Kargopolsky District
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Kargopolsky District (russian: Каргопо́льский райо́н) is an administrative district (
raion A raion (also spelt rayon) is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet states. The term is used for both a type of subnational entity and a division of a city. The word is from the French (meaning 'honeycomb, department'), and is co ...
), one of the twenty-one in
Arkhangelsk Oblast Arkhangelsk Oblast (russian: Арха́нгельская о́бласть, ''Arkhangelskaya oblast'') is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It includes the Arctic Ocean, Arctic archipelagos of Franz Josef Land ...
,
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
.Law #65-5-OZ As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Kargopolsky Municipal District.Law #258-vneoch.-OZ It is located in the southwest of the
oblast An oblast (; ; Cyrillic (in most languages, including Russian and Ukrainian): , Bulgarian: ) is a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Ukraine, as well as the Soviet Union and the Kingdom of ...
and borders with
Plesetsky District Plesetsky District (russian: Плесе́цкий райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia.Law #65-5-OZ As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Plesetsky Municipal District.Law ...
in the north,
Nyandomsky District Nyandomsky District (russian: Ня́ндомский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia.Law #65-5-OZ As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Nyandomsky Municipal Distri ...
in the northeast,
Konoshsky District Konoshsky District (russian: Ко́ношский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia.Law #65-5-OZ As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Konoshsky Municipal District.L ...
in the east,
Kirillovsky District Kirillovsky District (russian: Кири́лловский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #371-OZ and municipalLaw #1116-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast and borde ...
of
Vologda Oblast Vologda Oblast ( rus, Вологодская область, p=vəlɐˈɡotskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ, r=Vologodskaya oblast, ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is Vologda. The Oblast has a population of 1,202,444 ...
in the south,
Vytegorsky District Vytegorsky District (russian: Вытего́рский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #371-OZ and municipalLaw #1113-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast and bord ...
, also of Vologda Oblast, in the southwest, and with
Pudozhsky District Pudozhsky District (russian: Пу́дожский райо́н; krl, Puudožin piiri) is an administrative district (raion), one of the fifteen in the Republic of Karelia, Russia.Constitution of the Republic of Karelia It is located in the sou ...
of the
Republic of Karelia The Republic of Karelia (russian: Респу́блика Каре́лия, Respublika Kareliya; ; krl, Karjalan tašavalta; ; fi, Karjalan tasavalta; vep, Karjalan Tazovaldkund, Ludic: ''Kard’alan tazavald''), also known as just Karelia (rus ...
in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its
administrative center An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or ...
is the
town A town is a human settlement. Towns are generally larger than villages and smaller than cities, though the criteria to distinguish between them vary considerably in different parts of the world. Origin and use The word "town" shares an ori ...
of
Kargopol Kargopol (russian: Ка́ргополь) is a town and the administrative center of Kargopolsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on both sides of the Onega River, several miles north of Lake Lacha, in the southwestern corner of t ...
. Population: The population of Kargopol accounts for 55.3% of the district's total population.


History

The area was populated by speakers of
Uralic languages The Uralic languages (; sometimes called Uralian languages ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian (w ...
and then colonized by the
Novgorod Republic The Novgorod Republic was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the northern Ural Mountains in the east, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of m ...
. Traditionally, the foundation of Kargopol is thought to be in 1146, although it was not first mentioned in the chronicles until the 14th century. In the 15th century, it was already a fortress, playing an important role in the struggle between Novgorod and the emerging power of Moscow. In particular, in 1447 the outlaw prince
Dmitry Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurievich Shemyaka (Дмитрий Юрьевич Шемяка in Russian) (died 1453) was the second son of Yury of Zvenigorod by Anastasia of Smolensk and grandson of Dmitri Donskoi. His hereditary patrimony was the rich Northern town ...
, after being chased from Moscow by Vasily II, fled to Kargopol and stayed there for over a year. After the fall of Novgorod, the area became a part of the
Grand Duchy of Moscow The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Russia, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (russian: Великое княжество Московское, Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye; also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Lati ...
. In the 16th century, Kargopol was one of the biggest towns of Russia, and was mainly a merchant town due to its location on the road from Moscow to Arkhangelsk (at the time, the main Russian harbor for European trade). Kargopol was also used for political exile. For instance,
Ivan Bolotnikov Ivan Isayevich Bolotnikov (russian: Ива́н Иса́евич Боло́тников; 1565–1608) headed a popular uprising in Russia in 1606–1607 known as the Bolotnikov Rebellion (Восстание Ивана Болотникова). The up ...
, the leader of the peasant insurgence, was sent to Kargopol in 1607, where he was blinded and then drowned. After St. Petersburg was built in 1703, the trade was rerouted to the
Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the North and Central European Plain. The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from ...
and the importance of Kargopol diminished. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by
Peter the Great Peter I ( – ), most commonly known as Peter the Great,) or Pyotr Alekséyevich ( rus, Пётр Алексе́евич, p=ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ, , group=pron was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from t ...
, the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known from 1710 as
Saint Petersburg Governorate Saint Petersburg Governorate (russian: Санкт-Петербу́ргская губе́рния, ''Sankt-Peterburgskaya guberniya''), or Government of Saint Petersburg, was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Tsardom of Russia ...
). In 1727, it was transferred to the newly established
Novgorod Governorate Novgorod Governorate (Pre-reformed rus, Новгоро́дская губе́рнія, r=Novgorodskaya guberniya, p=ˈnofɡərətskəjə ɡʊˈbʲernʲɪjə, t=Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Ru ...
. After a number of administrative reforms, in 1801 Kargopol ended up as the seat of
Kargopolsky Uyezd Kargopolsky Uyezd (''Каргопольский уезд'') was one of the subdivisions of the Olonets Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the eastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Kargopol. Demographics A ...
, one of the four uyezds of the newly established
Olonets Governorate The Olonets Governorate or Government of Olonets was a '' guberniya'' (governorate) of north-western Imperial Russia, extending from Lake Ladoga almost to the White Sea, bounded west by Finland, north and east by Arkhangelsk and Vologda, and sou ...
. On April 30, 1919, Kargopolsky Uyezd was transferred to
Vologda Governorate Vologda Governorate (russian: link=no, Вологодская губерния, ''Vologodskaya guberniya'', ''Government of Vologda'') was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed fr ...
, and in 1922, when Olonets Governorate was abolished, some areas from Vytegorsky Uyezd were transferred to Kargopolsky Uyezd. On July 15, 1929, the uyezds were abolished, the governorates merged into
Northern Krai Northern Krai (russian: Северный край, ''Severny Krai'') was a ''krai'' (a first-level administrative and municipal unit) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1929 to 1936. Its seat was in the city of Arkhangelsk. ...
, and Kargopolsky District was established among others. It became a part of
Nyandoma Okrug Nyandoma (russian: Ня́ндома) is a town and the administrative center of Nyandomsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located south of Arkhangelsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: History Nyandoma was founded in ...
of Northern Krai. The areas south of Lake Lacha belonged to
Kirillovsky Uyezd Kirillovsky Uyezd (''Кирилловский уезд'') was one of the subdivisions of the Novgorod Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Kirillov. Demograph ...
of Novgorod Governorate. In 1918, five uyezds of Novgorod Governorate, including Kirillovsky Uyezd, were split off to form
Cherepovets Governorate Cherepovets Governorate (russian: Череповецкая губерния, ''Cherepovetskaya guberniya'') was a governorate ('' guberniya'') of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918 to 1927. Its seat was in the city of Cher ...
. In 1919, these areas were transferred to Kargopolsky Uyezd. In the following years, the first-level administrative division of Russia kept changing. In 1930, the okrug was abolished, and the district was subordinated to the central administration of Northern Krai. In 1936, the krai was transformed into Northern Oblast. In 1937, Northern Oblast itself was split into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast. Kargopolsky District remained in Arkhangelsk Oblast ever since.


Geography

The district is almost exclusively located in the basin of the
Onega River The Onega (russian: Оне́га; fi, Äänisjoki) is a river in Kargopolsky, Plesetsky, and Onezhsky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. The Onega connects Lake Lacha with the Onega Bay in the White Sea southwest of Arkhangelsk, flowing ...
, which is the biggest river in the district, and belongs to the basin of the
White Sea The White Sea (russian: Белое море, ''Béloye móre''; Karelian and fi, Vienanmeri, lit. Dvina Sea; yrk, Сэрако ямʼ, ''Serako yam'') is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia. It is su ...
. The source of the Onega is
Lake Lacha Lake Lacha (russian: Ла́ча, Ла́че) is a freshwater lake, located in the south of Kargopolsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia, south of the town of Kargopol. It is the largest lake in Arkhangelsk Oblast, with a surface area of ...
, which is the biggest lake in the district. The northeastern shore of
Lake Vozhe Lake Vozhe, also known as Lake Charondskoye (russian: Воже, Чарондское), is a lake in the northern part of Vologda Oblast in Russia. The area of the lake is , and the area of its basin is . The average depth is around (maximum depth ...
, also in the basin of the Onega, belongs to Kargopolsky District, but the lake itself is in Vologda Oblast. The two lakes are connected by the
Svid River The Svid (russian: Свидь) is a river in Kargopolsky District in the south-west of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It connects Lake Vozhe and Lake Lacha and belongs to the river basin of the Onega. It is long, and the area of its basin . T ...
. The major
tributary A tributary, or affluent, is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem (or parent) river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drainage ...
of the Onega is the Voloshka River (left). Some minor areas in the northwest of the district belong to the basin of the
Vodla River The Vodla (, ) is a river in the south-east of Republic of Karelia, Russia. The town of Pudozh is located along Vodla. The river is formed at the confluence of the rivers Sukhaya Vodla and Vama, two outflows of the Lake Vodlozero, a large freshwat ...
and eventually of the
Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the North and Central European Plain. The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from ...
, and very minor areas in the southwest belong to the basin of the Kema River and eventually to the
Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central Asia ...
. There are many lakes in the district, especially in the northwest. The biggest lake after Lake Lacha is
Lake Lyokshmozero Lake Lyokshmozero (russian: Лёкшмозеро) is a freshwater lake, located in the north-west of Kargopolsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It is one of the biggest lakes in Arkhangelsk Oblast and the second biggest in Kargopolsky D ...
, which is connected to the Onega by the Lyokshma River. The major part of the district is covered by coniferous forests (
taiga Taiga (; rus, тайга́, p=tɐjˈɡa; relates to Mongolic and Turkic languages), generally referred to in North America as a boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruce ...
). The northern part of the district, including Lake Lyokshmozero, is included into
Kenozersky National Park Kenozersky National Park (russian: Кенозерский национальный парк) is a national park in the north of Russia, located in Kargopolsky and Plesetsky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast. It was established December 28, 1 ...
(which is split between Kargopolsky and Plesetsky Districts).


Administrative and municipal status

The borders of Kargopolsky District for the most part conform to those of the municipal district, with the exception of the settlement of Sovza, which is administratively a part of Yertsevsky Selsoviet of
Konoshsky District Konoshsky District (russian: Ко́ношский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia.Law #65-5-OZ As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Konoshsky Municipal District.L ...
, but is municipally incorporated within Ukhotskoye Rural Settlement of Kargopolsky Municipal District.


Administrative divisions

As an administrative division, the district is divided into twelve
selsoviet Selsoviet ( be, сельсавет, r=sieĺsaviet, tr. ''sieĺsaviet''; rus, сельсовет, p=ˈsʲelʲsɐˈvʲɛt, r=selsovet; uk, сільрада, silrada) is a shortened name for a rural council and for the area governed by such a cou ...
s and one
town of district significance Town of district significance is an administrative division of a district in a federal subject of Russia. It is equal in status to a selsoviet or an urban-type settlement of district significance, but is organized around a town (as opposed to a ...
(
Kargopol Kargopol (russian: Ка́ргополь) is a town and the administrative center of Kargopolsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on both sides of the Onega River, several miles north of Lake Lacha, in the southwestern corner of t ...
). The following selsoviets have been established (the
administrative center An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or ...
s are given in parentheses): *Kalitinsky (Kalitinka) *Khotenovsky (Kononovo) *Krechetovsky (Krechetovo) *Lyokshmozersky (Morshchikhinskaya) *Lodyginsky (Kazakovo) *Oshevensky (Shiryaikha) *Pavlovsky (Prigorodny) *Pechnikovsky (Vatamanovskaya) *Priozyorny (Shelokhovskaya) *Tikhmangsky (Patrovskaya) *Usachevsky (Usachevskaya) *Ukhotsky (Pesok)


Municipal divisions

As a municipal division, the district is divided into one urban settlement and five rural settlements (the administrative centers are given in parentheses): *Kargopolskoye Urban Settlement (
Kargopol Kargopol (russian: Ка́ргополь) is a town and the administrative center of Kargopolsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on both sides of the Onega River, several miles north of Lake Lacha, in the southwestern corner of t ...
) * Oshevenskoye Rural Settlement (Shiryaikha) * Pavlovskoye Rural Settlement (Prigorodny) * Pechnikovskoye Rural Settlement (Vatamanovskaya) *
Priozyornoye Rural Settlement Priozerny/Priozyorny (russian: Прио́зерный/; masculine), Priozernaya/Priozyornaya (/; feminine), or Priozernoye/Priozyornoye (/; neuter) is the name of several types of inhabited localities in Russia, rural localities in Russia. Modern ...
(Shelokhovskaya) * Ukhotskoye Rural Settlement (Pesok)


Economy


Industry

Timber industry is the basic industry of the district. The linum production factory, which used to exist in Kargopol until the 1970s, is defunct.


Agriculture

Traditionally, the lands northwest of Kargopol were used to grow crops, and until the 1970s
linum ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
was also cultivated. However, these activities became unprofitable due to depopulation (in a hundred years, the number of villages was reduced by a factor of five), and in the 1970s the district's production shifted to beef and milk. This has been further reduced in the 1990s due to the economic crisis in Russia. There is also fishery, mainly on the lakes including
Lake Lacha Lake Lacha (russian: Ла́ча, Ла́че) is a freshwater lake, located in the south of Kargopolsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia, south of the town of Kargopol. It is the largest lake in Arkhangelsk Oblast, with a surface area of ...
.


Transportation

Kargopol is connected by a paved road with
Nyandoma Nyandoma (russian: Ня́ндома) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, town and the administrative center of Nyandomsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located south of Arkhangelsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Popu ...
and further east the principal highway in the region, M8 connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk. There is a road to the north, which connects to M8 via
Plesetsk Plesetsk (russian: Плесе́цк) is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, situated about northeast of Moscow and south of Arkhangelsk. Municipally, it is t ...
and
Brin-Navolok Brín-Navolok (russian: Брин-Наволок) is a town in northern Russia, located in the Arkhangelsk region. It is the namesake of the Brin-Navolok municipality, as well as its administrative and geographical centre. Geography Brin-Navolok ...
. This is the historic trading route which connected Kargopol with Arkhangelsk before the railroad was built, and long stretches of this road are still unpaved. The stretch between Kargopol and Plesetsk was paved in 2011. Another unpaved road in the western direction crosses the border with the
Republic of Karelia The Republic of Karelia (russian: Респу́блика Каре́лия, Respublika Kareliya; ; krl, Karjalan tašavalta; ; fi, Karjalan tasavalta; vep, Karjalan Tazovaldkund, Ludic: ''Kard’alan tazavald''), also known as just Karelia (rus ...
and heads to
Pudozh Pudozh (russian: Пудож; krl, Puudoži; vep, Pudož; fi, Puudosi or ') is a town and the administrative center of Pudozhsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, located on the Vodla River east of Petrozavodsk, but traveling by the ...
. There is no railroad in Kargopol, even though at the time of construction of the railway between Vologda and Arkhangelsk (the decision on the route was taken by Tsar Alexander III in June 1894) it was the biggest town in the region, and the railway was constructed through unpopulated areas. There is an urban legend stating that Kargopol merchants were unhappy with the prospective of the railway construction in Kargopol thinking it would deteriorate the trade, and therefore requested the railway to be built in detour. As a matter of fact, the local governance body, the Kargopol Duma, in September 1894 twice discussed the issue, came to the conclusion that the railroad construction indeed would deteriorate the trade, but that if it does not pass Kargopol, the damage would be much stronger. Therefore, on both occasions, the Duma sent a petition requesting that the railway would be rerouted via Kargopol. This did not occur, since the construction has already started in August 1894, and since the detour would be too big, as Kargopol is not on a straight line connecting Vologda with Arkhangelsk.


Culture and recreation

Kargopolsky District has a very high concentration of historical, archaeological, and architectural monuments. The district contains 40 objects (thirteen of them in Kargopol) classified as cultural and historical heritage by Russian Federal law, and additionally 182 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance. Most of these are the white-stone churches of the town of Kargopol and wooden churches and chapels located in the area. The town of Kargopol contains a number of white-stone churches, the earliest of which, the Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ, dates back to 1552. This is the oldest building of mainland Arkhangelsk Oblast (some buildings of the
Solovetsky Monastery The Solovetsky Monastery ( rus, Солове́цкий монасты́рь, p=səlɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪj mənɐˈstɨrʲ) is a fortified monastery located on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea in northern Russia. It was one of the largest Christ ...
also stem from the 16th century). The monuments classified as historical and architectural heritage include: *The Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ (1552–1562) with the bell-tower (1766–1767) in Kargopol *The Resurrection Church (end of 17th century) in Kargopol *The Church of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist (1740–1751) in Kargopol *The Holy Trinity Church (1790–1802) in Kargopol *The Presentation Church (1803) in Kargopol *The ensemble of three churches: the Annunciation Church (1692), the Saint Nicholas Church (1741), and the Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos (1678–1680) in Kargopol *The ensemble of Aleksandro-Oshevensky Monastery (from 1707) in Oshevensk *The ensemble of Pogost Bolshaya Shalga consisting of the Nativity Church (1745) and the Intercession Church (1857) in Bolshaya Shalga *The Saint Nicholas Church (1659) in Pavlovsky Pogost; no longer exists *The Saint Nicholas Church (1666) in Volosovo *The Church of the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple in Krasnaya Lyaga, a former village west of Kargopol; *The triple ensemble in Lyadiny ( Gavrilovskaya) the Church of the Protection of the Theotokos (1693), the Intercession Church (1761), and the bell-tower (1820). The Intercession Church and the bell-tower burned down on May 6, 2013 and do not any longer exist. *The Saint Nicholas Chapel (1834) in the village of Pogost *The ensemble of the
Saunino Pogost Saunino (russian: Саунино) is a rural locality (a village) in Sizemskoye Rural Settlement, Sheksninsky District Sheksninsky District (russian: Шексни́нский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #371-OZ and municipalLaw #1130-OZ ...
consisting of the Church of Saint John Chrysostom (1665) and the bell-tower (18th century) in Kiprovo The only state museum in the district is Kargopol State Museum of History, Art, and Architecture, founded in 1919. This is cloak organization, which not only holds ethnographic, art and historic exhibits, but also protects some of the architectural monuments in Kargopol and surroundings. Fifteen buildings, including a number of churches, belong to the museum. Another museum was open in 1994 in the school of the ''selo'' of Lyadiny. There are also two private museums in Kargopol. There is a traditional handicraft in Kargopol and the area which is production of painted clay toys.


References


Notes


Sources

* * *Brumfield, William. ''Kargopol: Architectural Heritage in Photographs'' (Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2007) (in English and in Russian) {{Use mdy dates, date=July 2012 Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast States and territories established in 1929 1929 establishments in the Soviet Union