The Khorchin (
Mongolian ',
Chinese 科尔沁 ''Kē'ěrqìn'')
dialect
The term dialect (from Latin , , from the Ancient Greek word , 'discourse', from , 'through' and , 'I speak') can refer to either of two distinctly different types of linguistic phenomena:
One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a ...
is a variety of
Mongolian spoken in the east of
Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...
, namely in
Hinggan League, in the north, north-east and east of Hinggan and in all but the south of the
Tongliao region. There were 2.08 million Khorchin Mongols in China in 2000, so the Khorchin dialect may well have more than one million speakers, making it the largest
dialect of Inner Mongolia.
Phonology
Consonants
Historical has become modern , and in some varieties, is replaced by . Then, *u (<*<*u) has
regressively assimilated to before *p, e.g. *putaha (Written Mongolian budaγ-a) > pata ‘rice’. However, less systematic changes that pertain only to a number of words are far more notable, e.g. 'capacity'> Khorchin . This last example also illustrates that Khorchin allows for the consonant
nuclei and (cp. 'many').
Vowels
The large vowel system developed through the
depalatalization of consonants that phonemicized formerly
allomorph
In linguistics, an allomorph is a variant phonetic form of a morpheme, or, a unit of meaning that varies in sound and spelling without changing the meaning. The term ''allomorph'' describes the realization of phonological variations for a specif ...
ic vowels, hence and . On the other hand, *ö is absent, e.g.
Proto-Mongolic >
Kalmyk , Khalkha 'colour', but Khorchin , thus merging with . is absent in the native words of some varieties and is completely restricted to
loanword
A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language. This is in contrast to cognates, which are words in two or more languages that are similar because t ...
s from
Chinese, but as these make up a very substantial part of Khorchin vocabulary, it is not feasible to postulate a separate loanword
phonology
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a ...
. This also resulted in a
vowel harmony system that is rather different from
Chakhar and
Khalkha
The Khalkha (Mongolian script, Mongolian: mn, Халх, Halh, , zh, 喀爾喀) have been the largest subgroup of Mongols, Mongol people in modern Mongolia since the 15th century. The Khalkha, together with Chahars, Ordos Mongols, Ordos and Tum ...
: may appear in non-initial syllables of words without regard for vowel harmony, as may (e.g. 'horses' and 'expensive'; Khalkha would have 'horses' and ). On the other hand, still determines a word as front-vocalic when appearing in the first syllable, which doesn't hold for and . In some subdialects, and which originated from palatalized and , have changed vowel harmony class according to their
acoustic properties and become front vowels in the system, and the same holds for their long counterparts. E.g. *mori-bar 'by horse' > Khorchin vs. Jalaid subdialect .
Morphology
Khorchin uses the old
comitative
In grammar, the comitative case (; abbreviated ) is a grammatical case that denotes accompaniment. In English, the preposition "with", in the sense of "in company with" or "together with", plays a substantially similar role (other uses of "with", l ...
to delimit an action within a certain time. A similar function is fulfilled by the
suffix that is, however, restricted to environments in the
past
The past is the set of all events that occurred before a given point in time. The past is contrasted with and defined by the present and the future. The concept of the past is derived from the linear fashion in which human observers experience ...
stratum. In contrast to other Mongolian varieties, in Khorchin Chinese verbs can be directly borrowed; other varieties have to
borrow
Borrow or borrowing can mean: to receive (something) from somebody temporarily, expecting to return it.
*In finance, monetary debt
*In language, the use of loanwords
* In arithmetic, when a digit becomes less than zero and the deficiency is taken f ...
Chinese
verb
A verb () is a word ( part of speech) that in syntax generally conveys an action (''bring'', ''read'', ''walk'', ''run'', ''learn''), an occurrence (''happen'', ''become''), or a state of being (''be'', ''exist'', ''stand''). In the usual descr ...
s as Mongolian
noun
A noun () is a word that generally functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.Example nouns for:
* Living creatures (including people, alive, ...
s and then
derive these to verbs. Compare the new loan 'to ask for money' < zhāngluó (张罗) with the older loan 'to borrow' < jiè (借)
[Bayančoγtu 2002: 529, 531-532] that is present in all Mongolian varieties and contains the derivational suffix .
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
* Bayančoγtu (2002): ''Qorčin aman ayalγun-u sudulul''. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli-yin keblel-ün qoriy-a.
* Qai yan (2003): Qorčin aman ayalγu ba aru qorčin aman ayalγun-u abiyan-u ǰarim neyitelig ončaliγ. In: ''Öbür mongγul-un ündüsüten-ü yeke surγaγuli 2005/3'': 91-94.
* Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005): ''Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal''. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
* Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén (2005): ''The Phonology of Mongolian''. New York: Oxford University Press.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khorchin Dialect
Agglutinative languages
Mongolic languages
Central Mongolic languages