The Khanate of Khiva ( chg, ''Khivâ Khânligi'', fa, ''Khânât-e Khiveh'', uz, Xiva xonligi, tk, Hywa hanlygy) was a

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the fo ...

n polity that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm in Central Asia from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of

Afsharid Afsharid Iran ( fa, ایران افشاری), also referred as the Afsharid Empire was an Iranian empire established by the Turkoman Afshar tribe in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, ruling Iran (Persia). The state was ruled by the A ...

occupation by

Nader Shah Nader Shah Afshar ( fa, نادر شاه افشار; also known as ''Nader Qoli Beyg'' or ''Tahmāsp Qoli Khan'' ) (August 1688 – 19 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian ...

between 1740 and 1746. Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower

Amu Darya The Amu Darya, tk, Amyderýa/ uz, Amudaryo// tg, Амударё, Amudaryo ps, , tr, Ceyhun / Amu Derya grc, Ὦξος, Ôxos (also called the Amu, Amo River and historically known by its Latin name or Greek ) is a major river in Central Asi ...

, south of the Aral Sea, with the capital in the city of

Khiva Khiva ( uz, Xiva/, خىۋا; fa, خیوه, ; alternative or historical names include ''Kheeva'', ''Khorasam'', ''Khoresm'', ''Khwarezm'', ''Khwarizm'', ''Khwarazm'', ''Chorezm'', ar, خوارزم and fa, خوارزم) is a district-level city ...

, the country was ruled by a Turco-Mongol tribe, the Khongirads, who came from Astrakhan. It covered present western

Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekiston, italic=yes / , ; russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( uz, Ozbekiston Respublikasi, italic=yes / ; russian: Республика Узбекистан), is a doubly landlocked co ...

, southwestern

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...

and much of

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the s ...

before Russian arrival at the second half of the 19th century. In 1873, the Khanate of Khiva was much reduced in size and became a Russian

protectorate A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its in ...

. The other regional protectorate that lasted until the Revolution was the Emirate of Bukhara. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic. In 1924, the area was formally incorporated into the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...

and today is largely a part of Karakalpakstan,

Xorazm Region Xorazm Region (, خارەزم ۋىلايەتى, ) or Khorezm Region as it is still more commonly known, is a viloyat (region) of Uzbekistan located in the northwest of the country in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River. It borders with Tu ...

, and Daşoguz Region of

History

Early history

See Khwarazm, the local name of the region.

After 1500

CEM-44-La-Chine-la-Tartarie-Chinoise-et-le-Thibet-1734-Central-Asia-2574

XXth Century Citizen's Atlas map of Central Asia

After the capital was moved to

, Khwarazm came to be called the Khanate of Khiva (the state had always referred to itself as Khwarazm, the Khanate of Khiva as a name was popularized by Russian historians in honor of its capital, Khiva). Some time around 1600, the Daryaliq or west branch of the

Oxus The Amu Darya, tk, Amyderýa/ uz, Amudaryo// tg, Амударё, Amudaryo ps, , tr, Ceyhun / Amu Derya grc, Ὦξος, Ôxos (also called the Amu, Amo River and historically known by its Latin name or Greek ) is a major river in Central Asi ...

dried up causing the capital to be moved south to

from Konye-Urgench. Although based in the Oxus delta, the Khanate usually controlled most of what is now

. The population consisted of agriculturalists along the river, the Turkic Sarts, and nomads or semi-nomads away from the river. It is overall arbitrary to anachronistically project modern ethnic and national identifications, largely based on Soviet national delimitation policies, on pre-modern societies. The settled population was composed by aristocratic and peasants bound to the land. During the mid 1600s there were many Persian slaves who had been captured by

Turkmens Turkmens ( tk, , , , ; historically "the Turkmen"), sometimes referred to as Turkmen Turks ( tk, , ), are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, living mainly in Turkmenistan, northern and northeastern regions of Iran and north-weste ...

and a few Russian slaves alongside other Turkic slaves. Before and during this period, the settled area was increasingly infiltrated by Uzbeks from the north, with their Turkic dialects evolving into what is now the

Uzbek language Uzbek (''Oʻzbekcha, Oʻzbek tili or Ўзбекча, Ўзбек тили''), formerly known as ''Turki'' or ''Western Turki'', is a Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks. It is the official, and national language of Uzbekistan. Uzbek is spoken as ...

while the original Iranian

Khwarezmian language Khwārezmian (Khwarezmian: , ''zβ'k 'y xw'rzm''; also transliterated Khwarazmian, Chorasmian, Khorezmian) is an extinct East Iranian language closely related to Sogdian. The language was spoken in the area of Khwarezm (Chorasmia), centered ...

died out. The swampy area of the lower delta was increasingly populated by Karakalpaks and there were Kazakh nomads on the northern border. The Turkmen nomads paid taxes to the

Khan Khan may refer to: *Khan (inn), from Persian, a caravanserai or resting-place for a travelling caravan *Khan (surname), including a list of people with the name *Khan (title), a royal title for a ruler in Mongol and Turkic languages and used by ...

and were a large part of his army but often revolted. Since the heart of the Khanate was surrounded by semi-desert the only easy military approach was along the

. This led to many wars with the

Khanate of Bukhara The Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro) ( fa, , Khānāt-e Bokhārā; ) was an Uzbek state in Central Asia from 1500 to 1785, founded by the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, a branch of the Shaybanids. From 1533 to 1540, Bukhara briefly became its ...

further up the river (1538–40, 1593, 1655, 1656, 1662, 1684, 1689, 1694, 1806, and others). Persian slave

Before 1505, Khwarazm was nominally dependent on the Timurid

Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara Sultan Husayn Bayqara Mirza ( fa, حسین بایقرا / ''Husayn Bāyqarā''; June/July 1438 – 4 May 1506) was the Timurid ruler of Herat from 1469 until May 4, 1506, with a brief interruption in 1470. A skilled statesman, Sultan Husayn ...

who was based in

Khorasan Khorasan may refer to: * Greater Khorasan, a historical region which lies mostly in modern-day northern/northwestern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan * Khorasan Province, a pre-2004 province of Ira ...

. From 1488 Muhammad Shaybani built a large but short-lived empire in southern

, taking Khwarazm in 1505. At nearly the same time, Shah Ismail I was building a powerful Shiite state in

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

. The two necessarily clashed and in 1510 Muhammad was killed and Khwarazm soon occupied. The Shah's religion provoked resistance and in 1511 his garrison was expelled and power passed to Ilbars, who founded the long-lived Arabshahid dynasty. Around 1540 and 1593, the Khans were driven out by the Bukharans. In both cases they fled to

and soon returned. In 1558, Anthony Jenkinson visited Old Urgench and was not impressed. Following Arap Munhammad (1602–23), who moved the capital to

, there was a period of disorder, including an invasion by the

Kalmyks The Kalmyks ( Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, ''Xaľmgud'', Mongolian: Халимагууд, ''Halimaguud''; russian: Калмыки, translit=Kalmyki, archaically anglicised as ''Calmucks'') are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia, w ...

, who left laden with plunder. Disorder was ended by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1643–1663) who twice defeated the Kalmyks and wrote a history of Central Asia. His son Anusha (1663–1685) presided over a period of urban growth until he was deposed and blinded. From 1695, Khiva was for some years a vassal of Bukhara which appointed two khans. Shir Gazi Khan (1714–1727), who was killed by slaves, is said to have been the last proper Arabshahid. Khan Ilbars (1728–40) was a Shibanid ruler, son of Shakhniyaz khanŠir-Moḥammad Mirāb Munes and Moḥammad-Reżā Mirāb Āgahi, Ferdaws al-eqbāl, ed., tr., and annotated by Yuri Bregel as Firdaws al-iqbal: History of Khorezm, 2 vols., Leiden, 1988–99. p. 162,62,567–68 who unwisely killed some Persian ambassadors. In a repeat of the Shah Ismail story,

Nadir Shah Nader Shah Afshar ( fa, نادر شاه افشار; also known as ''Nader Qoli Beyg'' or ''Tahmāsp Qoli Khan'' ) (August 1688 – 19 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian ...

conquered Khiva, beheaded Ilbars and freed some 12,000–20,000 slaves. Next year the Persian garrison was slaughtered, but the rebellion was quickly suppressed. Persian pretensions ended with Nadir's murder in 1747. After 1746, the Qongrat tribe became increasingly powerful and appointed puppet khans. Their power was formalized as the Qongrat dynasty by Iltuzar Khan in 1804. Khiva flourished under Muhammad Rahim Khan (1806–1825) and Allah Quli Khan (1825–1840) and then declined. After Muhammad Amin Khan was killed trying to retake Sarakhs on March 19, 1855, there was a long Turkmen rebellion (1855–1867). In the first two years of the rebellion, two or three Khans were killed by Turkmens.

Russian Empire period

Representatives of the Khanate of Khiva at the coronation of Nicholas II

Russians made five attacks on Khiva. Around 1602 some free Ural Cossacks unsuccessfully raided Khwarazm. In 1717

Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky (russian: Алекса́ндр Беко́вич-Черка́сский), born Devlet-Girei-mırza (russian: Девлет-Гирей-мурза; died 1717), was a Russian officer of Circassian origin who led t ...

attacked Khiva from the

Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central A ...

. After he won the battle, Shir Ghazi Khan (1715–1728) made a treaty and suggested that the Russians disperse so that they could be better fed. After they dispersed they were all killed or enslaved, only a few surviving to tell the tale. In 1801 an army was sent toward Khiva but was recalled when Paul I was murdered. In the

Khivan campaign of 1839 The Russo-Khivan War of 1839–1840 was a failed Russian attempt to conquer the Khanate of Khiva. Vasily Perovsky set out from Orenburg with 5,000 men, met an unusually cold winter, lost most of his camels, and was forced to turn back after goin ...

Perovsky tried an attack from

Orenburg Orenburg (russian: Оренбу́рг, ), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Ural River, southeast of Moscow. Orenburg is also very close to the border with Kazakhst ...

. The weather was unusually cold and he was forced to turn back after losing many men and most of his camels. Khiva was finally conquered by the Khivan campaign of 1873. The Russians installed Sayyid Muhammad Rahim Bahadur Khan II as the

vassal A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerai ...

ruler of the region. The conquest of Khiva was part of the Russian conquest of Turkestan. British attempts to deal with this were called the Great Game. One of the reasons for the 1839 attack was the increasing number of Russian slaves held at Khiva. To remove this pretext Britain launched its own effort to free the slaves. Major Todd, the senior British political officer stationed in

Herat Herāt (; Persian: ) is an oasis city and the third-largest city of Afghanistan. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 574,276, and serves as the capital of Herat Province, situated south of the Paropamisus Mountains (''Selseleh-ye Safē ...

(in

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is borde ...

) dispatched Captain James Abbott, disguised as an Afghan, on 24 December 1839, for Khiva. Abbott arrived in late January 1840 and, although the Khan was suspicious of his identity, he succeeded in talking the Khan into allowing him to carry a letter for the Tsar regarding the slaves. He left on 7 March 1840, for

Fort Alexandrovsk Fort-Shevchenko ( kk, Форт-Шевченко) is a military-base town and administrative centre of Tupkaragan District in Mangystau Region of Kazakhstan on the eastern shore of Caspian Sea. Primary industries include fishing and the extracti ...

, and was subsequently betrayed by his guide, robbed, then released when the bandits realized the origin and destination of his letter. His superiors in

, not knowing of his fate, sent another officer, Lieutenant

Richmond Shakespear Sir Richmond Campbell Shakespear, CB (11 May 1812 – 16 December 1861) was an Indian-born British Indian Army officer. He helped to influence the Khan of Khiva to abolish the capture and selling of Russian slaves in Khiva. This likely forest ...

, after him. Shakespear had more success than Abbott: he convinced the khan to free all Russian subjects under his control, and also to make the ownership of Russian slaves a crime punishable by death. The freed slaves and Shakespear arrived in Fort Alexandrovsk on 15 August 1840, and Russia lost its primary motive for the conquest of Khiva, for the time being. A permanent Russian presence on the Aral Sea began in 1848 with the building of Fort Aralsk at the mouth of the Syr Darya. The Empire's military superiority was such that Khiva and the other Central Asian principalities,

Bukhara Bukhara ( Uzbek: /, ; tg, Бухоро, ) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan, with a population of 280,187 , and the capital of Bukhara Region. People have inhabited the region around Bukhara for at least five millennia, and the city ...

and Kokand, had no chance of repelling the Russian advance, despite years of fighting. In 1873, after

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...

conquered the great cities of Tashkent and

Samarkand fa, سمرقند , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = City , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from the top:Registan square, Shah-i-Zinda necropolis, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, view inside Shah-i-Zinda, ...

, General Von Kaufman launched an attack on Khiva consisting of 13,000 infantry and cavalry. The city of Khiva fell on 10 June 1873 and, on 12 August 1873, a peace treaty was signed that established Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian

. After the conquest of what is now

(1884) the protectorates of Khiva and Bukhara were surrounded by Russian territory. The first significant settlement of Europeans in the Khanate was a group of Mennonites who migrated to Khiva in 1882. The German-speaking Mennonites had come from the

Volga The Volga (; russian: Во́лга, a=Ru-Волга.ogg, p=ˈvoɫɡə) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of , and a catch ...

region and the Molotschna colony under the leadership of Claas Epp Jr. The Mennonites played an important role in modernizing the Khanate in the decades prior to the

October Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key mom ...

by introducing photography, resulting in the development of

Uzbek photography Photography in Uzbekistan started developing after 1882, when a Volga German photographer and schoolteacher named Wilhelm Penner moved to Khiva as a part of the Russian Mennonite migration to Central Asia led by Claas Epp, Jr. After his arrival in ...

and filmmaking, more efficient methods for cotton harvesting, electrical generators, and other technological innovations.

Civil war and Soviet Republic

After the 1917

Bolshevik The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...

seizure of power in the

, anti-monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen joined forces with the Bolsheviks at the end of 1919 to depose the khan. By early February 1920, the Khivan army under Junaid Khan was completely defeated. On 2 February 1920, Khiva's last Kungrad khan, Sayid Abdullah, abdicated and a short-lived Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (later the Khorezm SSR) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before it was finally incorporated into the

in 1924, with the former khanate divided between the new Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR. Following the collapse of the

in 1991, these became

and

respectively. Today, the area that was the khanate has a mixed population of Uzbeks, Karakalpaks,

, and

Kazakhs The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: , , , , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian; russian: казахи) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group native to northern parts of Central Asia, chiefly Kazakhstan, but also part ...

Khans of Khiva (1511–1920)

Data on the Khivan Khans is sparse and sometimes contradictory, especially for the minor khans. Names and dates from Bregel/Muniz which probably gives the best modern scholarship. Short biographies are from Howarth's 1880 book which is old but has biographies of most of the khans. RU: is data from the Russian Wikipedia when nothing could be found in English or there was a major contradiction. RU: has sources in local languages.

Arabshahid dynasty (Yadigarid Shibanid dynasty, 1511–1804)

*X: According to Howorth, the ancestors of Ilbars were Arabshah, Haji Tuli, Timur Sheikh, Yadigar Khan, Bereke, Ilbars. Arabshah's brother was Ibrahim Oghlan, ancestor of the khans of Bukhara. *Ilbars I (1511–1518) 1. Enthroned by locals, fought several months to drive the

Persians The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran. They share a common cultural system and are native speakers of the Persian language as well as of the languages that are closely related to Persian. ...

out, brought in Uzbeks in numbers to raid

. *Sultan Haji (1518–1519) 2. Nephew of Ilbars I, had a short reign; real power in the hands of his cousin Sultan Ghazi. *Hasan Quli (1519–1524, ru:1519) 3. cousin of Ilbar I, killed by Ilbars' sons after 4-month siege of Urganch. *Sufyan (1529–1535, ru:1519–22) 4. 'Sofian Khan', second cousin of Ilbars, fought

on lower Uzboy River, which then had water. *Bujugha (1524–1529, ru:1522–26) 5. brother of Sufyan, raided

, concluded a marriage alliance with Tahmasp I using Sufyan's daughter. Dates from Bregel/Muniz reverse 4 and 5. *Avniq (1535–1538, ru:1526–38) 6. 'Avaneq', brother of Sufyan, blood feud with Ilbars' family and others led to an invasion by

and his death. Bukharans held Khwarazm until they were driven out by his son, Din Muhammed. *Qal (1539–1549, ru:1541–47) 7. 'Khal Khan', son of Avniq, prosperous reign. *Aqatay (1549–1557, ru:1547–57) 8. 'Akatai', brother of Sufyan, fought the sons of several of his brothers, defeated and impaled. *Dust Muhammad (1557–1558) 9. 'Dost Khan', son of 5, fought his brother Ish and both were killed. *Haji Muhammad I (1558–1602) 10. son of 8, fought

, which conquered Khiva, 3 years in

, regained homeland, driven out, retook it. Visit of Anthony Jenkinson. *Arab Muhammad I (1602–1623, ru:1603–21) 11. son of 10,

Ural Cossack The Ural Cossack Host was a cossack host formed from the Ural Cossacks – those Eurasian cossacks settled by the Ural River. Their alternative name, Yaik Cossacks, comes from the old name of the river. They were also known by the names: *Rus ...

raid defeated, two Kalmyk raids, weak, two sons rebelled, blinded, later killed. *Isfandiyar (1623–1643) 12. son of 11, killed his rebellious brothers, pro- Turkmen, anti- Uzbek. * Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1643–1663) 13. son of 11, khan after defeating Turkmen-Bukharan faction, fought

and

, wrote the Genealogy of Turkmens, an important historical source. *Anusha (1663–1685) 14. son of 13, took

ru: has Samarqand, Howorth says 'the city' implying Bukhara. and lost it, three more failures at Bukhara, overthrown and blinded by son Erenk. *X: Between Anusha and Sher Gazi (1685–1714) Bregel and Howorth diverge, as do entries in the Russian Wikipedia. Howorth has A. Muhammed Erenk, failed attack on

, poisoned, B. Shah Niaz (1687-after 1700) appointed by Bukhara, letter to czar in 1700. C. Arab Muhammed, letter from Czar in 1703. D. Haji Muhammed Behadur envoy to czar in 1714, E. Yadiger (−1714), F. Arank, a Karakalpak, father of Shir Gazi. *Khudaydad (1685–1687) ru: 1686–89, son of Anusha, enthroned at 15, killed. *Muhammad Awrang I (1687–1694) ru:1689–94, son of Anusha, killed by fall from horse. *Chuchaq (1694–1697) ru: calls him 'Jochi Khan', descendant of Haji Muhammad I. *Vali (1697–1698)ru: descendant of Haji Mukhammad, could not maintain stability and was removed. *Ishaq Agha Shah Niyaz (1698–1701) ru: son of Jochi/Chuchaq. Howorth has Shah Niyaz appointed by

in 1687. *Awrang II (1701–1702) *ru only:Shakhbakht Khan (1702–03) son of Shah Niyaz, overthrown. *ru only:Sayyid Ali Khan (1703) son of Shah Niyaz, reign lasted several days. *Musa (1702–1712) ru:1703–04, son of Jochi/Chucaq, fled to

Merv Merv ( tk, Merw, ', مرو; fa, مرو, ''Marv''), also known as the Merve Oasis, formerly known as Alexandria ( grc-gre, Ἀλεξάνδρεια), Antiochia in Margiana ( grc-gre, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐν τῇ Μαργιανῇ) and ...

. *Yadigar I (1712–1713) ru:1704–14, son of Haji Muhammad I, followed by Sher Ghazi. *Awrang III (c. 1713 – c. 1714). *Haji Muhammad II (c. 1714) envoy to czar in 1714, grandson of Abul Ghazi. *Shir Ghazi (1714–1727) from Bukhara, defeated

, fought rival state on lower delta under Timur Sultan, visited by Florio Beneveni, minor slave rebellion. ru:killed by slaves in same year as Howorth's slave rebellion, descendant of Sultan Gazi (see Sultan Haji). *Sarigh Ayghir (1727) *Ilbars II (1728–1740), son of Shakhniyaz khanrejected threat from

, surrendered to him, executed by Nadir because he had killed Nadir's envoys. Nadir freed many slaves. *Tahir (1740–1742) cousin of Bukharan khan, appointed by Nadir Shah, killed when Nadir's army was elsewhere. *Nurali I (1742) Kazakh, son of

Abul Khair Khan Mirza Abū'l-Khair Mūhammed Khan bin Qājı Abdūllah Sultan ( kk, Мырза Әбілқайыр Мұхаммед хан бин Қажы Абдұллаh Сұлтан, , romanized: ''Myrza Äbılqaiyr Mūhammed Han bin Qajy Abdūllah Sūltan''), ...

, helped expel Nadir's garrison, fled to steppe before Persian army returned. ru: expelled by Persians. *Abu Muhammad (1742) son of Ilbars, appointed by returning Persians *Abu al-Ghazi II Muhammad (1742–1747) resisted returning Persians? *Ghaib ( Kaip Khan) (1747–1758) a Kazakh, enemy of Nurali, driven out, later khan of Little Horde. *X Between Kaip and 1804 Howorth cannot identify khans. He says that they were titular rulers and often exiled after a few years. Real power was in the hands of Inaks or hereditary prime ministers who were also chiefs on the Qungrat tribe in the lower delta. He lists these Inaks: A. Ishmed bi; B. Muhammed Amin (1755–1782) son of A; C. Ivaz, (?–1804), son of B, Dr Blankenagel (1793) could not cure his brother's blindness but left account; D. Iltazar, son of C, after six months expelled last Arabshahid khan. *Abdullah Qara Beg (1758) *Timur Ghazi (1758–1764) *Tawke (1764–1766) *Shah Ghazi (1766–1768) *Abu al-Ghazi III (1768–1769) ru: son of Kaip, later khan of Karakalpaks, later on lower Syr Darya, died in poverty in 1815. *Nurali II (1769) *Jahangir (1769–1770) ru: son of Kaip. *Bölekey (1770) ru: a Kazakh from lower Syr Darya, expelled above and soon driven out himself. *Aqim (first time, 1770–1771) *Abd al-Aziz (c. 1771) *Artuq Ghazi (c. 1772) *Abdullah (c. 1772) *Aqim (second time, c. 1772 – c. 1773) *Yadigar II (first time, c. 1773–1775) *Abu'l Fayz (1775–1779) *Yadigar II (second time, 1779–1781) *Pulad Ghazi (1781–1783) *Yadigar II (third time, 1783–1790) *Abu al-Ghazi IV (1790–1802) visit of Russian Dr. Blankenagel in 1793. *Abu al-Ghazi V ibn Gha'ib (1802–1804)

Qungrat dynasty (1804–1920)

Qungrat Inaks *Ishmed bi: Howorth only, information from Muraviev who visited in 1820 *Muhammed Amin Biy: ru: 1763–1790, slowly restored relative peace, defeated

in 1770 and

in 1782. *Avaz or Ivaz: ru: 1790–1804, son of above, relative peace and stability, in 1793 rebellion in lower delta suppressed, but area somewhat independent for about 20 years, in 1793 Russian Dr. Blankenagle was unable to cure his brother's blindness, but left report. According to Howorth, the brother, Fazil bi was 'always consulted' by Avaz and his father. *Eltuzar (1804): son of above, made himself khan after a few months. Qungrat Khans *Iltazar Inaq ibn Iwaz Inaq

Biy Biy ( kk, Би, Bi) were elected judges and administrators during the Kazakh Khanate era.Yomuds towards Asterabad, then allied with them, attacked

, defeated, fled across the

in a boat, so many people piled onto it that it sank and he was drowned. *Muhammad Rahim Bahadur I. (1806–1825) son of above, said to be cruel but strong measures restored order, conquered lower delta (ru:1811), subjugated tribes, fought

and

, visited by Muraviev (1820) who left report. Munis wrote history of Khiva used by Bregel. *Allah Quli Bahadur (1825–1842) son of above, c 1832 took

and Serakhs, Alexander Burnes met his army there, 1839 Russian invasion defeated by cold weather, c1840 visited by James Abbott,

and Arthur Conolly. *Muhammad Rahim Quli (1842–1846) son of above, fought tribes south of

, brother defeated Bukharan invasion. *Abu al-Ghazi Muhammad Amin Bahadur (1846– 19 March 1855) brother of above, took

, garrison expelled, retaken, fought Tekes,

Russians , native_name_lang = ru , image = , caption = , population = , popplace = 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 '' Winkler Prins'' estimate) , region1 = , pop1 ...

built forts on the Syr Darya, but Khivans only raided the surrounding areas, campaigned south of Merv,

intervened, captured and beheaded because he unwisely pitched his tent on the edge of the camp. *Abdullah (1855) grandson of Ittazar's second son (ru:son of Muhammad Amin), enthroned by defeated army, soon killed by Turkmen rebels. * (1855–1856) brother of above, fought same rebels, assassinated by rebel ally who pretended to pay homage. * (1856) Apparently Howorth's Sayid Mahmud, an

opium Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: ''Lachryma papaveris'') is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy '' Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which ...

addict who abdicated in favor of his younger brother below. * (1856 – September 1864) son of second Qungrat khan, civil war, famine and plague, Ignatiev mission(1858), Arminius Vambery's visit (1863). * (Feruz Khan) (10 September 1864 – September 1910) son of above, conquered by Russia in 1873, Khiva became a Russian

. *

Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur Isfandiyar Khan, or Asfandiyar Khan ( uz, Isfandiyar-Xon; russian: Асфандияр-хан; 1871 – 1 October 1918), born Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur, was the Khan of Khiva between September 1910 and 1 October 1918, the 53rd Khan of Khiva, and t ...

(September 1910 – 1 October 1918) son of the above. Following the Russian Revolution, lost the country to Junaid Khan of the Turkmen Yomut tribe and was executed by him. Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur

* Sayid Abdullah (1 October 1918 – 1 February 1920) brother of the above. Real power in hands of Junaid Khan.

Notes and sources

*M Annanepesov and H. N. Bababekov, "The Khanates of Khiva and Kokand", in ''History of Civilizations in Central Asia'', Volume V, pp63–71, 2008 *

Frederick Burnaby Colonel Frederick Gustavus Burnaby (3 March 1842 – 17 January 1885) was a British Army intelligence officer. Burnaby's adventurous spirit, pioneering achievements, and swashbuckling courage earned an affection in the minds of Victorian imper ...

, ''A Ride to Khiva: Travels and Adventures in Central Asia'' (1876)
History of the Mongols
From the 9th to the 19th Century, By Sir Henry Hoyle Howorth (biographies of the Khans)

External links

"Russian Invasion (the end of the XIX century)"Map of the Khanates of Bukhara, Khiva, and Khokand and Part of Russian Turkistan
from 1875 by Eugene Schuyler {{DEFAULTSORT:Khiva States and territories established in 1511 States and territories disestablished in 1920 Turkic dynasties Central Asia in the Russian Empire Lists of khans Former Russian protectorates Historical Turkic states Former monarchies