In
mathematics
Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, Mathematical theory, theories and theorems that are developed and Mathematical proof, proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many ar ...
, in particular in
category theory
Category theory is a general theory of mathematical structures and their relations. It was introduced by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane in the middle of the 20th century in their foundational work on algebraic topology. Category theory ...
, the lifting property is a property of a pair of
morphisms in a
category. It is used in
homotopy theory within
algebraic topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariant (mathematics), invariants that classification theorem, classify topological spaces up t ...
to define properties of morphisms starting from an explicitly given class of morphisms. It appears in a prominent way in the theory of
model categories, an axiomatic framework for
homotopy theory introduced by
Daniel Quillen. It is also used in the definition of a
factorization system, and of a
weak factorization system, notions related to but less restrictive than the notion of a model category. Several elementary notions may also be expressed using the lifting property starting from a list of (counter)examples.
Formal definition
A morphism
in a category has the ''left lifting property'' with respect to a morphism
, and
also has the ''right lifting property'' with respect to
, sometimes denoted
or
, iff the following implication holds for each morphism
and
in the category:
* if the outer square of the following diagram commutes, then there exists
completing the diagram, i.e. for each
and
such that
there exists
such that
and
.
::

This is sometimes also known as the morphism
being ''orthogonal to'' the morphism
; however, this can also refer to
the stronger property that whenever
and
are as above, the diagonal morphism
exists and is also required to be unique.
For a class
of morphisms in a category, its ''left orthogonal''
or
with respect to the lifting property, respectively its ''right orthogonal''
or
, is the class of all morphisms which have the left, respectively right, lifting property with respect to each morphism in the class
. In notation,
:
Taking the orthogonal of a class
is a simple way to define a class of morphisms excluding
non-isomorphisms from
, in a way which is useful in a
diagram chasing computation.
Thus, in the category Set of
sets, the right orthogonal
of the simplest
non-surjection is the class of surjections. The left and right orthogonals of
the simplest
non-injection, are both precisely the class of injections,
:
It is clear that
and
. The class
is always closed under retracts,
pullbacks, (small)
products (whenever they exist in the category) & composition of morphisms, and contains all isomorphisms (that is, invertible morphisms) of the underlying category. Meanwhile,
is closed under retracts,
pushouts, (small)
coproducts & transfinite composition (
filtered colimits) of morphisms (whenever they exist in the category), and also contains all isomorphisms.
Examples
A number of notions can be defined by passing to the left or right orthogonal several times starting from a list of explicit examples, i.e. as
, where
is a class consisting of several explicitly given morphisms. A useful intuition is to think that the property of left-lifting against a class
is a kind of negation
of the property of being in
, and that right-lifting is also a kind of negation. Hence the classes obtained from
by taking orthogonals an odd number of times, such as
etc., represent various kinds of negation of
, so
each consists of morphisms which are far from having property
.
Examples of lifting properties in algebraic topology
A map
has the ''path lifting property'' iff
where