the UK continental shelf and it has facilitated work on offshore CO2 storage technical and commercial issues, and the North Sea Transition Authority has awarded 6 undersea storage licences including to BP and
Equinor Equinor ASA (formerly Statoil and StatoilHydro) is a Norwegian multinational energy company headquartered in Stavanger, Norway. It is primarily a petroleum company, petroleum company operating in 36 countries with additional investments in renew ...
. A trial of
bio-energy with carbon capture and storage Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is the process of extracting bioenergy from biomass and capturing and storing the carbon dioxide (CO2) that is produced. Greenhouse gas emissions from bioenergy can be low because when vegetation ...
(BECCS) at a wood-fired unit in
Drax power station Drax power station is a large Biomass (energy), biomass power station in Drax, North Yorkshire, Drax, North Yorkshire, England. It has a 2.6 GW capacity for biomass and had a 1.29 GW capacity for coal that was retired in 2021. Its name comes f ...
in the UK started in 2019. If successful this could remove one tonne per day of CO2 from the atmosphere, and the company aims for operations to start in 2027. In the UK CCS is under consideration to help with industry and heating decarbonization, and it is hoped that building small modular units to fit to existing factories will lower the cost below the carbon price on the
UK Emissions Trading Scheme The UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) is the carbon emission trading scheme of the United Kingdom. It is cap and trade and came into operation on 1 January 2021 following the UK's departure from the European Union. The cap is reduced in line wit ...
, which was around 80 GBP per tonne in early 2022. Direct air capture is also still being considered, but as of 2022 is much too expensive. In May 2022, it was announced that Nuada (formerly MOF Technologies) had partnered with
HeidelbergCement Heidelberg Materials is a German multinational building materials company headquartered in Heidelberg, Germany. Formerly known as HeidelbergCement AG, the company has rebranded as Heidelberg Materials in September 2022. It is a DAX corporation ...
,
Buzzi Unicem Buzzi S.p.A. is an Italian company, quoted on the Borsa Italiana, which produces cement, ready-mix concrete, and construction aggregates. Its headquarters are in the town of Casale Monferrato which was once known as the Italian 'cement capital'. ...
and Cementir Holding to build a point source carbon capture plant to further hard to abate industry decarbonization


United States

In addition to individual carbon capture and sequestration projects, various programs work to research, develop, and deploy CCS technologies on a broad scale. These include the
National Energy Technology Laboratory The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is a United States, U.S. United States Department of Energy national laboratories, national laboratory under the U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy. NETL foc ...
's (NETL) Carbon Sequestration Program, regional carbon sequestration partnerships and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF). In September 2020, the
U.S. Department Of Energy The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government that oversees U.S. national energy policy and energy production, the research and development of nuclear power, the military's nuclear we ...
awarded $72 million in federal funding to support the development and advancement of carbon capture technologies. Under this cost-shared program, DOE awarded $51 million to nine new projects for coal and natural gas power and industrial sources. The nine projects were to design initial engineering studies to develop technologies for byproducts at industrial sites. The projects selected are: * Enabling Production of Low Carbon Emissions Steel Through CO2 Capture from Blast Furnace Gases — ArcelorMittal USA * LH CO2MENT Colorado Project — Electricore * Engineering Design of a Polaris Membrane CO2 Capture System at a Cement Plant — Membrane Technology and Research (MTR) Inc. * Engineering Design of a Linde-BASF Advanced Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Technology at a Linde Steam Methane Reforming H2 Plant — Praxair * Initial Engineering and Design for CO2 Capture from Ethanol Facilities — University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center * Chevron Natural Gas Carbon Capture Technology Testing Project — Chevron USA, Inc. * Engineering-scale Demonstration of Transformational Solvent on NGCC Flue Gas — ION Clean Energy Inc. * Engineering-Scale Test of a Water-Lean Solvent for Post-Combustion Capture — Electric Power Research Institute Inc. * Engineering Scale Design and Testing of Transformational Membrane Technology for CO2 Capture — Gas Technology Institute (GTI) $21 million was also awarded to 18 projects for technologies that remove CO2 from the atmosphere. The focus was on the development of new materials for use in direct air capture and will also complete field testing. The projects: * Direct Air Capture Using Novel Structured Adsorbents — Electricore * Advanced Integrated Reticular Sorbent-Coated System to Capture CO2 from the Atmosphere — GE Research * MIL-101(Cr)-Amine Sorbents Evaluation Under Realistic Direct Air Capture Conditions — Georgia Tech Research Corporation * Demonstration of a Continuous-Motion Direct Air Capture System — Global Thermostat Operations, LLC * Experimental Demonstration of Alkalinity Concentration Swing for Direct Air Capture of CO2 — Harvard University * High-Performance, Hybrid Polymer Membrane for CO2 Separation from Ambient Air — InnoSense, LLC * Transformational Sorbent Materials for a Substantial Reduction in the Energy Requirement for Direct Air Capture of CO2 — InnoSepra, LLC * A Combined Water and CO2 Direct Air Capture System — IWVC, LLC * TRAPS: Tunable, Rapid-uptake, AminoPolymer Aerogel Sorbent for Direct Air Capture of CO2 — Palo Alto Research Center * Direct Air Capture Using Trapped Small Amines in Hierarchical Nanoporous Capsules on Porous Electrospun Hollow Fibers — Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute * Development of Advanced Solid Sorbents for Direct Air Capture — RTI International * Direct Air Capture Recovery of Energy for CCUS Partnership (DAC RECO2UP) — Southern States Energy Board * Membrane Adsorbents Comprising Self-Assembled Inorganic Nanocages (SINCs) for Super-fast Direct Air Capture Enabled by Passive Cooling — SUNY * Low Regeneration Temperature Sorbents for Direct Air Capture of CO2 — Susteon Inc. * Next Generation Fiber-Encapsulated Nanoscale Hybrid Materials for Direct Air Capture with Selective Water Rejection — The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York * Gradient Amine Sorbents for Low Vacuum Swing CO2 Capture at Ambient Temperature — The University of Akron * Electrochemically-Driven CO2 Separation — University of Delaware * Development of Novel Materials for Direct Air Capture of CO2 — University of Kentucky Research Foundation


Kemper Project, MS 2010-2021

The
Kemper Project The Kemper Project, also called the Kemper County energy facility or Plant Ratcliffe, is a natural gas-fired electrical generating station currently under construction in Kemper County, Mississippi. Mississippi Power, a subsidiary of Southern C ...
is a gas-fired power plant under construction in
Kemper County, Mississippi Kemper County is a county located on the central eastern border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,988. Its county seat is De Kalb. The county is named in honor of Reuben Kemper. The county is part ...
. It was originally planned as a coal-fired plant.
Mississippi Power Mississippi Power, preciously known as Mississippi Power Company (MPC), is an electric utility company. Its headquarters are in Gulfport, Mississippi, and it is a subsidiary of Atlanta-based, Southern Company. Mississippi Power has more than 1,0 ...
, a subsidiary of
Southern Company Southern Company is an American gas and electric utility holding company based in the Southern United States. It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with executive offices located in Birmingham, Alabama. As of 2021 it is the second largest ut ...
, began construction in 2010. Had it become operational as a coal plant, the Kemper Project would have been a first-of-its-kind electricity plant to employ gasification and carbon capture technologies at this scale. The emission target was to reduce CO2 to the same level an equivalent natural gas plant would produce. However, in June 2017 the proponents – Southern Company and Mississippi Power – announced that the plant would only burn natural gas. Construction was delayed and the scheduled opening was pushed back over two years, while the cost increased to $6.6 billion—three times the original estimate. According to a
Sierra Club The Sierra Club is an American environmental organization with chapters in all 50 U.S. states, Washington, D.C., Washington D.C., and Puerto Rico. The club was founded in 1892, in San Francisco, by preservationist John Muir. A product of the Pro ...
analysis, Kemper is the most expensive power plant ever built for the watts of electricity it will generate. In October 2021, the coal gasification portion of the plant was demolished.


Terrell Natural Gas Processing Plant

Opening in 1972, the Terrell plant in Texas, United States was the oldest operating industrial CCS project as of 2017. CO2 is captured during gas processing and transported primarily via the Val Verde pipeline where it is eventually injected at Sharon Ridge oil field and other secondary sinks for use in EOR. The facility captures an average of somewhere between 0.4 and 0.5 million tons of CO2 per annum.


Enid Fertilizer

Beginning in 1982, the facility owned by the Koch Nitrogen company is the second oldest large scale CCS facility still in operation. The CO2 that is captured is a high purity byproduct of nitrogen fertilizer production. The process is made economical by transporting the CO2 to oil fields for EOR.


Shute Creek Gas Processing Facility

7 million metric tonnes of CO2 are recovered annually from
ExxonMobil Exxon Mobil Corporation ( ) is an American multinational List of oil exploration and production companies, oil and gas corporation headquartered in Spring, Texas, a suburb of Houston. Founded as the Successors of Standard Oil, largest direct s ...
's Shute Creek gas processing plant near La Barge,
Wyoming Wyoming ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States, Western United States. It borders Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Idaho t ...
, and transported by pipeline to various oil fields for EOR. Started in 1986, as of 2017 this project had the second largest CO2 capture capacity in the world.


Petra Nova (2017-2020)

The
Petra Nova Petra Nova is a Carbon capture and storage, carbon capture project designed to reduce carbon emissions from one of the boilers of a Fossil fuel power station, coal burning power plant in Thompsons, Texas. It is a multi-million dollar project take ...
project is a billion dollar endeavor undertaken by
NRG Energy NRG Energy, Inc. is an American energy company, headquartered in Houston, Texas. It was formerly the wholesale arm of Northern States Power Company (NSP), which became Xcel Energy, but became independent in 2000. NRG Energy is involved in energ ...
and JX Nippon to partially retrofit their jointly owned W.A Parish coal-fired power plant with post-combustion carbon capture. The plant, which is located in Thompsons, Texas (just outside of Houston), entered commercial service in 1977. Carbon capture began on 10 January 2017. The WA Parish unit 8 generates 240 MW and 90% of the CO2 (or 1.4 million tonnes) was captured per year. The CO2 (99% purity) is compressed and piped about 82 miles to West Ranch Oil Field, Texas, for EOR. The field has a capacity of 60 million barrels of oil and has increased its production from 300 barrels per day to 4000 barrels daily. On 1 May 2020, NRG shut down Petra Nova, citing low oil prices during the
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
. The plant had also reportedly suffered frequent outages and missed its carbon sequestration goal by 17% over its first three years of operation. In 2021 the plant was mothballed.


Illinois Industrial, Decatur IL

the Illinois Industrial Carbon Capture and Storage project in
Decatur, Illinois Decatur ( ) is the largest city in Macon County, Illinois, United States, and its county seat. The city was founded in 1829 and is situated along the Sangamon River and Lake Decatur in Central Illinois. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 ...
is dedicated to geological CO2 storage. The public-private research project spearheaded by
Archer Daniels Midland The Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, commonly known as ADM, is an American multinational food processing and commodities trading corporation founded in 1902 and headquartered in Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. The company operates more than 270 p ...
Co received a 171 million dollar investment from the DOE and over 66 million dollars from the private sector. The CO2 is a byproduct of the fermentation process of
corn ethanol Corn ethanol is ethanol produced from corn biomass and is the main source of ethanol fuel in the United States, mandated to be blended with gasoline in the Renewable Fuel Standard. Corn ethanol is produced by ethanol fermentation and distill ...
production and is stored 7000 feet underground in the
Mt. Simon Sandstone The Mount Simon Sandstone is an Upper Cambrian sandstone and is found in many states in the Midwest such as Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. The Mount Simon formation is the equivalent of the La Motte Sandstone formation in t ...
saline aquifer. Sequestration began in April 2017 with a carbon capture capacity of 1 Mt/a.


NET Power Demonstration Facility, La Porte TX

, the
NET Power Demonstration Facility The NET Power Test Facility, located in La Porte, Texas, is an oxy-combustion, zero-emissions 50 MWth natural gas power plant owned and operated by NET Power. NET Power is owned by Constellation Energy Corporation, Occidental Petroleum Corporati ...
in La Porte, TX was an oxy-combustion natural gas power plant that operated by the Allam power cycle. The plant was able to reduce its air emissions to zero by producing a near pure stream of CO2. and first fired in May 2018.


Century Plant, TX

,
Occidental Petroleum Occidental Petroleum Corporation (often abbreviated Oxy in reference to its ticker symbol and logo) is an American company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration in the United States and the Middle East as well as petrochemical manufacturing in the ...
, along with
SandRidge Energy SandRidge Energy, Inc. is a company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration in the Mid-Continent region of the United States. It is organized in Delaware and headquartered in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. As of December 31, 2021, the company had of oil eq ...
, operated a West Texas hydrocarbon gas processing plant and related pipeline infrastructure that provides CO2 for
Enhanced Oil Recovery Enhanced oil recovery (abbreviated EOR), also called tertiary recovery, is the extraction of crude oil from an oil field that cannot be extracted after primary and secondary recovery methods have been completely exhausted. Whereas primary and se ...
(EOR). With a CO2 capture capacity of 8.4 Mt/a, the Century plant was the largest single industrial source CO2 capture facility in the world.


Developing projects by several countries


ANICA - Advanced Indirectly Heated Carbonate Looping Process

The ANICA Project focused on developing economically feasible carbon capture technology for lime and cement plants, which are responsible for 8% of the total anthropogenic
carbon dioxide emissions Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect. This contributes to climate change. Carbon dioxide (), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is the main cause of climate change. The ...
. In 2019, a consortium of 12 partners from
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
,
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
and
Greece Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to th ...
began working on integrating indirectly heated carbonate lopping (IHCaL) process in cement and lime production. The project aimed at lowering the energy penalty and CO2 avoidance costs for CO2 capture from
lime Lime most commonly refers to: * Lime (fruit), a green citrus fruit * Lime (material), inorganic materials containing calcium, usually calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide * Lime (color), a color between yellow and green Lime may also refer to: Bo ...
and
cement A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel ( aggregate) together. Cement mi ...
plants.


Port of Rotterdam CCUS Backbone Initiative

Expected in 2021, the Port of Rotterdam CCUS Backbone Initiative aimed to implement a "backbone" of shared CCS infrastructure for use by businesses located around the
Port of Rotterdam The Port of Rotterdam is the largest seaport in Europe, and the world's largest seaport outside of Asia, located in and near the city of Rotterdam, in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. From 1962 until 2004, it was the List of bus ...
in
Rotterdam Rotterdam ( , ; ; ) is the second-largest List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam. It is in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, part of the North S ...
, Netherlands. The project is overseen by the Port of Rotterdam, natural gas company
Gasunie N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie (short form: Gasunie) is a Dutch natural gas infrastructure and transportation company operating in the Netherlands and Germany. Gasunie owns the Netherlands gas transmission network with a total length of over and long ...
, and the EBN. It intends to capture and sequester 2 million tons of CO2 per year and increase this number in future years. Although dependent on the participation of companies, the goal of this project is to greatly reduce the carbon footprint of the industrial sector of the Port of Rotterdam and establish a successful CCS infrastructure in the Netherlands following the recently canceled ROAD project. CO2 captured from local chemical plants and refineries will both be sequestered in the
North Sea The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. A sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Se ...
seabed. The possibility of a CCU initiative has also been considered, in which the captured CO2 will be sold to horticultural firms, who will use it to speed up plant growth, as well as other industrial users.


Climeworks Direct Air Capture Plant and CarbFix2 Project

Climeworks opened the first commercial direct air capture plant in
Zürich Zurich (; ) is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. , the municipality had 448,664 inhabitants. The ...
, Switzerland in 2008. Their process captures CO2 from ambient air using a patented filter, isolates the CO2 at high heat, and transports it to a nearby
greenhouse A greenhouse is a structure that is designed to regulate the temperature and humidity of the environment inside. There are different types of greenhouses, but they all have large areas covered with transparent materials that let sunlight pass an ...
as a
fertilizer A fertilizer or fertiliser is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients. Fertilizers may be distinct from liming materials or other non-nutrient soil amendments. Man ...
. The plant is built near a waste recovery facility that provides excess heat to power the plant. Climeworks is also working with Reykjavik Energy on the CarbFix2 project with EU funding. This project, called "Orca," is located in Hellisheidi, Iceland. It uses direct air capture technology in conjunction with a large geothermal power plant. Once CO2 is captured using Climeworks' filters, it is heated using heat from the geothermal plant and used to carbonate water. The geothermal plant then pumps the carbonated water into underground rock formations where the CO2 reacts with
basalt Basalt (; ) is an aphanite, aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the planetary surface, surface of a terrestrial ...
ic bedrock and forms
carbonate minerals Carbonate minerals are those minerals containing the carbonate ion, . Carbonate divisions Anhydrous carbonates *Calcite group: trigonal **Calcite CaCO3 **Gaspéite (Ni,Mg,Fe2+)CO3 **Magnesite MgCO3 **Otavite CdCO3 **Rhodochrosite MnCO3 **Sider ...
for permanent storage.


OPEN100

The OPEN100 project, launched in 2020 by the Energy Impact Center (EIC), is the world's first open-source blueprint for
nuclear power plant A nuclear power plant (NPP), also known as a nuclear power station (NPS), nuclear generating station (NGS) or atomic power station (APS) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical of thermal power st ...
deployment. The Energy Impact Center and OPEN100 aim to reverse climate change by 2040 and believe that nuclear power is the only feasible energy source to power CCS without the compromise of releasing new CO2. This project intends to bring together researchers, designers, scientists, engineers, think tanks, etc. to help compile research and designs that will eventually evolve into a blueprint that is available to the public and can be utilized in the development of future nuclear plants.


Nuada

MOF Technologies have developed Nuada, a modular point source carbon capture technology, which uses metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to deliver energy-efficient removal at a fraction of the cost of conventional amines. After having been selected by the Global Cement and Concrete Association via their Innovandi Open Challenge, Nuada will partner with
HeidelbergCement Heidelberg Materials is a German multinational building materials company headquartered in Heidelberg, Germany. Formerly known as HeidelbergCement AG, the company has rebranded as Heidelberg Materials in September 2022. It is a DAX corporation ...
,
Buzzi Unicem Buzzi S.p.A. is an Italian company, quoted on the Borsa Italiana, which produces cement, ready-mix concrete, and construction aggregates. Its headquarters are in the town of Casale Monferrato which was once known as the Italian 'cement capital'. ...
and Cementir Holding to build pilot plants in 2022.


References


External links


DOE Fossil Energy
Department of Energy programs in CO2 capture and storage
US Department of EnergyZero Emissions Platform - technical adviser to the EU Commission on the deployment of CCS and CCUNational Assessment of Geologic CO2 Storage Resources: Results
United States Geological Survey The United States Geological Survey (USGS), founded as the Geological Survey, is an agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior whose work spans the disciplines of biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The agency was founded on Mar ...

MIT Carbon Capture and Sequestration Project Database
until 2016
MIT Carbon Capture and Sequestration
private public project {{DEFAULTSORT:Carbon Capture And Storage List Bright green environmentalism Emissions reduction Gas technologies