Krasnoyarsk Krai ( rus, Красноя́рский край, r=Krasnoyarskiy kray, p=krəsnɐˈjarskʲɪj ˈkraj) is a
federal subject of
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
(a
krai), with its
administrative center
An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located.
In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Lu ...
in the
city
A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
of
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Y ...
, the third-largest city in
Siberia (after
Novosibirsk and
Omsk). Comprising half of the
Siberian Federal District, Krasnoyarsk Krai is the largest krai in the Russian Federation, the
second largest federal subject (after neighboring
Sakha
Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),, is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of roughly 1 million. Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far ...
) and the
third largest subnational governing body by area in the world, after Sakha and the Australian state of
Western Australia
Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to t ...
. The krai covers an area of , which is nearly one quarter the size of the entire country of
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by to ...
(the
next-largest country in the world after Russia), constituting roughly 13% of the Russian Federation's total area and containing a population of 2,828,187 (more than a third of them in the city of Krasnoyarsk), or just under 2% of its population, per the
2010 Census.
Geography
The krai lies in the middle of
Siberia, and occupies nearly half of the
Siberian Federal District, almost splitting it in half, stretching from the
Sayan Mountains
The Sayan Mountains (russian: Саяны ''Sajany''; mn, Соёны нуруу, ''Soyonï nurû''; otk, 𐰚𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤, Kögmen) are a mountain range in southern Siberia, Russia ( Buryatia, Irkutsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Tuva Repu ...
in the south along the
Yenisei River to the
Taymyr Peninsula in the north. It borders (counting clockwise from the sea) the
Sakha Republic,
Irkutsk, the
Tuva Republic, the
Republic of Khakassia,
Kemerovo,
Tomsk,
Tyumen Oblasts, the
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YaNAO; russian: Яма́ло-Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг (ЯНАО), ; yrk, Ямалы-Ненёцие автономной ӈокрук, ) or Yamalia (russian: Ямалия) is a fe ...
and the
Kara Sea
The Kara Sea (russian: Ка́рское мо́ре, ''Karskoye more'') is a marginal sea, separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and from the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya archipel ...
and
Laptev Sea of the
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. It spans an area of approximately and is known as the coldest of all the oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, a ...
in the north.
The krai is located in the basin of the
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. It spans an area of approximately and is known as the coldest of all the oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, a ...
; a great number of rivers that flow through the krai
drain into it eventually. The main rivers of the krai are the Yenisei, and its
tributaries
A tributary, or affluent, is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem (or parent) river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drain ...
(from south to north): the
Kan, the
Angara
The Angara ( Buryat and mn, Ангар, ''Angar'', "Cleft"; russian: Ангара́, ''Angará'') is a major river in Siberia, which traces a course through Russia's Irkutsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai. It drains out of Lake Baikal and is ...
, the
Podkamennaya Tunguska, the
Nizhnyaya Tunguska and the
Tanama.
There are also several thousand lakes in the krai. The largest lakes include Beloye, Belyo,
Glubokoye, Itat,
Khantayskoye, Labas,
Lama, Pyasina,
Taymyr, and
Yessey. The rivers and lakes are rich in fish.
The climate is strongly
continental with large temperature variations during the year. Long winters and short, hot summers are characteristic for the central and southern regions where most of the krai's population lives. The territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai experiences conditions of three climate belts:
arctic
The Arctic ( or ) is a polar regions of Earth, polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenla ...
,
subarctic
The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of humid continental regions and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Scandinavia, Siberia, and the Cairngorms. Genera ...
, and
humid continental. In the north there are less than 40 days with temperature above , while in the south there are 110-120 such days.
The average temperature in January is in the north and in the south. The average temperature in July is in the north – where the most poleward
tree line in the world is found at
Ary-Mas – and in the south. The annual precipitation is (up to in the foothills of the Sayan Mountains). Snow covers the central regions of the krai from early November until late March. The peaks of the Sayan Mountains higher than and those of the
Putorana Plateau
The Putorana Plateau () or the Putorana Mountains is a mountainous area in the Russian Federation.
It is a large massif or plateau crossed by mountain ranges. The nearest large settlement is Norilsk, where foreign travel is restricted. The cit ...
higher than are covered with permanent snow.
Permafrost is absent at low altitudes south of
Lesosibirsk
Lesosibirsk (russian: Лесосиби́рск) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: .
History
The village of Maklakov Lug (russian: Маклаков Луг), later known as Maklakovo () existed on t ...
, but as one moves north it grades from
sporadic around
the 58th parallel to
extensive discontinuous around
the 60th parallel and
continuous
Continuity or continuous may refer to:
Mathematics
* Continuity (mathematics), the opposing concept to discreteness; common examples include
** Continuous probability distribution or random variable in probability and statistics
** Continuous g ...
north of
the 63rd parallel.
The coastline contains several prominent peninsulas – from west to east the main ones are the
Minina Peninsula,
Mikhailov Peninsula, the
Taymyr Peninsula (by far the largest, and itself containing the Zarya Peninsula, Oskara Peninsula and
Chelyuskin Peninsula
Cape Chelyuskin (russian: Мыс Челюскина, ''Mys Chelyuskina'') is the northernmost point of the Afro-Eurasian continent (and indeed of any continental mainland), and the northernmost point of mainland Russia. It is situated at the tip o ...
) and the Khara-Tumus Peninsula.
There are also a large number of islands off the krai's coast, the most prominent of which are (from west to east)
Sibiryakov Island
Sibiryakov Island or Sibiryakow Island (russian: Остров Сибирякова, ''Ostrov Sibiryakova''), also known as Kuz'kin Island (Кузькин остров), is an island of . Its length is and its maximum width . It is covered with ...
, Nosok Island,
Dikson Island
Dikson Island (russian: Ди́ксон), initially Dickson, is the name of an island in Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District (russian: Таймы́рский Долга́но-Не́нецкий райо́н), Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, situated ...
, Vern Island, Brekhovskiye Island (in the
Yenisei Gulf), Krestovskiy Island, the
Kamennye Islands, the
Zveroboy Islands
The Zveroboy Islands (russian: Остров Зверобой, or Ostrov Zveroboy) is a group consisting of a large island (Zveroboy Island) and a few scattered small islets. The main island is 17 km in length. It is covered with tundra vege ...
, the
Labyrintovye Islands, the
Plavnikovye Islands,
Kolosovykh Island, the
Mona Islands
The Mona Islands or Mohn Islands (russian: Острова Мона) is a group of a few scattered small islands covered with tundra vegetation. They are located in the Kara Sea, about 30 km north of the western coast of the Taymyr Peninsula ...
, Rykacheva Island, Gavrilova Island, Belukha and Prodolgovatyy Islands, the
Nordenskiöld Archipelago, the
Firnley Islands, the
Heiberg Islands
The Heiberg Islands, spelt ''Geyberg'', ''Gejberg'' or ''Geiberg'' (Russian: ''острова Гейберга''; ''ostrova Geyberga'' or also ''острова Акселя Гейберга'') is a group of four small islands covered with tundra v ...
,
Starokadomsky Island
Starokadomsky Island (russian: Остров Старокадомского; ''Ostrov Starokadomskogo'') is an hourglass-shaped island in the Laptev Sea, Russian Arctic. Geography
Starokadomsky Island is located off the southeastern end of the Sever ...
,
Maly Taymyr Island
Maly Taymyr Island (russian: Малый Таймыр, or Little Taymyr Island) is an island in the Laptev Sea, Russian Arctic.
Geography
It is located off the southeastern end of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and northeast of the Taymyr Peninsu ...
, the
Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands
The Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands (russian: Острова Комсомольской Правды, ''Ostrova Komsomol'skoy Pravdy'') are an archipelago in the far north of the Russian Federation. The islands are uninhabited and are covered with tun ...
, the
Faddey Islands
The Faddey Islands (Russian: Острова Фаддея; Ostrova Faddeya) is a group of islands in the Laptev Sea, Russia.
Geography
The Faddey Islands group is located in the coastal region, off Faddey Bay (залив Фаддея) in the coa ...
, and the
Saint Peter Islands. There are also a number of islands further out that fall under the administration of Krasnoyarsk Krai – the most prominent being Bolshoy Island,
Sverdrup Island, the
Izvestiy TSIK Islands
The Izvestiy TSIK Islands or Izvesti Tsik Islands (russian: Острова Известий ЦИК), also known as Izvestia Islands, is an island group in the Kara Sea, Russian Federation.
Geography
The archipelago includes two large and two small ...
, the
Arkticheskiy Institut Islands
The Arkticheskiy Institut Islands or Arctic Institute Islands (russian: Острова Арктического института) is a compact archipelago of narrow islands covered with tundra vegetation. The islands are located in the Kara Sea, ...
, the
Kirov Islands
The Kirov Islands or Sergey Kirov Islands (russian: Острова Кирова, ''Ostrova Kirova'' or Aрхипелаг Сергея Кирова, ''Archipelag Sergeya Kirova'') is an island group in the Kara Sea, Russian Federation. It is an arc ...
,
Uyedineniya Island
Uyedineniya Island (also Uedinenia, russian: Остров Уединения; no, Ensomheden) is an island located in the central part of the Kara Sea, roughly midway between Novaya Zemlya and Severnaya Zemlya. Its latitude is 77° 29' N ...
,
Voronina Island,
Severnaya Zemlya (the largest group), and
Ushakov Island.
The highest point of the krai is
Grandiozny Peak in the
Eastern Sayan Mountains at an elevation of .
History
According to archaeologists, the first people reached Siberia circa 40,000
BC. The
Andronovo culture
The Andronovo culture (russian: Андроновская культура, translit=Andronovskaya kul'tura) is a collection of similar local Late Bronze Age cultures that flourished 2000–1450 BC,Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021)"Andronovo ...
, a group of
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second pri ...
peoples, lived in the area around 2000–900 BC, the remains of which were discovered in 1914 near the village of Andronovo,
Uzhursky District
Uzhursky District (russian: Ужу́рский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #10-4765 and municipalLaw #13-3028 district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the krai and borders wi ...
. The grave-mounds and monuments of the
Scythian culture in Krasnoyarsk Krai belong to the 7th century BC and are some of the oldest in
Eurasia
Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelag ...
. A prince's grave, the Kurgan Arshan, discovered in 2001, is also located in the krai.
Russian settlement of the area (mostly by
Cossacks
The Cossacks , es, cosaco , et, Kasakad, cazacii , fi, Kasakat, cazacii , french: cosaques , hu, kozákok, cazacii , it, cosacchi , orv, коза́ки, pl, Kozacy , pt, cossacos , ro, cazaci , russian: казаки́ or ...
) began in the 17th century. After the construction of the
Trans-Siberian Railway the Russian colonization of the area strongly increased. In 1822, the
Yeniseysk Governorate was created with Krasnoyarsk as its administrative center that covered territory very similar to that of the current krai.
During both the
Tsarist and the
Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
times, the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai was used as a place of exile of political enemies, actual or alleged. The first leaders of the Soviet state,
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1 ...
and
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet Union, Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as Ge ...
, were exiled to what is now the krai in 1897–1900 and 1903, respectively. In Stalin's era, numerous
Gulag
The Gulag, an acronym for , , "chief administration of the camps". The original name given to the system of camps controlled by the State Political Directorate, GPU was the Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps (, )., name=, group= ...
camps were located in the region.
On June 30, 1908, in the basin of the
Podkamennaya Tunguska River, there occurred a
powerful explosion most likely to have been caused by the air burst of a large
meteoroid or
comet
A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process that is called outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena ...
fragment at an altitude of above the Earth's surface. The force of the explosion is estimated to be about 10–15 megatons. It flattened more than of pine forest and killed thousands of reindeer.
Krasnoyarsk Krai was created in 1934 after disaggregation of the
West Siberian and East Siberian Krais and later included
Taymyr and
Evenk Autonomous Okrug
Evenk Autonomous Okrug (russian: Эвенки́йский автоно́мный о́круг, ; , ), or Evenkia, was a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Krasnoyarsk Krai). It had been created in 1930. Its administrative center w ...
s and
Khakas Autonomous Oblast
The Khakas Autonomous Oblast (russian: Хакасская автономная область; Khakas: Хакас автоном облазы), abbreviated as Khakas AO (russian: Хакасская АО; Khakas: Хакас АО) or KhAO (russian ...
. In 1991,
Khakassia separated from the krai and became a republic within the Russian Federation. On January 1, 2007, following a referendum on the issue held on April 17, 2005, the territories of
Evenk and
Taymyr Autonomous Okrugs were merged into the krai.
Politics
During the
Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
period, the high authority in the krai was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Krasnoyarsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the most authority), the chairman of the krai Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the krai Executive Committee (executive power). Since the
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The dissolution of the Soviet Union, also negatively connoted as rus, Разва́л Сове́тского Сою́за, r=Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''. was the process of internal disintegration within the Sov ...
in 1991 and the demise of the
CPSU
"Hymn of the Bolshevik Party"
, headquarters = 4 Staraya Square, Moscow
, general_secretary = Vladimir Lenin (first)Mikhail Gorbachev (last)
, founded =
, banned =
, founder = Vladimir Lenin
, newspaper ...
, the head of the krai administration, and eventually the governor has been appointed or elected alongside the elected
regional parliament.
The Charter of Krasnoyarsk Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The
Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai is the province's
regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The legislative assembly consists of 52 deputies. 22 of them are elected in 22 one-mandate electoral districts by
plurality system, 2 in Taymyr, 2 in Evenkia, and 26 are elected by
proportional system
Proportionality, proportion or proportional may refer to:
Mathematics
* Proportionality (mathematics), the property of two variables being in a multiplicative relation to a constant
* Ratio, of one quantity to another, especially of a part compar ...
from the lists offered by political parties. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the
Constitution of Russia.
In December 1991, president
Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin ( rus, Борис Николаевич Ельцин, p=bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn, a=Ru-Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.ogg; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician wh ...
appointed Arkady Veprev as the first governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In January 1993 Yeltsin appointed Valery Zubov as the second governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In Krasnoyarsk Territory governor elections were called. Zubov was elected in a universal election for a five-year term. The
Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai was created as well.
In 1998, Zubov lost in the gubernatorial election to
General Aleksandr Lebed, a well-known politician in all of Russia. In 2002 Lebed died in a helicopter accident.
In 2002,
Alexander Khloponin, the governor of
Taymyr Autonomous Okrug and an influential businessman, was elected a governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In 2007, he was nominated by
president Vladimir Putin for re-election, and the legislative assembly elected Khloponin for the second term.
In 2010, after Khloponin was promoted to the office of the president's envoy in the
North Caucasian Federal District
North Caucasian Federal District (russian: Се́веро-Кавка́зский федера́льный о́круг, ''Severo-Kavkazsky federalny okrug'') is one of the eight federal districts of Russia. It is located in extreme southern Ru ...
,
Lev Kuznetsov, a businessman and politician from Khloponin's circle, became the new governor of the krai. After Kuznetsov,
Viktor Tolokonsky became Governor September 2017. After Tolokonsky,
Aleksandr Uss became the
Governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai where he remains in the role today.
Krasnoyarsk Krai is represented in the
Federation Council of Russia, the
upper house of the
Russian parliament by two senators. In 2007, eight deputies were elected to the
State Duma from Krasnoyarsk regional lists of different
political parties.
Economy
Over 95% of the cities, a majority of the industrial enterprises, and all of the agriculture are concentrated in the south of the krai.
Natural resources
The krai is among the richest of Russia's regions in natural resources: 80% of the country's
nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal. Pure nickel is chemically reactive but large pieces are slow t ...
, 75% of its
cobalt
Cobalt is a chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27. As with nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in a chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, p ...
, 70% of its
copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pink ...
, 16% of its
coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Coal is formed when ...
, and 10% of its
gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile ...
are extracted here. Krasnoyarsk also produces 20% of the country's
timber. More than 95% of Russian resources of
platinum
Platinum is a chemical element with the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Its name originates from Spanish , a diminutive of "silver".
Pla ...
and
platinoids are concentrated in the krai.
Industry
The krai's major industries are: non-ferrous
metallurgy, energy, forestry, chemicals, and oil refining. The major financial-industrial groups of Krasnoyarsk Krai are:
*
Basic Element (Krasnoyarsk Aluminium Plant, Achinsk Alumina Complex, Krasnoyarsk Pulp and Paper Plant)
*
Interros
Interros is a Russian conglomerate controlled by Russian oligarch Vladimir Potanin with large stakes in mining, metals, energy, finance, retail, real estate and other sectors. The company's headquarters are located in Moscow.
Origins
The co ...
(
Norilsk Nickel
Norilsk Nickel (russian: ГМК «Норильский никель»), or Nornickel, is a Russian nickel and palladium mining and smelting company. Its largest operations are located in the Norilsk–Talnakh area near the Yenisei River in th ...
)
*
Evraz Group (iron mines, timber)
*MDM Group (
SUEK, ''Siberian Coal and Energy Company'')
*
RusHydro (generation of electric power)
*
RZhD (railroads)
*
Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev
JSC Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev (russian: Информационные спутниковые системы имени академика М. Ф. Решетнёва, Informatsionnye sputnikovye systemy imeny akademika M. F. Reshetnyov ...
satellite manufacturing
Power generation
The two most powerful
hydroelectric plants
Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power). Hydropower supplies one sixth of the world's electricity, almost 4500 TWh in 2020, which is more than all other renewable sources combined and ...
in Russia are at the
Yenisei River:
* Sajano-Schuschensk reservoir (Саяно-Шушенское водохранилище: 621 km
2; 31.300 Mio. m³; 6400 MW)
*
Krasnoyarsk Reservoir
Krasnoyarsk Reservoir, known also as the Krasnoyarsk Sea, is an artificial lake which was created by the construction of the Krasnoyarsk Dam. It is one of the largest artificial reservoirs in the world. In Russia, it now ranks second (after the Br ...
(2130 km
2; 73.300 Mio. m³; 6000 MW)
Three are at its tributary
Angara River:
*
Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station
The Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station (Irkutsk HPS) is a rock-fill dam on the Angara River with an adjacent hydroelectric power station. It is located adjacent to Irkutsk, Irkutsk Oblast in Russia and is the first dam on the Angara cascades. C ...
(45.800 Mio. m³; 660 MW)
*
Bratsk Reservoir (5426 km
2; 169.270 Mio. m³; 4500 MW)
* Ust-Ilimsk reservoir (Усть-Илимское водохранилище: 1873 km
2; 59.300 Mio. m³; 4320 MW)
It makes Krasnoyarsk Krai one of Russia's most important producers of electric energy and a desirable location for energy-intensive industries, such as aluminum plants.
Transportation
*
Trans-Siberian Railroad (650 km (400 mi) within Krasnoyarsk Krai), Norilsk Railroad (the most northern railroad in the world); North Siberian Railroad is planned.
*Highways:
M53 Baikal (
Novosibirsk-
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Y ...
-
Irkutsk), M54 Yenisei (
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Y ...
-
Kyzyl-
Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million ...
) R409 Eniseiskiy trakt (
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Y ...
-
Lesosibirsk
Lesosibirsk (russian: Лесосиби́рск) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: .
History
The village of Maklakov Lug (russian: Маклаков Луг), later known as Maklakovo () existed on t ...
-
Yeniseysk).
*
Northern Sea Route
The Northern Sea Route (NSR) (russian: Се́верный морско́й путь, ''Severnyy morskoy put'', shortened to Севморпуть, ''Sevmorput'') is a shipping route officially defined by Russian legislation as lying east of N ...
and shipping on the Yenisei. The main ports are:
Dudinka,
Igarka,
Turukhansk,
Yeniseysk,
Maklakovo,
Strelka,
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Y ...
*26 airports, including an international airport (
Yemelyanovo near Krasnoyarsk).
*Two pipes of
Irkutsk-
Anzhero-Sudzhensk petroleum pipeline.
*Major power transmission lines.
Administrative divisions
Krasnoyarsk Krai consists of forty-four
districts and sixteen
towns of district significance. Two of the districts (Evenkiysky and Taymyrsky; the former
autonomous okrugs) have special status.
Demographics
Population (including former
Taymyr and
Evenk Autonomous Okrug
Evenk Autonomous Okrug (russian: Эвенки́йский автоно́мный о́круг, ; , ), or Evenkia, was a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Krasnoyarsk Krai). It had been created in 1930. Its administrative center w ...
s):
''Ethnic groups'': The population of the krai mostly consists of
Russians
, native_name_lang = ru
, image =
, caption =
, population =
, popplace =
118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 '' Winkler Prins'' estimate)
, region1 =
, pop1 ...
, and some other peoples of the former
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
. The indigenous Siberian peoples make up no more than 1% of the population.
The 2010 Census reported the following ethnic composition:
*
Russians
, native_name_lang = ru
, image =
, caption =
, population =
, popplace =
118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 '' Winkler Prins'' estimate)
, region1 =
, pop1 ...
: 91.3%
*
Ukrainians
Ukrainians ( uk, Українці, Ukraintsi, ) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine. They are the seventh-largest nation in Europe. The native language of the Ukrainians is Ukrainian. The majority of Ukrainians are Eastern Ort ...
: 1.4%
*
Tatars
The Tatars ()[Tatar]
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different Turki ...
: 1.3%
*
Germans
, native_name_lang = de
, region1 =
, pop1 = 72,650,269
, region2 =
, pop2 = 534,000
, region3 =
, pop3 = 157,000
3,322,405
, region4 =
, pop4 = ...
: 0.8%
*
Azeri
Azerbaijanis (; az, Azərbaycanlılar, ), Azeris ( az, Azərilər, ), or Azerbaijani Turks ( az, Azərbaycan Türkləri, ) are a Turkic people living mainly in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. They are the second-most nume ...
: 0.6%
*
Belarusians: 0.4%
*
Chuvash: 0.4%
*others: 2.5%
*100,621 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.
*Births (Jan-Aug 2009): 25,520 (13.3 per 1000)
*Deaths (Jan-Aug 2009): 25,183 (13.1 per 1000)
As of August 2009, Krasnoyarsk Krai recorded a natural growth of population for the first time in 16 years.
Total fertility rate:
2003 - 1.35 , 2004 - 1.35 , 2005 - 1.31 , 2006 - 1.33 , 2007 - 1.44 , 2008 - 1.55 , 2009 - 1.61 , 2010 - 1.64 , 2011 - 1.64 , 2012 - 1.75 , 2013 - 1.78 , 2014 - 1.81 , 2015 - 1.84 , 2016 - 1.82(e)
;Vital statistics for 2012
*Births: 41,098 (14.5 per 1000)
*Deaths: 36,726 (12.9 per 1000)
Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации
Gks.ru. Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
*Total fertility rate: 1.75
Settlements
Demographics for 2007
Religion
As per the survey conducted in 2012, 29.6% of the population of Krasnoyarsk Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church
, native_name_lang = ru
, image = Moscow July 2011-7a.jpg
, imagewidth =
, alt =
, caption = Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, Russia
, abbreviation = ROC
, type ...
, 5% declares to be a nondenominational Christian (excluding Protestant churches), 2% is an Orthodox Christian believer without belonging to any church or is a member of other (non-Russian) Orthodox church
Orthodox Church may refer to:
* Eastern Orthodox Church
* Oriental Orthodox Churches
* Orthodox Presbyterian Church
* Orthodox Presbyterian Church of New Zealand
* State church of the Roman Empire
* True Orthodox church
See also
* Orthodox (d ...
es, 1.5% is Muslim
Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
, 1% follows the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 10.9% did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 35% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 15% to be atheist.
Education
Krasnoyarsk is the site of the Siberian Federal University
Siberian Federal University (russian: Сибирский федеральный университет, ''Sibirskiĭ federalʹnyĭ universitet'', often shortened to SibFU, СФУ) is a multidisciplinary university located in Krasnoyarsk in Siberi ...
, one of Russia's four largest educational institutions. Other notable higher education
Higher education is tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after compl ...
institutes of the krai are:
* Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (Russian abbreviation is KGPU), founded in 1932
* Siberian State Technological University (Russian abbreviation is SibGTU), the oldest in the city, founded in 1930 as the Siberian Institute of Forestry
* Siberian State Aerospace University (Russian abbreviation is SibGAU), founded in 1960
* Krasnoyarsk State Medical University (Russian abbreviation is KrasGMU), founded in 1942
* Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University (Russian abbreviation is Krasnoyarsk GAU), founded in 1952
See also
* List of Chairmen of the Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai
References
Notes
Sources
*
External links
Official website of Krasnoyarsk Krai
a
Natural Heritage Protection Fund
Пантелеев В. НА ПЕРЕЛОМЕ: Аркадий Вепрев у руля. Победа Валерия Зубова на губернаторских выборах//Красноярский рабочий.- 2011. - №145.- 19 августа.
*
{{Use mdy dates, date=April 2015
Central Asia
North Asia
1934 establishments in the Soviet Union
States and territories established in 1934
Russian-speaking countries and territories
Kara Sea
Laptev Sea
Krais of Russia