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Kirov Oblast (russian: Ки́ровская о́бласть, ''Kirovskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
(an
oblast An oblast (; ; Cyrillic (in most languages, including Russian and Ukrainian): , Bulgarian: ) is a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Ukraine, as well as the Soviet Union and the Kingdo ...
) in
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russia, whi ...
. Its
administrative center An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located. In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Lu ...
is the
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
of Kirov. Population: 1,341,312 ( 2010 Census).


Geography


Natural resources

The basis of the natural resources are forest (mostly conifers),
phosphate In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid . The phosphate or orthophosphate ion is derived from phosph ...
rock,
peat Peat (), also known as turf (), is an accumulation of partially Decomposition, decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, Moorland, moors, or muskegs. The peatland ecosystem covers and ...
, furs, water and land resources. There are widespread deposits of peat and non-metallic minerals:
limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms w ...
, marl,
clay Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4). Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay pa ...
, sand and
gravel Gravel is a loose aggregation of rock fragments. Gravel occurs naturally throughout the world as a result of sedimentary and erosive geologic processes; it is also produced in large quantities commercially as crushed stone. Gravel is classifi ...
, as well as the extremely rare mineral volkonskoite. In recent decades, in the east of the area revealed a minor recoverable oil reserves and deposits of bentonite clays. In the area is the largest in Europe Vyatsko-Kama deposit of phosphate rock. The area is rich in mineral springs and therapeutic mud. On the territory of Kumyonsky District is famous resort town of federal significance Nizhneivkino, which on treatment and rest come to residents of the Kirov region and many regions of Russia.


Hydrography

The region has a total length of 19753 River 66.65 kilometers. Northern Uvaly two separate river basins – the Severodvinsk and the Volga. Much of the area is occupied by the Vyatka River basin, a tributary of the Kama River in Tatarstan. At Kama is only in the upper reaches. To large flowing within the area are also river mole and Tansy, Luza, Cobra,
Cheptsa The Cheptsa (; udm, Чупчи) is a river in the north part of Udmurtian Republic (Udmurtia) and eastern Kirov Oblast, in Russia. It flows through the city Glazov and flows into the Vyatka in Kirovo-Chepetsk, east of Kirov. It is long, and ...
. The total number of lakes in the area of 4.5 thousand ponds With the total number of closed water area of 5.5 million. The largest lakes are: Akshuben – 85 hectares, the Oryol – 63 hectares, Muserskoe – 32 hectares. The deepest area of the pond Lezhninskoe Lake – 36.6 m.


History

Kirov Krai was established on December 7, 1934.''Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987.'', p. 155 It was transformed into Kirov Oblast on December 5, 1936 upon the adoption of the
1936 Soviet Constitution Events January–February * January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...
. On 30 October 1997, Kirov, alongside Astrakhan, Murmansk,
Ulyanovsk Ulyanovsk, known until 1924 as Simbirsk, is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River east of Moscow. Population: The city, founded as Simbirsk (), was the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin (born ...
, and
Yaroslavl Yaroslavl ( rus, Ярослáвль, p=jɪrɐˈsɫavlʲ) is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city is a World Heritage Site, and is located at the confluenc ...
, signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy. The agreement would be abolished on 24 January 2002.


Administrative divisions

Kirov Oblast was formed on December 7, 1934. It is divided administratively into 39 districts, 6 cities under oblast jurisdiction, 13 town under district jurisdiction, 58 urban-type settlements, and 580 selsoviets.


Economy

Kirov Oblast is part of the Volga–Vyatka economic district located in the central part of European Russia in the
Volga The Volga (; russian: Во́лга, a=Ru-Волга.ogg, p=ˈvoɫɡə) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of , and a catch ...
and Vyatka river basins. Its economic complex had already begun forming and developing before the
Revolution In political science, a revolution (Latin: ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due ...
, in large part because of the transfer points and trading posts located in Vyatka, which later led to the formation of large trading centers. Agriculture was the priority sector at first, but starting in 1940, there was an upsurge in development of an industrial complex, especially the
engineering Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more speciali ...
,
metalworking Metalworking is the process of shaping and reshaping metals to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large scale structures. As a term it covers a wide and diverse range of processes, skills, and tools for producing objects on every scale ...
, and chemical industries. Kirov Oblast is part of the Volga–Vyatka agricultural zone, where more than half of the area sown in grain is located in Kirov Oblast itself. Agricultural land occupies 27% of the region's territory. The most important grain crops are winter and spring
wheat Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain that is a worldwide staple food. The many species of wheat together make up the genus ''Triticum'' ; the most widely grown is common wheat (''T. aestivum''). The archaeologi ...
and rye. Barley and oats are grown for fodder. Increased specialization in the production of more promising fodder crops like winter rye,
barley Barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Globally 70% of barley p ...
, oats that are most suited to the Oblast's climatic conditions is anticipated in the future.
Potatoes The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United ...
are also extensively cultivated.


Transportation

*The Dymnoye peat railway operates in
Verkhnekamsky District Verkhnekamsky District (russian: Верхнека́мский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #203-ZO and municipalLaw #284-ZO district ( raion), one of the thirty-nine in Kirov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. T ...
*The
Gorokhovskoye peat railway The Gorokhovskoye peat railway is located in Kirov Oblast, Russia. The peat railway was opened in 1960, and has a total length of which is currently operational; the track gauge is . Current status Gorokhovskoye peat railway emerged in the 19 ...
operates in Kotelnichsky District *The
Otvorskoye peat railway The Otvorskoye peat railway is located in Kirov Oblast, Russia. The peat railway was opened in 1964 and has a total length of which is currently operational; the track gauge is . Current status Otvorskoye peat railway emerged in the 1964s, in ...
operates in Kotelnichsky District *The
Pishchalskoye peat railway The Pishchalskoye peat railway is located in Kirov Oblast, Russia. The peat railway was opened in 1963 and has a total length of which is currently operational; the track gauge is . Current status Pishchalskoye peat railway emerged in the 196 ...
operates in
Orichevsky District Orichevsky District (russian: Оричевский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #203-ZO and municipalLaw #284-ZO district ( raion), one of the thirty-nine in Kirov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the ...
*The
Kobrinskaya narrow-gauge railway The Kobrinskaya narrow-gauge railway is located in Kirov Oblast, Russia. The forest railway was opened in 1946, has a total length of and is operational as of 2014, the track gauge is and operates year-round. Current status The Kobrinskaya f ...
for hauling felled logs operates in
Murashinsky District Murashinsky District (russian: Мурашинский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #203-ZO and municipalLaw #284-ZO district (raion), one of the thirty-nine in Kirov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of t ...
*The
Oparinskaya narrow-gauge railway The Oparinskaya narrow-gauge railway is a narrow-gauge railway in Kirov Oblast, Russia, built as an industrial railway (forest railway) for logging operations. The forest railway was opened in 1952, has a total length of and is operational as of ...
for hauling felled logs operates in Oparinsky District


Politics

During the
Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Kirov CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament. The Charter of Kirov Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Kirov Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.


Demographics

Population:


Settlements

;2007 *Birth Rate: 10.6 per 1000 in 2007 *Death Rate: 16.8 per 1000 in 2007 ;2008 *Births (2008): 15,906 (11.3 per 1000) *Deaths (2008): 24,081 (17.1 per 1000) ;Vital statistics for 2012 *Births: 16 907 (12.7 per 1000) *Deaths: 20 500 (15.5 per 1000) *Total fertility rate: 2009 – 1.59 , 2010 – 1.59 , 2011 – 1.64 , 2012 – 1.81 , 2013 – 1.87 , 2014 – 1.89 , 2015 – 1.91 , 2016 – 1.94(e) ;2010 Ethnic Composition (2010): *
Russians , native_name_lang = ru , image = , caption = , population = , popplace = 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 '' Winkler Prins'' estimate) , region1 = , pop1 ...
– 91.9% *
Tatars The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary
is an umbrella term for different Turki ...
– 2.8% * Mari people – 2.3% * Udmurts – 1% *
Ukrainians Ukrainians ( uk, Українці, Ukraintsi, ) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine. They are the seventh-largest nation in Europe. The native language of the Ukrainians is Ukrainian. The majority of Ukrainians are Eastern Ort ...
– 0.6% *Others – 1.4% *35,385 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.


Religion

According to a 2012 survey 40.1% of the population of Kirov Oblast adheres to the
Russian Orthodox Church , native_name_lang = ru , image = Moscow July 2011-7a.jpg , imagewidth = , alt = , caption = Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, Russia , abbreviation = ROC , type ...
, 5% are unaffiliated generic
Christians Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ� ...
, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers not belonging to churches or members of non-Russian
Orthodox church Orthodox Church may refer to: * Eastern Orthodox Church * Oriental Orthodox Churches * Orthodox Presbyterian Church * Orthodox Presbyterian Church of New Zealand * State church of the Roman Empire * True Orthodox church See also * Orthodox (d ...
es, 1% are adherents to
Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the ...
, 1% to the
Old Believers Old Believers or Old Ritualists, ''starovery'' or ''staroobryadtsy'' are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Orthodox Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow b ...
. In addition, 33% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is
atheist Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...
, and 5.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.


See also

* List of Chairmen of the Kirov Oblast Duma


References


Notes


Sources

* *"СССР. Административно-территориальное деление союзных республик. 1987." (''USSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987'') / Составители В. А. Дударев, Н. А. Евсеева. – М.: Изд-во «Известия Советов народных депутатов СССР», 1987. – 673 с.


External links

{{Use mdy dates, date=December 2014 States and territories established in 1936