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Kapampangan or Pampangan is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major
languages of the Philippines There are some 120 to 187 languages spoken in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native to the archipelago. A number of Spanish-influenced creole varieties generally called C ...
. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, where the Kapampangan ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan, as well as in the provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few
Aeta The Aeta (Ayta ), Agta, or Dumagat, are collective terms for several Filipino indigenous peoples who live in various parts of the island of Luzon in the Philippines. They are considered to be part of the Negrito ethnic groups and share common ...
groups in the southern part of Central Luzon. The language is known honorifically as ('breastfed, or nurtured, language').


Classification

Kapampangan is one of the
Central Luzon languages The Central Luzon languages are a group of languages belonging to the Philippine languages. These are predominantly spoken in the western portions of Central Luzon in the Philippines. One of them, Kapampangan, is the major language of the Pam ...
of the Austronesian language family. Its closest relatives are the
Sambalic languages The Sambalic languages are a part of the Central Luzon language family spoken by the Sambals, an ethnolinguistic group on the western coastal areas of Central Luzon and the Zambales mountain ranges. Demographics The largest Sambalic languages a ...
of Zambales province and the
Bolinao language The Bolinao language or Binubolinao is a Central Luzon language spoken primarily in the municipalities of Bolinao and Anda, Pangasinan in the Philippines. It has approximately 50,000 speakers, making it the second most widely spoken Sambalic l ...
spoken in the towns of
Bolinao Bolinao, officially the Municipality of Bolinao ( pag, Baley na Bolinao; ilo, Ili ti Bolinao; tgl, Bayan ng Bolinao), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of ...
and
Anda Anda or ANDA may refer to: Places China *Anda, Heilongjiang, a city in Heilongjiang, China *Anda railway station, a railway station in Anda, China Iran *Anda, Iran, a village in Fars Province, Iran Norway *Anda, Norway, an island in Øksnes mun ...
in Pangasinan. These languages share the same reflex of the proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R.


History

''Kapampangan'' is derived from the root word ('riverbank'). The language was historically spoken in the
Kingdom of Tondo In early Philippine history, the Tagalog settlement at Tondo (; Baybayin: ) was a major trade hub located on the northern part of the Pasig River delta, on Luzon island.Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Phi ...
, ruled by the
Lakan In early Philippine history, the rank of ''lakan'' denoted a " paramount ruler" (or more specifically, "''paramount datu''") of one of the large coastal barangays (known as a "bayan") on the central and southern regions of the island of Luzon. ...
s. A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period. wrote two 18th-century books about the language: Bergaño (first published in 1729) and (first published in 1732). Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants; was noted for and , and playwright wrote in 1901. "Crissotan" was written by Amado Yuzon, Soto's 1950s contemporary and
Nobel Prize The Nobel Prizes ( ; sv, Nobelpriset ; no, Nobelprisen ) are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind." Alfr ...
nominee for peace and literature, to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature.


Geographic distribution

Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac ( Bamban,
Capas Capas, officially the Municipality of Capas ( pam, Balen ning Capas; tgl, Bayan ng Capas), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Tarlac, Philippines, and one of the richest towns in the province. The town also consists of numerous su ...
, Concepcion, San Jose, Gerona, La Paz,
Victoria Victoria most commonly refers to: * Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada * Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory * Victoria, Seychelle ...
and Tarlac City). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of Bataan ( Dinalupihan, Hermosa and
Orani Orani, officially the Municipality of Orani ( tl, Bayan ng Orani), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bataan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 70,342 people. Geography Orani is from Balanga and n ...
), Bulacan ( Baliuag, San Miguel,
San Ildefonso San Ildefonso (), La Granja (), or La Granja de San Ildefonso, is a town and municipality in the Province of Segovia, in the Castile and León autonomous region of central Spain. It is located in the foothills of the Sierra de Guadarrama mounta ...
, Hagonoy, Plaridel, Pulilan and
Calumpit Calumpit, officially the Municipality of Calumpit ( tgl, Bayan ng Calumpit), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 118,471 people. Etymology The name "''Calu ...
), Nueva Ecija ( Cabiao, San Isidro, Gapan City and
Cabanatuan City Cabanatuan, officially the City of Cabanatuan ( fil, Lungsod ng Cabanatuan; ilo, Siudad ti Cabanatuan), is a 1st class component city in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 327,325 peo ...
) and Zambales ( Olongapo City and Subic). In Mindanao, a significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in South Cotabato, specifically in General Santos and the municipalities of
Polomolok Polomolok, officially the Municipality of Polomolok ( hil, Banwa sang Polomolok; ceb, Lungsod sa Polomolok; tl, Bayan ng Polomolok; mdh, Inged nu Pulumuluk, Jawi: ايڠايد نو ڤولومولوق), is a 1st class municipality in the provin ...
and Tupi. According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language.


Phonology

Standard Kapampangan has 21
phoneme In phonology and linguistics, a phoneme () is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language. For example, in most dialects of English, with the notable exception of the West Midlands and the north-wes ...
s: 15
consonant In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are and pronounced with the lips; and pronounced with the front of the tongue; and pronounced wi ...
s and five
vowel A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (leng ...
s; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel.


Vowels

Standard Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes: *, a
close back unrounded vowel The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Typographically, it is a turned letter ; gi ...
when unstressed; allophonic with , an
open front unrounded vowel The open front unrounded vowel, or low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. It is one of the eight primary cardinal vowels, not directly intended to correspond to a vowel sound of a specific language b ...
similar to English ''father'' when stressed *, an
open-mid front unrounded vowel The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is a Latinised variant of the Greek lower ...
similar to English ''bed'' *, a
close front unrounded vowel The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English wo ...
similar to English ''machine'' *, a
close-mid back rounded vowel The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Close-mid back protruded vowel The close ...
similar to English ''forty'' *, a close back rounded vowel similar to English ''flute'' There are four main diphthongs: , , , and . In most dialects (including standard Kapampangan), and are reduced to and respectively. Monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions: * becomes in all unstressed positions. *Unstressed is usually pronounced , as in English ''bit'' and ''book'' respectively (except final syllables). *In final syllables can be pronounced , and can be pronounced . ** ('these') can be pronounced / or /; ('bought') can be pronounced or ; ('to us' xcept you can be pronounced or ; can be pronounced or , ('dusk') can be pronounced or . ** ('he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly') can be pronounced or ; ('book') can be pronounced or ; ('who') can be pronounced or ; ('to me') can be pronounced or , and ('cricket') can be pronounced or . *Unstressed are usually pronounced , respectively (except final syllables).


Consonants

In the chart of Kapampangan consonants, all stops are unaspirated. The
velar nasal The voiced velar nasal, also known as agma, from the Greek word for 'fragment', is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ''ng'' in English ''sing'' as well as ''n'' before velar consonants as in ''Englis ...
occurs in all positions, including the beginning of a word. Unlike other languages of the Philippines but similar to Ilocano, Kapampangan uses /h/ only in words of foreign origin. * tends to lenite to between vowels. * and are allophones in Kapampangan, and sometimes interchangeable; can be ('Where are the books?'). *A glottal stop at the end of a word is often omitted in the middle of a sentence and, unlike in most languages of the Philippines, is conspicuously absent word-internally; hence, Batiáuan's dropping of
semivowels In phonetics and phonology, a semivowel, glide or semiconsonant is a sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable boundary, rather than as the nucleus of a syllable. Examples of semivowels in English are the c ...
from its very name.


Stress

Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress, except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress shift can occur, shifting to the right or left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use (as in the following examples):Forman, Michael, 1971, pp.28-29 * ('should, ought to') → ('deed, concern, business') * ('gather, burn trash') → ('trash pile') Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation; again, stress can shift to the right or the left: * → ('company') * → ('melt, digest')


Sound changes

In Kapampangan, the proto-Philippine schwa vowel merged to in most dialects of Kapampangan; it is preserved in some western dialects. Proto-Philippine is ('to plant') in Kapampangan, compared with Tagalog , Cebuano and Ilocano ('grave'). Proto-Philippine merged with . The Kapampangan word for 'new' is ; it is in Tagalog, in Ilocano, and in Indonesian.


Grammar

Kapampangan is a VSO or Verb-Subject-Object language. However, the word order can be very flexible and change to VOS (Verb-Object-Subject) and SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Just like other Austronesian languages, Kapampangan is also an agglutinative language where new words are formed by adding affixes onto a root word (affixation) and the repetition of words, or portions of words (reduplication), (for example: ('child') to ('children')). Root words are frequently derived from other words by means of prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. (For example: ('food') to ('to eat') to ' ('eating') to ('being eaten')). Kapampangan can form long words through extensive use of affixes, for example: , 'a group of people having their noses bleed at the same time', , 'everyone loves each other', , 'can speak Kapampangan', and 'until to fall in love'. Long words frequently occur in normal Kapampangan.


Nouns

Kapampangan nouns are not inflected, but are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive ( nominative), ergative ( genitive), and
oblique Oblique may refer to: * an alternative name for the character usually called a slash (punctuation) ( / ) *Oblique angle, in geometry *Oblique triangle, in geometry * Oblique lattice, in geometry * Oblique leaf base, a characteristic shape of the b ...
. Unlike English and
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
(which are nominative–accusative languages) and Inuit and
Basque Basque may refer to: * Basques, an ethnic group of Spain and France * Basque language, their language Places * Basque Country (greater region), the homeland of the Basque people with parts in both Spain and France * Basque Country (autonomous co ...
(which are ergative–absolutive languages), Kapampangan has
Austronesian alignment Symmetrical voice, also known as Austronesian alignment, the Philippine-type voice system or the Austronesian focus system, is a typologically unusual kind of morphosyntactic alignment in which "one argument can be marked as having a special relat ...
(in common with most Philippine languages). Austronesian alignment may work with nominative (and absolutive) or ergative (and absolutive) markers and pronouns. Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark (for example) location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people (personal) and everything else (common). Examples: * ('The man arrived.') * ('Juan saw Maria.') * ('Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house.') * ('Where are the books?') * ('I will give the key to Carmen.')


Pronouns

Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.


Examples

* ('I wrote.') * ('I wrote to him.') * ('He r shewrote me.') * ('He r shehas arrived.') Note: 'He arrived (or arrives)'; 'He has arrived.' * ('Tell it to me.') * ('Who called you?') * ('They are reading.') * ('Are the pigs eating?') Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can replace the genitive pronoun, but precede the word they modify. *; ; ('my house') The dual pronoun and the inclusive pronoun refer to the first and second person. The exclusive pronoun refers to the first and third persons. * ('We ualdo not have rice.') * ('We nclusivedo not have rice.') *, ('We xclusivedo not have rice.') Kapampangan differs from many
Philippine languages The Philippine languages or Philippinic are a proposed group by R. David Paul Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust (1991; 2005; 2019) that include all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi, Indonesia—except Sama–Bajaw (languag ...
in requiring the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the grammatical antecedent, is present. * (not ; 'Ernie arrived'). * (not ; 'Maria and Juan are reading'). * (not ; 'José wrote you').


Special forms

The pronouns and have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words ('there is/are') and ('there is/are not'). * ('He is in Pampanga'). *, ('The doctors are no longer here'). Both and are correct. The plural form ('they are') is and . Both and are correct in the plural form. The singular forms are and .


Pronoun combinations

Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order after verbs (or particles, such as negation words). The enclitic pronoun is always followed by another pronoun (or discourse marker: * ('I saw you'). * ('He wrote to me'). Pronouns also combine to form a
portmanteau A portmanteau word, or portmanteau (, ) is a blend of wordsergative case.


Demonstrative pronouns

Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural. The demonstrative pronouns and (and their respective forms) both mean 'this', but each has distinct uses. usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns: ('this music'), ('this is what we do'). is always concrete: ('this book'), ('this is Juan's dog'). In their locative forms, is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of; is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country as , but will refer to their respective towns as ; both mean 'here'. The plural forms of a demonstrative pronoun and its existential form (for the nearest addressee) are exceptions. The plural of is ; the plural of is ; the plural of is , and the plural of is . The existential form of is . * ('What's this?') *, ('These flowers smell nice'). * ('Who is that man?') *, ('Come here'). *, , ('I am here'). * ('They will eat there'). * ('Who is that child?') * ('So that's where your glasses are!') * ('I haven't seen one of these before'). * ('Those are delicious'). * ('Here are the two gifts for you'). * ('I like you!') * ('I love you!') * ('Let's eat!') * ('I don't want to lose you!')


Verbs

Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex, and take a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect and mode. The language has
Austronesian alignment Symmetrical voice, also known as Austronesian alignment, the Philippine-type voice system or the Austronesian focus system, is a typologically unusual kind of morphosyntactic alignment in which "one argument can be marked as having a special relat ...
, and the verbs change according to triggers in the sentence (better known as voices). Kapampangan has five voices: agent, patient, goal, locative, and cirumstantial. The circumstantial voice prefix is used for instrument and benefactee subjects. The
direct case A direct case ( abbreviated ) is a grammatical case used with all three core relations: both the agent and patient of transitive verbs and the argument of intransitive verbs, though not always at the same time. The direct case contrasts with ot ...
morphemes in Kapampangan are (which marks singular subjects) and , for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with the ergative-case ; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case ''-ng'', which is cliticized onto the preceding word.In the examples, the word to which the accusative case marker attaches is a pronoun or
portmanteau A portmanteau word, or portmanteau (, ) is a blend of wordsco-referential. In sentences with an agent trigger, the pronoun co-refers with the agent subject. In sentences with a non-agent trigger, the portmanteau pronoun co-refers with both the ergative agent and the non-agent subject, which is marked with direct case.
DIR:direct case morpheme CT:cirumstantial trigger


Ambiguities and irregularities

Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs difficult because some verbs belong to unpredictable verb classes and some verb forms are ambiguous. The root word ('write') exists in Tagalog and Kapampangan: * means 'is writing' in Kapampangan and 'will write' in Tagalog. * means 'will write' in Kapampangan and 'wrote' in Tagalog. It is the infinitive in both languages. * means 'wrote' in both languages. In Kapampangan it is in the actor focus (with long i: ) or object focus (with short i: ), and object focus only in Tagalog. The object-focus suffix ''-an'' represents two focuses; the only difference is that one conjugation preserves ''-an'' in the completed aspect, and it is dropped in the other conjugation: * ('to pay someone'): ('will pay someone'), ('is paying someone'), ('paid someone') * ('to pay for something'): ('will pay for something'), ('is paying for something'), ('paid for something') Other Philippine languages have separate forms; Tagalog has ''-in'' and ''-an'' in, Bikol and most of the
Visayan languages The Bisayan languages or Visayan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines. They are most closely related to Tagalog and the Bikol languages, all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages. M ...
have ''-on'' and ''-an'', and Ilokano has ''-en'' and ''-an'' due to historical sound changes in the proto-Philippine /*e/. A number of actor-focus verbs do not use the infix ''-um-'', but are usually conjugated like other verbs which do (for example, ('to do'), ('to immerse'), ('to dance'), ('to take off'), ('to smoke'), ('to fetch'), ('to step') and ('to accompany'). Many of these verbs undergo a change of vowel instead of taking the infix ''-in-'' (completed aspect). In the actor focus (''-um-'' verbs), this happens only to verbs with the vowel in the first syllable; ('to take off') is conjugated ('will take off'), ('is taking off'), and ('took off'). This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to becoming , becomes in certain cases (for example, brought something' worked on something'and bought'. There is no written distinction between the two ''mag-'' affixes; may mean 'is speaking' or 'will speak', but there is an audible difference. means 'will speak' while means 'is speaking'.


Enclitics

*: used optionally in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions *, : even, even if, even though *: conditional particle expressing an unexpected event; if *: reporting (hearsay) particle indicating that the information is second-hand; he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly *, : inclusive particle which adds something to what was said before; also, too *: expresses hope or an unrealized condition (with verb in completed aspect); also used in conditional aspect *: expresses uncertainty or an unrealized idea; perhaps, probably, seems *: limiting particle; only, just *, **: now, already, yet, anymore **: still, else *: used in making contrasts and to soften requests and emphasis *: expresses cause; because, because of *: used in affirmations or emphasis and to soften imperatives; indeed *: realization particle, indicating that the speaker has realized (or suddenly remembered) something *, : politeness particle Examples: *: 'I was told that it is lucky.' *, : 'Your boyfriend is also educated.'


Existence and possession

To express existence (there is, there are) and possession (to have), the word is used: *: They also have a conscience.


Negation

Kapampangan has two negation words: and . negates verbs and equations, and means 'no' or 'not': * ('He did not buy.') is the opposite of : * ('They say that there is no more love.') is sometimes used instead of : * ('I did not buy it.')


Interrogative words

is used to ask how something is. Frequently used as a greeting ('How are you?'), it is derived from the Spanish * ('How are you?') * ('How is the patient?') means 'what': ('What are you doing?') means 'who': * or ('Who are those men?') * ('Who is Jennifer?') , meaning 'where', is used to ask about the location of an object and not used with verbs: * ('Where is the driver?' is the Kapampangan phonetic spelling of English ''driver''). * ('Where is Henry?') means 'why': * ('Why are you here?') * ('Why are you not in your house?') means 'whose' or 'whom': * ('To whom will you give that?') * ('Whose dandruff is this?') means 'how many': * ('How many papayas?') * ('How many children did your mother birth?') means 'when': * ('When is the fiesta?') * ('When is your birthday?') means 'how': * ('How do you do this?') * ('How do you become a productive member of the society?') means 'how much': * ('How much is one bread?') * ('How much are the milktea, burger and fries?') means 'to what degree': * ('How beautiful are you?', literally 'To what degree are you beautiful?') * ('How many did you buy?', literally 'To what amount did you buy?') means 'which': * ('Which of these do you want?') * ('Who do you choose among them?')


Lexicon

Kapampangan borrowed many words from Chinese (particularly Cantonese and Hokkien), such as: *, '(paternal) grandmother', from *, 'uncle', from *, '2nd eldest sister', from *, '2nd eldest brother', from *, '2nd eldest grandson' (a surname), from *, '5th eldest grandson' (a surname), from *, '6th eldest grandson' (a surname), from *, '8th eldest grandson' (a surname), from *, '(maternal) grandmother', from *, '(maternal) grandfather', from *, 'eldest sister', from *, 'eldest brother', *, '3rd eldest brother', from *, '4th eldest sister', from *, '3rd eldest grandson' (a surname), from *, 'pet, to look after, thank you' (name), from *, '4th eldest grandson' (a surname), from *, '7th eldest grandson' (a surname), from *, 'key', from *, '4th eldest sister', from *, '4th eldest brother', from *, 'eldest grandson' (a surname), from *, 'noodles' (literally 'instant meal'), from *, 'bad luck' (literally 'without clothes and food'), from *, 'tea', from *, 'name', from *,'full, satisfied' (a surname), from *, 'Chinese lettuce', from *, 'Gold' (a surname), from *, 'spring roll', from *, Kapampangan soup, from *, 'tofu' (a snack), from *, 'soy sauce', from *, 'copper wire', from *, 'wooden clogs', from Due to the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism, Kapampangan also acquired words from
Sanskrit Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
. A few examples are: *, 'home', from the Sanskrit '' alaya'' *, 'fate', from the Sanskrit '' karma'' *, 'divine law', from the Sanskrit '' dharma'' *, 'magic formulas', from the Sanskrit ''
mantra A mantra ( Pali: ''manta'') or mantram (मन्त्रम्) is a sacred utterance, a numinous sound, a syllable, word or phonemes, or group of words in Sanskrit, Pali and other languages believed by practitioners to have religious, ...
'' *, 'power', from the Sanskrit '' upaya'' *, 'voice', from the Sanskrit '' svara'' *, 'face', from the Sanskrit ''
rupa Rupa may refer to: Places * Rupa, Croatia, a town in northwest Croatia * Rupa, Arunachal Pradesh, a town of Arunachal Pradesh * Rupa gold mine, an artisanal mine in Uganda * Rupa Lake, a freshwater lake in Nepal Science * ''Rupa'' (beetle), a b ...
'' *, 'every', from the Sanskrit *, 'eclipse/dragon', from the Sanskrit '' rahu'' *, 'giant eagle' (a surname, 'phoenix'), from the Sanskrit ''
garuda Garuda (Sanskrit: ; Pāli: ; Vedic Sanskrit: गरुळ Garuḷa) is a Hindu demigod and divine creature mentioned in the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. He is primarily depicted as the mount (''vahana'') of the Hindu god Vishnu. Garuda ...
'' *, 'south' (a surname), from the Sanskrit *, 'admiral' (a surname), from the Sanskrit '' lakshmana'' * 'demerit, bad karma' from the Sanskrit * 'fruit, blessings' from the Sanskrit '' phala'' The language also has many Spanish
loanword A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language. This is in contrast to cognates, which are words in two or more languages that are similar because t ...
s, including (from , 'Hello/How are you?'), (from , 'luck'), (from , 'cross'), (from , 'meat'), (from , 'crush') and (from , 'matchbox') and others such as times, for counting and numbers.


Orthography

Kapampangan, like most Philippine languages, uses the Latin alphabet. Before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, it was written in old Kapampangan writing. Kapampangan is usually written in one of three different writing systems: ''sulat Baculud'', ''sulat Wawa'' and a hybrid of the two, ''Amung Samson''.Pangilinan, M. R. M. (2006, January). Kapampángan or Capampáñgan: settling the dispute on the Kapampángan Romanized orthography. In Paper at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan (pp. 17-20). The first system (, also known as or in the system) is based on
Spanish orthography Spanish orthography is the orthography used in the Spanish language. The alphabet uses the Latin script. The spelling is fairly phonemic, especially in comparison to more opaque orthographies like English, having a relatively consistent mapping ...
, a feature of which involved the use of the letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme (depending on the vowel sound following the phoneme). ⟨C⟩ was used before , and (''ca'', ''co'' and ''cu''), and ⟨q⟩ was used with ⟨u⟩ before the vowels and (''que'', ''qui''). The Spanish-based orthography is primarily associated with literature by authors from Bacolor and the text used on the Kapampangan . The second system, the , is an "indigenized" form which preferred ⟨k⟩ over ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ in representing the phoneme . This orthography, based on the Abakada alphabet was used by writers from Guagua and rivaled writers from the nearby town of Bacolor. The third system, hybrid orthography, intends to resolve the conflict in spelling between proponents of the and . This system was created by former Catholic priest Venancio Samson during the 1970s to translate the Bible into Kapampangan. It resolved conflicts between the use of ⟨q⟩ and ⟨c⟩ (in ) and ⟨k⟩ (in ) by using ⟨k⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (instead of u�� and using ⟨c⟩ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ (instead of ⟨k⟩). The system also removed ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩ (from Spanish), replacing them with ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨ny⟩. Orthography has been debated by Kapampangan writers, and orthographic styles may vary by writer. The system has become the popular method of writing due to the influence of the Tagalog-based
Filipino language Filipino (; , ) is an Austronesian language. It is the national language ( / ) of the Philippines, and one of the two official languages of the country, with English. It is a standardized variety of Tagalog based on the native dialect, sp ...
(the national language) and its
orthography An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. Most transnational languages in the modern period have a writing system, and ...
. The system is used by the Akademyang Kapampangan and the poet Jose Gallardo.


Prayers, words and sentences

* Sign of the cross: *The Creed: *The Lord's Prayer: * Hail Mary: * Gloria Patri: *''
Salve Regina The "Salve Regina" (, ; meaning 'Hail Queen'), also known as the "Hail Holy Queen", is a Marian hymn and one of four Marian antiphons sung at different seasons within the Christian liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church. The Salve Regina ...
'': Numbers: *One – (used when reciting numbers; used for counting) *Two – *Three – *Four – *Five – *Six – *Seven – *Eight – *Nine – *Ten – Sentences: *My name is John. – *I am here! – () *Where are you? – *I love you. – *What do you want? – *I will go home. – *They don't want to eat. – *He bought rice. – *She likes that. – *May I go out? – *I can't sleep. – *We are afraid. – *My pet died yesterday. – *How old are you? – *How did you do that? – *How did you get here? – *How big is it? – () *When will you be back? –


See also

*
Malayo-Polynesian languages The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeas ...
* Tarlac * Bataan


References

;Footnotes ;Bibliography *Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S. 1996. An Outline: The National Language and the Language of Instruction. In Readings in Philippine Sociolinguistics, ed. by Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista, 223. Manila: De La Salle University Press, Inc. *Bergaño, Diego. 1860. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga en Romance. 2nd ed. Manila: Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier. *Castro, Rosalina Icban. 1981. Literature of the Pampangos. Manila: University of the East Press. *Fernández, Eligío. 1876. Nuevo Vocabulario, ó Manual de Conversaciónes en Español, Tagálo y Pampángo. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Perez *Forman, Michael. 1971. ''Kapampangan Grammar Notes''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press *Gallárdo, José. 1985–86. Magaral Tang Capampangan. Ing Máyap a Balità, ed. by José Gallárdo, May 1985- June 1986. San Fernando: Archdiocese of San Fernando. *Henson, Mariano A. 1965. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns: A.D. 1300–1965. 4th ed. revised. Angeles City: By the author. *Kitano Hiroaki. 1997. Kapampangan. In Facts About The World's Major Languages, ed. by Jane Garry. New York: H.W. Wilson. Pre-published copy *Lacson, Evangelina Hilario. 1984. Kapampangan Writing: A Selected Compendium and Critique. Ermita, Manila: National Historical Institute. *Manlapaz, Edna Zapanta. 1981. Kapampangan Literature: A Historical Survey and Anthology. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. *Panganiban, J.V. 1972. Diksyunaryo-Tesauro Pilipino-Ingles. Quezon City: Manlapaz Publishing Co. *Pangilinan, Michael Raymon M. 2004. Critical Diacritical. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XIV. Angeles City: KMagazine. *Samson, Venancio. 2004. Problems on Pampango Orthography. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XII. Angeles City: KMagazine. *Samson, Venancio. 2011. Kapampangan Dictionary. Angeles City: The Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University Press. *Tayag, Katoks (Renato). 1985. "The Vanishing Pampango Nation", Recollections and Digressions. Escolta, Manila: Philnabank Club c/o Philippine National Bank. *Turla, Ernesto C. 1999. Classic Kapampangan Dictionary. Offprint Copy


External links


Sínúpan Singsing
''de facto'' language regulator
Bansa Kapampangan-English DictionaryKapampangan Wiktionary10 ICAL Paper – Issues in Orthography10 ICAL Paper – Importance of Diacritical Marks10 ICAL Paper – Transitivity & Pronominal Clitic OrderAustronesian Basic Vocabulary DatabaseElectronic Kabalen – New Writing on Kapampangan Life & Letters
* Wikibook Kapampangan
Siuala ding MeangubieOnline E-book of Arte de la Lengua Pampanga
by Diego Bergaño. Originally published in 1736. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapampangan Language Central Luzon languages Verb–subject–object languages