''Geniostoma'' is a genus of around 49 species of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s in the family

Loganiaceae The Loganiaceae are a family of flowering plants classified in order Gentianales. The family includes up to 13 genera, distributed around the world's tropics. There are not any great morphological characteristics to distinguish these taxa from ot ...

. They are

shrub A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple ...

s or small

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, e.g., including only woody plants with secondary growth, only ...

s, with inflorescences borne in the axils of the simple, petiolate, oppositely-arranged leaves. The flowers are arranged in

cymes In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a main axis ( ped ...

, and each is pentamerous. The name ''Geniostoma'' derives from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

words ('; "beard") and ('; "mouth"), referring to the hairs in the

corolla tube Petals are modified leaves that form an inner whorl surrounding the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly coloured or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''coroll ...

of some species. The genus is widely distributed across the

Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five Borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean, or, depending on the definition, to Antarctica in the south, and is ...

from

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. It is a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical kingdom. It was first recognized as a distinct region ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

in the west, and east to the

Tuamotu Archipelago The Tuamotu Archipelago or the Tuamotu Islands (, officially ) are a French Polynesian chain of just under 80 islands and atolls in the southern Pacific Ocean. They constitute the largest chain of atolls in the world, extending (from northwest to ...

; one species is also found on the

Mascarene Islands The Mascarene Islands (, ) or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of islands belonging to the Republic of Mauritius as well as the French department of Réunion. Their na ...

. The

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; ) is an island U.S. state, state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland. One of the two Non-contiguous United States, non-contiguous U.S. states (along with Alaska), it is the only sta ...

an endemic genus ''Labordia'' is included in ''Geniostoma'' by

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...

and other authors. The Hawaiian species are commonly known as labordias or as ''Kamakahala'' in Hawaiian.USFWS
Species List: Endangered Plants.
/ref> These two genera have been grouped together in the family "Geniostomaceae", but are considered by the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships disc ...

to be part of a wider Loganiaceae.

Species

49 species are accepted. * ''

Geniostoma angustifolium ''Geniostoma'' is a genus of around 49 species of flowering plants in the family Loganiaceae. They are shrubs or small trees, with inflorescences borne in the axils of the simple, petiolate, oppositely-arranged leaves. The flowers are arranged in ...

'' –

* ''

Geniostoma antherotrichum ''Geniostoma'' is a genus of around 49 species of flowering plants in the family Loganiaceae. They are shrubs or small trees, with inflorescences borne in the axils of the simple, petiolate, oppositely-arranged leaves. The flowers are arranged in ...

'' –

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua or historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island, with an area of . Located in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is ...

* ''

Geniostoma balansanum ''Geniostoma'' is a genus of around 49 species of flowering plants in the family Loganiaceae. They are shrubs or small trees, with inflorescences borne in the axils of the simple, petiolate, oppositely-arranged leaves. The flowers are arranged in ...

'' –

New Caledonia New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, southwest of Vanuatu and east of Australia. Located from Metropolitan France, it forms a Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity, ''sui generis'' collectivity of t ...

* ''

Geniostoma borbonicum ''Geniostoma'' is a genus of around 49 species of flowering plants in the family Loganiaceae. They are shrubs or small trees, with inflorescences borne in the axils of the simple, petiolate, oppositely-arranged leaves. The flowers are arranged in ...

'' – Mascarene Islands * '' Geniostoma calcicola'' –

Fiji Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about ...

(

Fulaga Fulaga (pronounced ) (proper name: Vulaga) is a crescent-shaped reef-limestone island in Fiji's Southern Lau Group. The spectacular lagoon and the fact that the island is a ''Pritchardia thurstonii ''Pritchardia thurstonii'' is a species of flo ...

) * '' Geniostoma celastrineum'' – New Caledonia * '' Geniostoma clavatum'' –

Society Islands The Society Islands ( , officially ; ) are an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean that includes the major islands of Tahiti, Mo'orea, Moorea, Raiatea, Bora Bora and Huahine. Politically, they are part of French Polynesia, an overseas country ...

( Raiatea: Mt. Temehani) * '' Geniostoma cyrtandrae'' –

Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands () are an archipelago of eight major volcanic islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the Pacific Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the Hawaii (island), island of Hawaii in the south to nort ...

* '' Geniostoma degeneri'' – Hawaiian Islands * '' Geniostoma densiflorum'' – New Caledonia and

Vanuatu Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (; ), is an island country in Melanesia located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, east o ...

* '' Geniostoma erythrospermum'' – New Caledonia * '' Geniostoma fagraeoides'' –

Ogasawara Islands The Bonin Islands, also known as the , is a Japanese archipelago of over 30 subtropical and tropical islands located around SSE of Tokyo and northwest of Guam. The group as a whole has a total area of but only two of the islands are permanen ...

* '' Geniostoma gagnae'' –

Marquesas Islands The Marquesas Islands ( ; or ' or ' ; Marquesan language, Marquesan: ' (North Marquesan language, North Marquesan) and ' (South Marquesan language, South Marquesan), both meaning "the land of men") are a group of volcano, volcanic islands in ...

* '' Geniostoma gaudichaudii'' – Hawaiian Islands * '' Geniostoma glaucescens'' – New Caledonia * '' Geniostoma grandifolium'' – Vanuatu * '' Geniostoma hallei'' – Marquesas Islands * '' Geniostoma hedyosmifolium'' – Hawaiian Islands * '' Geniostoma helleri'' – Hawaiian Islands * '' Geniostoma hirtellum'' – Hawaiian Islands * '' Geniostoma hosakanum'' – Hawaiian Islands * '' Geniostoma huttonii'' –

Lord Howe Island Lord Howe Island (; formerly Lord Howe's Island) is an irregularly crescent-shaped volcanic remnant in the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand, part of the Australian state of New South Wales. It lies directly east of mainland Port ...

* '' Geniostoma hymenopodum'' – Hawaiian Islands * '' Geniostoma imbricatum'' – New Caledonia * '' Geniostoma kaalae'' – Hawaiian Islands * '' Geniostoma leenhoutsii'' – eastern New Guinea and

Bougainville Island Bougainville Island (; Tok Pisin: ''Bogenvil'') is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, which is part of Papua New Guinea. Its land area is . The highest point is Mount Balbi, on the main island, at . The much smaller Buk ...

* '' Geniostoma lorencianum'' – Hawaiian Islands * '' Geniostoma lydgatei'' – Hawaiian Islands * '' Geniostoma macrophyllum'' – Fiji * '' Geniostoma mooreanum'' – New Caledonia (Î Lifou) * '' Geniostoma novae-caledoniae'' – New Caledonia * '' Geniostoma pedunculatum'' – Mascarene Islands * '' Geniostoma petiolosum'' – Lord Howe Island * '' Geniostoma pumilum'' – Hawaiian Islands * '' Geniostoma randianum'' – New Guinea * '' Geniostoma rapense'' – Tubuai Islands (

Rapa Iti Rapa, also called Rapa Iti, or "Little Rapa", to distinguish it from Easter Island, whose Polynesian name is Rapa Nui, is the largest and only inhabited island of the Bass Islands in French Polynesia. An older name for the island is Oparo. Th ...

) * '' Geniostoma rarotongense'' – Cook Islands (

Rarotonga Rarotonga is the largest and most populous of the Cook Islands. The island is volcanic, with an area of , and is home to almost 75% of the country's population, with 10,898 of a total population of 15,040. The Parliament of the Cook Islands, Coo ...

and

Mangaia Mangaia (traditionally known as A'ua'u Enua, which means ''terraced'') is the most southerly of the Cook Islands and the second largest, after Rarotonga. It is a roughly circular island, with an area of , from Rarotonga. Originally heavily popul ...

) * '' Geniostoma rupestre'' – Taiwan and Malesia to New Guinea, Australia, and the western Pacific ** ''Geniostoma rupestre'' var. ''australianum'' ** ''Geniostoma rupestre'' var. ''crassifolium'' ** ''Geniostoma rupestre'' var. ''glaberrimum'' (syns. '' Geniostoma astylum'' and '' Geniostoma quadrangulare'') ** ''Geniostoma rupestre'' var. ''hoeferi'' ** ''Geniostoma rupestre'' var. ''lasiostemon'' ** ''Geniostoma rupestre'' var. ''ligustrifolium'' (syn. ''

Geniostoma ligustrifolium ''Geniostoma ligustrifolium'', commonly known as hangehange, is a species of plant in the Loganiaceae family (syn., ''Geniostoma rupestre'' var. ''ligustrifolium''). It is Endemism, endemic to New Zealand, where it is found on the North Island, a ...

'') – hangehange ** ''Geniostoma rupestre'' var. ''rouffaeranum'' ** ''Geniostoma rupestre'' var. ''rupestre'' (syns. '' Geniostoma clavigerum'', '' Geniostoma confertiflorum'', and '' Geniostoma uninervium'') ** ''Geniostoma rupestre'' var. ''solomonense'' ** ''Geniostoma rupestre'' var. ''thymeleaceum'' * '' Geniostoma stipulare'' * '' Geniostoma sykesii'' – Cook Islands * '' Geniostoma tinifolium'' * '' Geniostoma trichostylum'' * '' Geniostoma triflorum'' * '' Geniostoma umbellatum'' * '' Geniostoma venosum'' * '' Geniostoma vestitum'' * '' Geniostoma waialealae'' * '' Geniostoma waiolani'' * '' Geniostoma weinlandii''

Species

References

Further reading