A khaganate or khanate was a
polity ruled by a
khan
Khan may refer to:
*Khan (inn), from Persian, a caravanserai or resting-place for a travelling caravan
*Khan (surname), including a list of people with the name
*Khan (title), a royal title for a ruler in Mongol and Turkic languages and used by ...
,
khagan
Khagan or Qaghan (Mongolian:; or ''Khagan''; otk, 𐰴𐰍𐰣 ), or , tr, Kağan or ; ug, قاغان, Qaghan, Mongolian Script: ; or ; fa, خاقان ''Khāqān'', alternatively spelled Kağan, Kagan, Khaghan, Kaghan, Khakan, Khakhan ...
,
khatun
Khatun ( Mongolian: хатан; otk, 𐰴𐰍𐰣, katun; ota, خاتون, hatun or قادین ''kadın''; fa, خاتون ''khātūn''; ; hi, ख़ातून ') is a female title of nobility and counterpart to "khan" or " Khagan" promine ...
, or
khanum. That political territory was typically found on the
Eurasian Steppe
The Eurasian Steppe, also simply called the Great Steppe or the steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome. It stretches through Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova and Transnistr ...
and could be equivalent in status to
tribal chiefdom,
principality
A principality (or sometimes princedom) can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a regnant-monarch with the title of prince and/or princess, or by a monarch with another title considered to fall un ...
,
kingdom or
empire
An empire is a "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the metropole) ex ...
.
Mongol-ruled khanates
Chagatai Khanate (1226–1347)
After
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; ; xng, Temüjin, script=Latn; ., name=Temujin – August 25, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the List of largest empires, largest contiguous empire in history a ...
established
appanages for his family in the
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, ...
during his rule (1206–1227), his sons, daughters, and grandsons inherited separate sections of the empire. The Mongol Empire and Mongolian khanates that emerged from those appanages are listed below.
In 1226, the second son of Genghis Khan, Chagatai Khan established the Chagatai Khanate. At its height in the late 13th century, the khanate extended from the
Amu Darya
The Amu Darya, tk, Amyderýa/ uz, Amudaryo// tg, Амударё, Amudaryo ps, , tr, Ceyhun / Amu Derya grc, Ὦξος, Ôxos (also called the Amu, Amo River and historically known by its Latin name or Greek ) is a major river in Central Asi ...
south of the
Aral Sea to the
Altai Mountains
The Altai Mountains (), also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters. The massif merges with the ...
in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the defunct
Qara Khitai Empire. Initially the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan, but by the reign of
Kublai Khan
Kublai ; Mongolian script: ; (23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan and his regnal name Setsen Khan, was the founder of the Yuan dynasty of China and the fifth khagan-emperor of ...
,
Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed the emperor's orders.
Il-Khanate (1252–1335)
In 1256, Il-Khanate was established by the grandson of Genghis Khan,
Hulagu Khan
Hulagu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulegu ( mn, Хүлэгү/ , lit=Surplus, translit=Hu’legu’/Qülegü; chg, ; Arabic: fa, هولاکو خان, ''Holâku Khân;'' ; 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of We ...
. Its core territory lies in what is now part of the countries of
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
,
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of th ...
, and
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...
. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern
Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
,
Syria
Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
,
Armenia
Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''O ...
,
Georgia,
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is borde ...
,
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the s ...
,
Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
, part of modern
Dagestan
Dagestan ( ; rus, Дагеста́н, , dəɡʲɪˈstan, links=yes), officially the Republic of Dagestan (russian: Респу́блика Дагеста́н, Respúblika Dagestán, links=no), is a republic of Russia situated in the North Ca ...
, and part of modern
Tajikistan
Tajikistan (, ; tg, Тоҷикистон, Tojikiston; russian: Таджикистан, Tadzhikistan), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( tg, Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhurii Tojikiston), is a landlocked country in Centr ...
. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with
Ghazan
Mahmud Ghazan (5 November 1271 – 11 May 1304) (, Ghazan Khan, sometimes archaically spelled as Casanus by the Westerners) was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304. He was the son o ...
in 1295, converted to
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the ...
. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the
Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causi ...
. Its last khan
Abu Sa'id died in 1335, after which the khanate disintegrated. The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-
Iranian
Iranian may refer to:
* Iran, a sovereign state
* Iranian peoples, the speakers of the Iranian languages. The term Iranic peoples is also used for this term to distinguish the pan ethnic term from Iranian, used for the people of Iran
* Iranian lan ...
origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians in order to present the Mongols as heirs to the
Sasanians (224–651 AD) of pre-Islamic Iran.
* List of Mongol khanates
**
Bogd Khanate
The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia ( mn, , Богд хаант Монгол Улс; ) was the government of Outer Mongolia between 1911 and 1919 and again from 1921 to 1924. By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongol nobles including Prince Tögs- ...
(1911–1924), under rule of the
Bogd Khan, the last Mongol khagan
**
Dzungar Khanate, formed in 1634, covering
Xinjiang
Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwes ...
region of China,
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan,, pronounced or the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and the People's Republic of China to the ea ...
, eastern
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...
and western Mongolia; 2 December 1717 – 1720, also styled
Protector of Tibet; 1755 tributary to the
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
, 1755
annexed by Qing dynasty
**
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragmen ...
*** Blue Horde
*** White Horde
**
Kalmyk Khanate
The Kalmyk Khanate ( xal-RU, Хальмг хана улс, ''Xal'mg xana uls'') was an Oirat khanate on the Eurasian steppe. It extended over modern Kalmykia and surrounding areas in the North Caucasus, including Stavropol and Astrakhan. Duri ...
, established c.1630 by the
Torghut branch of the Mongol Oirats, settled along the lower
Volga River
The Volga (; russian: Во́лга, a=Ru-Волга.ogg, p=ˈvoɫɡə) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of , and a catch ...
(in modern Russia and Kazakhstan), 1630-1771
**
Kara Del
Kara Del or Qara Del was a Mongol-led kingdom that existed in Hami in present-day Xinjiang. It was founded by the Yuan prince Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, in the late 14th century (c.1389), and ruled by the Chagatayids thereafter ...
**
Keraite Khanate
**
Khamag Mongol Khanate
**
Khoshut Khanate
**
Khotgoid Khanate
**
Mergid Khanate
**
Moghul Khanate
**
Naiman Khanate
**
Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty)
**
Rouran Khaganate
**
Tatar Khanate
**
Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fif ...
***
Northern Yuan dynasty
The Northern Yuan () was a dynastic regime ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau. It existed as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the Jurchen-led Later Ji ...
Turkic khanates
*
First Turkic Khaganate
**
Eastern Turkic Khaganate
*
Second Turkic Khaganate
*
Uyghur Khaganate
*
Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
*
Xueyantuo
The Xueyantuo were an ancient Tiele tribe and khaganate in Northeast Asia who were at one point vassals of the Göktürks, later aligning with the Tang dynasty against the Eastern Göktürks.
Names Xue
''Xue'' 薛 appeared earlier as ' ...
*
Kara-Khanid Khanate
*
Khazar Khaganate
*
Turgesh Khaganate
*
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragmen ...
*
Cumania
*
Pechenegs
The Pechenegs () or Patzinaks tr, Peçenek(ler), Middle Turkic: , ro, Pecenegi, russian: Печенег(и), uk, Печеніг(и), hu, Besenyő(k), gr, Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, ka, პა� ...
*
Old Great Bulgaria
**
Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria, was a historic Bulgar state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia. Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state ...
, predecessor to the modern
Chuvash Republic
Chuvashia (russian: Чувашия; cv, Чӑваш Ен), officially the Chuvash Republic — Chuvasia,; cv, Чӑваш Республики — Чӑваш Ен is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is the homeland of the Chuv ...
and the
Chuvash people.
**
First Bulgarian Empire
The First Bulgarian Empire ( cu, блъгарьско цѣсарьствиѥ, blagarysko tsesarystviye; bg, Първо българско царство) was a medieval Bulgar- Slavic and later Bulgarian state that existed in Southeastern Eur ...
, which started as a Turko-Slavic state, also known as Danube Bulgaria (in contrast to Volga Bulgaria, as both were established by members of the same
Bulgar clan), but later became fully
Slavicized and a Tsardom.
*
Keraite Khanate
*
Naiman Khanate
*
Tatar Khanate
*
Merkit Khanate
Central Asian Turkic khanates
*
Senior zhuz
*
Middle zhuz
*
Junior zhuz
*
Astrakhan Khanate
* Besh Tau El
*
Bukey Horde
russian: Букеевская Орда
, conventional_long_name = Bukey Horde
, common_name = Bukey Horde
, government_type = Absolute monarchy
, year_start = 1801
, year_end = 1849
, p1 ...
, Bokei or Buqei; also known as the Inner or Interior Horde – This state founded in 1801 by Sultan Bukey under Russian suzerainty, and restyled as the khanate of the Inner Horde in 1812. 5,000–7,500 families of Kazakhs from the Younger Kazakh
Zhuz tribe settled between the Volga and
Yaik (Ural) rivers. In 1845 the post of khan was abolished, and Russia took over the region
*
Khanate of Bukhara
*
Crimean Khanate
*
*
Karluk Khanate
* Khanate of
Kashgaria – Kashgaria was founded in 1514 as part of
Chagatai Khanate; in the 17th century it was divided into several minor khanates without importance, with real power going to the so-called
Khwaja, Arabic Islamic religious leaders. It became the
Yarkent Khanate which was annexed by the
Dzungar Khanate in the
Dzungar conquest of Altishahr in 1680
*
Kazakh Khanate
*
Khanate of Kazan – The Mongol term khan became active when the
Genghisid dynasty was settled in
Kazan Duchy in the 1430s; imperial Russia added to its titles the former
Kazan khanate
The Khanate of Kazan ( tt, Казан ханлыгы, Kazan xanlıgı; russian: Казанское ханство, Kazanskoye khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 155 ...
with the royal style
tsar
Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East and South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word ''caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" in the European medieval sense of the ter ...
*
Kimek Khanate
*
Kokand Khanate
*
Kumul Khanate – a vassal state to
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
and
Republic of China, abolished in 1930
*
Maimana Khanate
*
*
Nogai Khanate
*
Oghuz Yabgu State
*
Qasim Khanate (hence modern
Kasimov) – named after its founder, a vassal of
Moscovia
The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Russia, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (russian: Великое княжество Московское, Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye; also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Lati ...
/Russia
*
Khanate of Sibir – source of the name Siberia, as the first significant conquest during Russia's great eastern expansion across the
Urals
* The Khanate of
Tuva near Outer Mongolia
*
Uzbek Khanate
The Uzbek Khanate ( uz, Oʻzbek xonligi or ''Oʻzbek ulusi / Ўзбек хонлиги or Ўзбек Улуси''), also known as the Abulkhair Khanate was a Shaybanid state preceding the Khanate of Bukhara. During the few years it existed, the ...
*
Western Turkic Khaganate
The Western Turkic Khaganate () or Onoq Khaganate ( otk, 𐰆𐰣:𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣, On oq budun, Ten arrow people) was a Turkic khaganate in Eurasia, formed as a result of the wars in the beginning of the 7th century (593–603 CE) after ...
*
Yarkent Khanate
18th- to early-19th-century Khanates of the Caucasus in the Qajar Empire
*
Ardabil Khanate
Ardabil Khanate () was an 18th-19th century khanate based in Ardabil. It was established by Badr Khan in 1736, who attended the coronation of Nader Shah in January 1736. The khanate was ruled by Sarikhanbayli clan of Shahsevan tribal alliance. It w ...
*
Baku Khanate
*
Derbent Khanate
*
Erivan Khanate
*
Ganja Khanate
*
Gazikumukh Khanate
*
Javad Khanate
Javad Khanate ( fa, خانات جواد) was a khanate in the territory of modern Azerbaijan with its capital in the town of Javad. It extended from Javad on the Kura River southwest along the east side of the Aras River. It was bordered by S ...
*
Karabakh Khanate
The Karabakh Khanate was a semi-independent Turkic Caucasian khanate on the territories of modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan established in about 1748 under Iranian suzerainty in Karabakh and adjacent areas.
The Karabakh Khanate came under ...
*
Karadagh khanate
*
Khalkhal Khanate
*
Khoy Khanate
The Khoy Khanate, also known as the Principality of Donboli, was a hereditary Kurdish khanate around Khoy and Salmas in Iran ruled by the Donboli tribe from 1210 until 1799. The khanate has been described as the most powerful khanate in the regi ...
*
Kura Khanate
*
Maku Khanate
Khanate of Maku was an 18th-20th century khanate based in Maku of the Bayat dynasty.
It came into existence after the death of Nader Shah which led to the breakup of the Safavid empire, and gain semi-independence. It rejoined the Persian Empir ...
*
Maragheh Khanate
*
Marand Khanate
*
Nakhchivan Khanate
*
Nishapur Khanate
*
Quba Khanate
*
Sarab Khanate
The Sarab Khanate () was a Kurdish khanate centered around Sarab after 1747 and ruled by the Shaqaqi tribe.
History
Rise of the Khanate
With the collapse of the Safavid Empire in 1722, the Caucasian provinces were thrown into chaos. The ...
*
Shaki Khanate
*
Shamakhy Khanate Shamakhy khanate was a feudal state on the modern territory of Azerbaijan in the 18th century. Diarchy existed in Shamakhy khanate. Part of the khanate was governed by Mahammad Hasan khan, other parts was governed by Mahammad Said and Agasi brothers ...
*
Shirvan Khanate
*
Tabriz Khanate
The Tabriz Khanate ( fa, خانات تبریز, Azerbaijani: تبریز خانلیغی) was a Caucasian Khanate from 1757 to 1799, centered around Tabriz and led by members of the Turkified Kurdish Donboli tribe.
History
Founding
Until the ...
*
Talysh Khanate
*
Urmia Khanate
Manchu-ruled khanate
*
Later Jin dynasty – Later evolved into the
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
Other khanates
*
Avar Khanate
*
Avar Khaganate
*
Khanate of Kalat
See also
*
Rus Khaganate
The Rusʹ Khaganate ( be, Рускі каганат, ''Ruski kahanat'', russian: Русский каганат, ''Russkiy kaganat'', uk, Руський каганат, ''Ruśkyj kahanat''), is the name applied by some modern historians to a ...
(not an actual Khanate but so named retroactively)
*
Afsharid dynasty
*
Beg Khan Beg Khan, or Bekkhan among the Muslim areas of Russia, is a concatenation of ''Baig'', and '' Khan'' titles originally used in Central Asia and the Middle East to indicate nobility or high rank. It is used as part of the name or title by the followi ...
*
Orda (organization)
*
Safavid dynasty
The Safavid dynasty (; fa, دودمان صفوی, Dudmâne Safavi, ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of th ...
*
Timurid dynasty
References
External links
*
{{Authority control
Political systems
Anthropology
Islamic states by type