Issues
There are two material issues in this case. * The first involves the substantive issue of whether or not a conveyance of a residential land to aliens infringes Section 5, Article XIII of the Constitution. ::The above-mentioned provision of the 1935 Constitution provides, to wit: * On the other hand, equally relevant is the procedural issue of whether or not Krivenko'sRuling
The Supreme Court deemed it wise to tackle the more important constitutional issue rather than merely give way to the procedural aspect of Krivenko's appeal. The Court convened for days as to what course of action to take, and in the end voted in denying the motion withdrawing the appeal. Borrowing the words of the penned Supreme Court decision: The 1935 Commonwealth Constitution served as the main point of reference in this case; the following facts however, should be noted: # The 1943 Constitution was already in place at the time this case was penned in 1947 # Krivenko bought the property in December 1941 # The dispute about the registration and the denial of such by the register of deeds occurred in May 1945. # Section 1, Article XIII of the 1935 Constitution was reproduced verbatim in Section 1, Article VIII of the 1943 ConstitutionDissecting Section 1 of Article XIII (1935 Constitution)
The discussion delved into the definition of the term, "public agricultural lands." The court made reference to Section 1, Article XIIIof the 1935 Constitution as the springboard for its discussion.Definition of Public Agricultural Lands
What then are the categories of land falling under "Public Agricultural Land" – those lands which are exclusively alienable and disposable? The Supreme Court made reference to various laws and cases, such as the 1908 case of Mapa vs. Insular Government (10 Phil., 175, 182), the Public Land Act (No. 926), Commonwealth Act 141, among others. The general tenor of those references is that agricultural land does not really refer to a literal use for agricultural purposes, but as to its "susceptibility to cultivation for agricultural purposes." A technical term whose usage was known and understood by lawmakers and by the Constitutional Commission during that period, it basically referred to lands not falling under timber or mineral, and thus includes residential lands. Equally telling was the opinion of Secretary of Justice Jose Abad Santos to a 1939 query as to the interpretation of the term in question. The Supreme Court gave great weight to the later Chief Justice's opinion, to wit:Rounding out the Prohibition against Foreign Ownership
Seeing as how Article XIII section 1 limits the alienation of public agricultural lands to Filipino citizens, this may easily be circumvented by a simple transfer from a Filipino citizen in favor of an alien. Thus, Section 5 of the same constitution addresses this explicitly. When Sections 1 and 5 are read together, it is therefore clear that aliens are prohibited from acquiring lands in the Philippines, subject to exceptions provided by law. The penned decision referred to the Constitutional Convention, specifically the report of the Committee on Nationalization and Preservation of Lands and other Natural Resources, for the purpose behind the principle: This is further supported by the CA 141, which blocked out the right of aliens from acquiring property by reciprocity; previously granted them by the Public Land Act No. 2874 sections 120 and 121. The Supreme Court affirmed the act of the Register of Deeds in denying the registration of Krivenko's land, and established itself as a landmark case when addressing the issue of foreign ownership of lands within the jurisdiction of the Philippines.Jurisprudence
The case of ''Nicolas and Sinforoso Mercado against Benito Go Bio'' began as a suit "brought in the Court of First Instance of Manila (civil case No. 55449), to annul a contract of sale and another of lease on two parcels of land with improvements thereon, on the ground that the deed of sale purporting to convey to the defendant the parcels of land and improvements is not a sale with the right to repurchase but a mortgage to secure the payment of a loan."Mercado v Bio, G.R. No. L-1183, October 19, 1953 A settlement was agreed upon on that case on June 24, 1940. An execution of judgment was filed by Bio and Mercado based on their right to repurchase the property offering to pay for his liabilities which Bio rejected, claiming that the right to repurchase had already expired. Plaintiffs in this case raised the constitutional question because Bio is a Chinese citizen. The court reiterated the ruling as established in Krivenko, stating: The case of ''Halili v CA'' once again highlighted the importance of this case, thus stating: "the landmark case of Krivenko vs. Register of Deeds settled the issue as to who are qualified (and disqualified) to own public as well as private lands in the Philippines."Halili v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 113539, March 12, 1998 However, the issue at hand involved the subsequent sale from an alien to a qualified Filipino citizen. Jurisprudence is consistent that "if land is invalidly transferred to an alien who subsequently becomes a citizen or transfers it to a citizen, the flaw in the original transaction is considered cured and the title of the transferee is rendered valid." The court thus held that the selling and acquisition of a Filipino citizen of land improperly transferred to a foreign national is thereby cured because the purpose of the lawmakers, as gleaned from the Krivenko ruling, of keeping the land to Filipinos is thereby upheld. It can be seen here that not only the ruling made in Krivenko is considered by subsequent jurisprudence but discussions made therein as well. The Krivenko doctrine has a far reaching application and unless subsequently overruled, remains to be a controlling doctrine in Philippine jurisprudence.Public Impact
A little over two months after the promulgation of the decision by the Court on the Krivenko case, the implication of the ruling is made apparent by a subsequent case. The court narrated in Cabauatan et al. v Hoo Cabauatan et al v HooExceptions
''Eugene Moss''In Re: Application for Registration of Land. Eugene Moss, G.R. No. L-27170, November 22, 1977 appealed from the decision of the Court of First Instance of Leyte denying his application for the registration of a ten-hectare island on the ground that, being an American citizen or an alien, he is disqualified to acquire lands under section 5, Article XIII of the 1935 Constitution following the decision in Krivenko v Register of Deeds. The case involved Calumpihan Island acquired by Moss on January 20, 1945, from Rufino Pascual. On March 27, 1962, Moss was proclaimed its sole owner. On April 3, 1965, Moss, through Dr. Teodorico H. Jaceldo, his administrator and attorney-in-fact, filed an application for the registration of the said land. Moss is a retired army colonel, an American citizen, and a resident of Texas, USA. The court reversed the denial of registration made by the trial court clarifying the prohibition made on Krivenko. The court held that "while aliens are disqualified to Acquire lands under the 1935 Constitution, citizens of the United States can acquire lands like Filipino citizens." Thus, while Krivenko laid down the ruling to prohibit all aliens or those of foreign nationals from acquiring agricultural land in the Philippines, an exception was made in the form of the Ordinance appended to the 1935 Constitution by Resolution No. 39 of the National Assembly dated September 15, 1939, hereinafter provided for: Clearly, while Krivenko laid down the foundation for prohibition on aliens acquiring land in the Philippines, it is not an absolute ruling and admits of exceptions.References
{{Improve categories, date=June 2023 1947 in case law Supreme Court of the Philippines cases