Lechia

The ethnonyms for the Poles (people) and Poland (their country) include endonyms (the way Polish people refer to themselves and their country) and exonyms (the way other peoples refer to the Poles and their country). Endonyms and most exonyms for Poles and Poland derive from the name of the West Slavic tribe of Polans (''Polanie''), while in some languages the exonyms for Poland to derive from the name of another tribe – the Lendians (''Lędzianie'').

Endonyms

The Polish words for a Pole are ''Polak'' (masculine) and ''Polka'' (feminine), ''Polki'' being the plural form for two or more women and ''Polacy'' being the plural form for the rest. The adjective "Polish" translates to Polish as ''polski'' (masculine), ''polska'' (feminine) and ''polskie'' (neuter). The common Polish name for Poland is ''Polska''. The latter Polish word is an adjectival form which has developed into a substantive noun, most probably originating in the phrase ''polska ziemia'', meaning "Polish land".

Rzeczpospolita

The full official name of the Polish state is ''Rzeczpospolita Polska'' which translates to "Republic of Poland". The word ''rzeczpospolita'' has been used in Poland since at least the 16th century. Originally it was a generic term used to denote any state with a republican or similar form of government. Today, however, the word is used almost solely in reference to the Polish State. Any other republic is referred to as ''republika'' in modern Polish.

Language roots

It is often assumed that all of the above names derive from the name of the Polans (Polanie), a West Slavic tribe which inhabited the territories of present-day Poland in the 9th–10th centuries. The origin of the name Polanie is theorized to be descendend ultimately from Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-European. It may derive from the word ''pole'', Polish for "field".

Many ancient tribes in Europe derived their names from the nature of the land they inhabited. Gervase of Tilbury wrote in his Otia imperialia ("Recreation for an Emperor", 1211): ''Inter Alpes Huniae et Oceanum est Polonia, sic dicta in eorum idiomate quasi Campania''.(translation: "Between the Hunnic Alps and the Ocean there is Poland, thus called "Countryside" in their idiom.") Polans may have used ''Polska'' to describe their own territory in the Warta River basin. During the 10th century, they managed to subdue and unite the Slavic tribes between the rivers Oder and Bug into a single feudal state and in the early 11th century, the name ''Polska'' was extended to the entire ethnically Polish territory. The lands originally inhabited by the Polans became known as ''Staropolska'', or "Old Poland", and later as ''Wielkopolska'', or "Greater Poland", while the lands conquered towards the end of the 10th century, home of the Vistulans (''Wiślanie'') and the Lendians, became known as ''Małopolska'', or " Lesser Poland."

In Polish literature, Poland is sometimes referred to as Lechia, derived from Lech, the legendary founder of Poland. In the 17th–18th centuries, ''Sarmaci'' ("Sarmatians") was a popular name by which Polish nobles referred to themselves (see Sarmatism).

"Poland" in European literary sources

The earliest recorded mention of "Poland" is found in a Latin text written in 1003 and titled "Annales Hildesheimenses": "''Heinricus Berthaldi comitis filius, et Bruno frater regis, et ambo Bolizavones, Polianicus vide licet ac Boemicus, a rege infideliter maiestatis rei deficient.''" In English: Henry, son of Berthold, and Bruno, brother of the king, and both Boleslaws, Polish and Czech, left the circle of friends of the Emperor.

Lechia

Lechia is an ancient name of Poland,

stemming from the legendary founder and supposed ruler, ''Lech'' (a common first name today). The root syllable survives in several European languages and in some Central Asian and Middle Eastern names designating Poland, for example:

* ''Leasir'' in Old Norse
* ''Lenkija'' in Lithuanian
* ''Lehia'' in Romanian
* ''Lengyelország'' in Hungarian
* ''Lehastan'' in Armenian
* ''Lehistan'' in Ottoman Turkish, Gagauz, Kumyk, Crimean Turkishand Turkish
* ''Лихѧна'' in Church Slavonic
* ''Лахьыбзэ'' in Kabardian
* ''Лаҳистон/Lahiston'' in Tajik
* ''Ləhistan/Löhüstan'' (لهستان) in Middle Azerbaijani
* ''Lahestan/Lehestan'' (لهستان) in Persian and Urdu
* ''Lähistan'' (لەھىستان) in Uighur
* ''Λεχία'' in Greek
* ''Lechitarum'' in Latin
* ''Läxstan'' in Tatar, Bashkir and Siberian Tatar
* ''Liachistan'', ''Liachija'', ''Lech Jer'', ''Liach'', ''Liach Bijligi'' in Karaim

Several Polish sports organizations have adopted the name ''Lechia''. The best-known example is Lechia Gdańsk. Other examples include Lechia Lwów and Lechia Zielona Góra. In the People's Republic of Poland, the Nivea branch located in Poznań was named the Pollena-Lechia Cosmetics Factory (''Fabryka Kosmetyków Pollena-Lechia'').

Exonyms

Variations of the country endonym ''Polska'' became exonyms in other languages.

In Slavic languages

Exonyms for Poland in Slavic languages. The West Slavic languages such as Czech and Slovak bear particular resemblance to the Polish endonym:
*Kashubian ''Pòlskô''
* Czech ''Polsko''
* Slovak ''Poľsko''
* Serbo-Croatian: Пољска / Poljska
* Slovene
*Belarusian Польшча, ''Pol'shcha''
* Ukrainian Польща, ''Pol'shcha''
* Russian Польша, ''Pol'sha''
* Bulgarian Полша, ''Polsha''
*Macedonian Полска, ''Polska''

Non-Germanic languages which borrowed their word for Poland from Slavic include:
* Abkhaz Польша, ''Ṗol’ša''
*Azerbaijani, Gagauz Polşa
* Bashkir, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkmen Польша, ''Polşa''
* North Korean standard language 뽈스까 ''Ppolsŭkka''
* Uzbek Польша, ''Polsha''

In Romance languages

In Latin, which was the principal written language of the Middle Ages, the exonym for Poland became ''Polonia''. It later became the basis for Poland's name in all Romance languages:
* Catalan ''Polònia''
* Occitan ''Polonha''
*French ''Pologne''
* Italian, Galician, Romanian, Spanish ''Polonia''
* Portuguese ''Polónia'' ( European) / ''Polônia'' ( Brazilian)

Many other languages (e.g. Albanian ''Polonia''; Arabic بولونيا ''Būlūniyā''; Greek Πολωνία, ''Polōnía''; Maltese ''Polonja'') use a variation of the Latin name.

In Germanic languages

Germans, Poland's western neighbors, called it ''Polen''. Other Germanic languages use related exonyms:
* Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian ''Polen''
* English ''Poland''
* Icelandic, Faroese ''Pólland''
*Yiddish , ''Poyln''

Non-Germanic languages which borrowed their word for Poland from Germanic include:
* Arabic , ''Būlandā''
*Esperanto ''Pollando, Polio / Polujo''
* Hebrew , ''Polín'' (Older pronunciation: ''Pólin'' and ''Polánia'')
*Indonesian ''Polandia''
* Irish ''An Pholainn''
* Japanese ポーランド, ''Pōrando''
* Chinese 波兰 (simplified) or 波蘭 (traditional), ''Bōlán''
* South Korean standard language 폴란드, ''Pollandeu''
* Vietnamese ''Ba Lan'' (波蘭)

Other

The Lendians, a Proto-Polish tribe who lived around the confluence of the rivers Vistula and San (south-eastern Poland), are the source of another exonym. The tribe's name likely comes from the Proto-Polish word ''lęda'', or "scorched land". Their name was borrowed to refer to Poland mainly by peoples who lived east or south of Poland:
* лях (''lyakh'') is used in East Slavic languages. It also appears in Polish literature as ''Lachy'', a synonym for "Poles" and "Poland" used by East Slavic characters. Podlasie, a Polish region on the Belarusian border, derives its name from the same root. '' Lachy Sądeckie'' is the name of a small cultural group around Nowy Sącz in southern Lesser Poland.
*Lithuanian ''Lenkija''
* Hungarian ''Lengyelország''
* Persian , ''Lahestān''. The word combines Lah with a common Persian suffix -stān, which means "The land of".
*Turkish ''Lehistan'', a borrowing from Persian. It is now considered obsolete and replaced by ''Polonya''.
* Armenian , ''Lehastan'' was also borrowed from Persian.

Related words

Some common English words, as well as scientific nomenclature, derive from exonyms of Poland in various languages.
* Alla polacca, like a polonaise (in musical notation); Italian for "Polish style"
* Polacca, a type of 17th-century sailing vessel
* Polka, a dance and genre of dance music originally from Bohemia; Czech (also Polish) "Pole" (feminine)
* Polonaise, several meanings including a dance of Polish origin; from French ''polonaise'', "Polish" (feminine)
* Pologne, several meanings including Polish Haitians, from French name for Poland
* 1112 Polonia, an asteroid; from Latin ''Polonia'', "Poland"
* Polonium, a chemical element; from Latin ''Polonia''
* Polska, a dance of Swedish origin; from Swedish ''polska'', "Polish"
* Poulaines, a type of shoes popular in the 15th century in Europe; from Old French ''polain'', "Polish"
* Polonia, the term to describe people of Polish origin living outside of Poland and in other countries.

See also

* Civitas Schinesghe
* Exonym and endonym
* Lechitic languages
* Lechites
* List of country name etymologies
* Polish names
* Polish tribes
* Polonia (disambiguation)
* Polska Ludowa

References

External links

List of exonyms for Poland
article at geonames.de

{{DEFAULTSORT:Name Of Poland
History of Poland
Poland
Polish language