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In
mathematics Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, Mathematical theory, theories and theorems that are developed and Mathematical proof, proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many ar ...
, in particular in
category theory Category theory is a general theory of mathematical structures and their relations. It was introduced by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane in the middle of the 20th century in their foundational work on algebraic topology. Category theory ...
, the lifting property is a property of a pair of morphisms in a category. It is used in homotopy theory within
algebraic topology Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariant (mathematics), invariants that classification theorem, classify topological spaces up t ...
to define properties of morphisms starting from an explicitly given class of morphisms. It appears in a prominent way in the theory of model categories, an axiomatic framework for homotopy theory introduced by Daniel Quillen. It is also used in the definition of a factorization system, and of a weak factorization system, notions related to but less restrictive than the notion of a model category. Several elementary notions may also be expressed using the lifting property starting from a list of (counter)examples.


Formal definition

A morphism i in a category has the ''left lifting property'' with respect to a morphism p, and p also has the ''right lifting property'' with respect to i, sometimes denoted i\perp p or i\downarrow p, iff the following implication holds for each morphism f and g in the category: * if the outer square of the following diagram commutes, then there exists h completing the diagram, i.e. for each f:A\to X and g:B\to Y such that p\circ f = g \circ i there exists h:B\to X such that h\circ i = f and p\circ h = g. :: This is sometimes also known as the morphism i being ''orthogonal to'' the morphism p; however, this can also refer to the stronger property that whenever f and g are as above, the diagonal morphism h exists and is also required to be unique. For a class C of morphisms in a category, its ''left orthogonal'' C^ or C^\perp with respect to the lifting property, respectively its ''right orthogonal'' C^ or ^\perp C, is the class of all morphisms which have the left, respectively right, lifting property with respect to each morphism in the class C. In notation, :\begin C^ &:= \ \\ C^ &:= \ \end Taking the orthogonal of a class C is a simple way to define a class of morphisms excluding non-isomorphisms from C, in a way which is useful in a diagram chasing computation. Thus, in the category Set of sets, the right orthogonal \^ of the simplest non-surjection \emptyset\to \, is the class of surjections. The left and right orthogonals of \\to \, the simplest non-injection, are both precisely the class of injections, :\^ = \^ = \. It is clear that C^ \supset C and C^ \supset C. The class C^ is always closed under retracts, pullbacks, (small) products (whenever they exist in the category) & composition of morphisms, and contains all isomorphisms (that is, invertible morphisms) of the underlying category. Meanwhile, C^ is closed under retracts, pushouts, (small) coproducts & transfinite composition ( filtered colimits) of morphisms (whenever they exist in the category), and also contains all isomorphisms.


Examples

A number of notions can be defined by passing to the left or right orthogonal several times starting from a list of explicit examples, i.e. as C^, C^, C^, C^, where C is a class consisting of several explicitly given morphisms. A useful intuition is to think that the property of left-lifting against a class C is a kind of negation of the property of being in C, and that right-lifting is also a kind of negation. Hence the classes obtained from C by taking orthogonals an odd number of times, such as C^, C^, C^, C^ etc., represent various kinds of negation of C, so C^, C^, C^, C^ each consists of morphisms which are far from having property C.


Examples of lifting properties in algebraic topology

A map f:U\to B has the ''path lifting property'' iff \\to ,1\perp f where \ \to ,1/math> is the inclusion of one end point of the closed interval into the interval ,1/math>. A map f:U\to B has the homotopy lifting property iff X \to X\times ,1\perp f where X\to X\times ,1/math> is the map x \mapsto (x,0).


Examples of lifting properties coming from model categories

Fibrations and cofibrations. * Let Top be the category of
topological space In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a Geometry, geometrical space in which Closeness (mathematics), closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric Distance (mathematics), distance. More specifically, a to ...
s, and let C_0 be the class of maps S^n\to D^,
embedding In mathematics, an embedding (or imbedding) is one instance of some mathematical structure contained within another instance, such as a group (mathematics), group that is a subgroup. When some object X is said to be embedded in another object Y ...
s of the boundary S^n=\partial D^ of a ball into the ball D^. Let WC_0 be the class of maps embedding the upper semi-sphere into the disk. WC_0^, WC_0^, C_0^, C_0^ are the classes of fibrations, acyclic cofibrations, acyclic fibrations, and cofibrations. * Let sSet be the category of simplicial sets. Let C_0 be the class of boundary inclusions \partial \Delta \to \Delta /math>, and let WC_0 be the class of horn inclusions \Lambda^i \to \Delta /math>. Then the classes of fibrations, acyclic cofibrations, acyclic fibrations, and cofibrations are, respectively, WC_0^, WC_0^, C_0^, C_0^. * Let \mathbf(R) be the category of chain complexes over a
commutative ring In mathematics, a commutative ring is a Ring (mathematics), ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring prope ...
R. Let C_0 be the class of maps of form :: \cdots\to 0\to R \to 0 \to 0 \to \cdots \to \cdots \to R \xrightarrow R \to 0 \to 0 \to \cdots, : and WC_0 be :: \cdots \to 0\to 0 \to 0 \to 0 \to \cdots \to \cdots \to R \xrightarrow R \to 0 \to 0 \to \cdots. :Then WC_0^, WC_0^, C_0^, C_0^ are the classes of fibrations, acyclic cofibrations, acyclic fibrations, and cofibrations. Def. 2.3.3, Th.2.3.11


Elementary examples in various categories

In Set, * \^ is the class of surjections, * (\\to \)^=(\\to \)^ is the class of injections. In the category R\text\mathbf of modules over a commutative ring R, * \^, \^ is the class of surjections, resp. injections, * A module M is projective, resp. injective, iff 0\to M is in \^, resp. M\to 0 is in \^. In the category \mathbf of groups, * \^, resp. \^, is the class of injections, resp. surjections (where \Z denotes the infinite cyclic group), * A group F is a free group iff 0\to F is in \^, * A group A is torsion-free iff 0\to A is in \^, * A
subgroup In group theory, a branch of mathematics, a subset of a group G is a subgroup of G if the members of that subset form a group with respect to the group operation in G. Formally, given a group (mathematics), group under a binary operation  ...
A of B is pure iff A \to B is in \^. For a
finite group In abstract algebra, a finite group is a group whose underlying set is finite. Finite groups often arise when considering symmetry of mathematical or physical objects, when those objects admit just a finite number of structure-preserving tra ...
G, * \ \perp 1\to G iff the order of G is prime to p iff \ \perp G\to 1, * G\to 1 \in (0\to /p)^ iff G is a p-group, * H is nilpotent iff the diagonal map H\to H\times H is in (1\to *)^ where (1\to *) denotes the class of maps \, * a finite group H is soluble iff 1\to H is in \^=\^. In the category \mathbf of topological spaces, let \, resp. \ denote the
discrete Discrete may refer to: *Discrete particle or quantum in physics, for example in quantum theory * Discrete device, an electronic component with just one circuit element, either passive or active, other than an integrated circuit * Discrete group, ...
, resp. antidiscrete space with two points 0 and 1. Let \ denote the Sierpinski space of two points where the point 0 is open and the point 1 is closed, and let \\to \, \ \to \ etc. denote the obvious embeddings. * a space X satisfies the separation axiom T0 iff X\to \ is in (\ \to \)^, * a space X satisfies the separation axiom T1 iff \emptyset\to X is in ( \\to \)^, * (\\to \)^ is the class of maps with dense
image An image or picture is a visual representation. An image can be Two-dimensional space, two-dimensional, such as a drawing, painting, or photograph, or Three-dimensional space, three-dimensional, such as a carving or sculpture. Images may be di ...
, * (\\to \)^ is the class of maps f:X\to Y such that the
topology Topology (from the Greek language, Greek words , and ) is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a Mathematical object, geometric object that are preserved under Continuous function, continuous Deformation theory, deformat ...
on A is the pullback of topology on B, i.e. the topology on A is the topology with least number of open sets such that the map is continuous, * (\emptyset\to \)^ is the class of surjective maps, * (\emptyset\to \)^ is the class of maps of form A\to A\cup D where D is discrete, * (\emptyset\to \)^ = (\\to \)^ is the class of maps A\to B such that each connected component of B intersects \operatorname A, * (\\to \)^ is the class of injective maps, * (\\to \)^ is the class of maps f:X\to Y such that the preimage of a connected closed open subset of Y is a connected closed open
subset In mathematics, a Set (mathematics), set ''A'' is a subset of a set ''B'' if all Element (mathematics), elements of ''A'' are also elements of ''B''; ''B'' is then a superset of ''A''. It is possible for ''A'' and ''B'' to be equal; if they a ...
of X, e.g. X is connected iff X\to \ is in (\ \to \)^, * for a connected space X, each continuous function on X is bounded iff \emptyset\to X \perp \cup_n (-n,n) \to \R where \cup_n (-n,n) \to \R is the map from the
disjoint union In mathematics, the disjoint union (or discriminated union) A \sqcup B of the sets and is the set formed from the elements of and labelled (indexed) with the name of the set from which they come. So, an element belonging to both and appe ...
of open intervals (-n,n) into the
real line A number line is a graphical representation of a straight line that serves as spatial representation of numbers, usually graduated like a ruler with a particular origin (geometry), origin point representing the number zero and evenly spaced mark ...
\mathbb, * a space X is Hausdorff iff for any injective map \\hookrightarrow X, it holds \\hookrightarrow X \perp \\to\ where \ denotes the three-point space with two open points a and b, and a closed point x, * a space X is perfectly normal iff \emptyset\to X \perp ,1\to \ where the open interval (0,1) goes to x, and 0 maps to the point 0, and 1 maps to the point 1, and \ denotes the three-point space with two closed points 0, 1 and one open point x. In the category of
metric space In mathematics, a metric space is a Set (mathematics), set together with a notion of ''distance'' between its Element (mathematics), elements, usually called point (geometry), points. The distance is measured by a function (mathematics), functi ...
s with uniformly continuous maps. * A space X is complete iff \_ \to \\cup \_ \perp X\to \ where \_ \to \\cup \_ is the obvious inclusion between the two subspaces of the real line with induced metric, and \ is the metric space consisting of a single point, * A subspace i:A\to X is closed iff \_ \to \\cup \_ \perp A\to X.


Notes


References

* {{cite book , last = Hovey , first = Mark , title = Model Categories , url = https://archive.org/details/arxiv-math9803002 , date=1999 * J. P. May and K. Ponto, More Concise Algebraic Topology: Localization, completion, and model categories Category theory