Historiography
The archaeological findings and historical records from this period are scarce, and the exact location of kingdom's capital is unknown. It is thought to be somewhere between present-day Pekalongan or Jepara. A place named Keling is found along the northern coast of Jepara Regency, however some archaeological findings near Pekalongan and Batang Regencies show that Pekalongan was an ancient port, suggesting that Pekalongan might be an altered name of Pe-Kaling-an. Kalingga existed between the 6th and 7th centuries, and it was one of the earliest Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms established in Java. The historical record of this kingdom is scarce and vague, and comes mostly from Chinese sources and local traditions. The theory regarding contact between Caliph Mu'awiyah with Queen Shima of Kalingga has become a basis for further analysis about the history of Islam in the Minangkabau Conference in 2011 and an earlier conference about the History of Islam in Indonesia in 1963, which researches suggested that the earliest contact of Nusantara civilizations with Islam occurred in the 7th AD century between Arabian peoples with southeast Asia, contrary to most popular beliefs that Islam were brought to Nusantara, particularly to Java Island, by Indian merchants and preachers. Azyumardi Azra, an Indonesian culture expert, accepted this ''Arab theory'' regarding the earliest contact of Islam in Java, although he also noted that the spread of Islam during the Queen Shima and Mu'awiyah era was not as vigorous as in the later era in 15th AD century. The denomination of ''Arab theory'' which introduced by Hamka were supported by researcher who linked the founding of Islamic tomb in Barus,History
The Chinese sources come from China and date back to the''Ka-ling'' (訶陵) is also called Djava (阇婆), it is situated in the southern ocean, at the east of Sumatra and at the west of Bali. At its south it has the sea and towards the north liesIt is stated that the king lives in a town called Djava, Djapa, or Djapo (闍婆 ''Shépó''). There is also a district called ''Lang-pi-ya'' (郎卑野州 ''Lángbēiyě-zhōu'') on the mountains, identified by Groeneveldt as Dieng. Groeneveldt argues that Djapa may be referring to Japara, but he does not hold a firm belief in that. According to the Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing, in 664 a Chinese Buddhist monk named Huining (會寧 ''Huìníng'') had arrived in Heling and stayed there for about three years. During his stay, and with the assistance of Jnanabhadra, a Kalinga Buddhist monk migrated from Kalinga Kingdom of Ancient India,he translated numerous Buddhist Hinayana scriptures. In 674, the kingdom was ruled by Queen Shima, famous for her fair yet harsh rule. According to tradition, one day a foreign king placed a bag filled with gold at the intersection in Kalingga to test the fame truthfulness and honesty of the Kalingga people. Nobody dared to touch the bag that did not belong to them until 3 years later when Shima's son, the crown prince, accidentally touched the bag with his foot. The queen issued a death sentence to her own son but was overruled by a minister who appealed to the queen to spare the prince's life. Since it was the prince's foot that touched the bag of gold, it was decided that the foot must be punished through mutilation. According to Indonesian historians seminar which organized by Aceh provincial government, and Hamka, queen Shima has managed to establish contact with Mu'awiya I ibn Abi Sufyan the first Umayyad caliph and fifth Qurayshite caliph. According to Reuben Levy, queen Shima regards Mu'awiyah as ''king of Ta-cheh'' (大食君 ''Dàshí-jūn'') in regards of Arab caliphate. Both Hamka, and Levy though that the envoys of Umayyad managed to reach Kalingga kingdom due to the improvements of caliphate maritime navigation, as Mu'awiyah were focusing the Early Caliphate navy at that time. Levy also gave figure that the Mu'awiyah possession of as many as around 5,000 ships in 655, were the reason why the caliphate envoys manage to safely reach Kalingga during queen Shima reign, despite the length of distance between two nations. According to Carita Parahyangan, a book composed in later period, Shima'sCambodia Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline ...(真臘, Chenla). The people make fortifications of wood and even the largest houses are covered with palm leaves. They have couches of ivory and mats of the outer skin of bamboo. The land produces tortoise-shell, gold and silver, rhinoceros-horns and ivory. The country is very rich; there is a cavern from which salt water bubbles up spontaneously. They makewine Wine is an alcoholic drink made from Fermentation in winemaking, fermented fruit. Yeast in winemaking, Yeast consumes the sugar in the fruit and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Wine is most often made f ...of the hanging flowers of the coco palm, when they drink of it, they become rapidly drunk. They have letters and are acquainted with astronomy. In eating they do not use spoons or chopsticks.Groeneveldt, Willem Pieter (1876).
Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, Compiled from Chinese Sources
. Batavia: W. Bruining.訶陵，亦曰社婆，曰阇婆，在南海中。東距婆利，西墮婆登，南瀕海，北真臘。木為城，雖大屋亦覆以栟櫚。象牙為床若席。出玳瑁、黃白金、犀、象，國最富。有穴自湧鹽。以柳花、椰子為酒，飲之輒醉，宿昔壞。有文字，知星歷。食無匕筋。有毒女，與接輒苦瘡，人死屍不腐。王居阇婆城。其祖吉延東遷於婆露伽斯城，旁小國二十八，莫不臣服。其官有三十二大夫，而大坐敢兄為最貴。山上有郎卑野州，王常登以望海。夏至立八尺表，景在表南二尺四寸。貞觀中，與墮和羅、墮婆登皆遣使者入貢，太宗以璽詔優答。墮和羅丐良馬，帝與之。至上元間，國人推女子為王，號「悉莫」，威令整肅，道不舉遺。大食君聞之，賫金一囊置其郊，行者輒避，如是三年。太子過，以足躪金，悉莫怒，將斬之，群臣固請。悉莫曰：「而罪實本於足，可斷趾。」群臣復為請，乃斬指以徇。大食聞而畏之，不敢加兵。大歷中，訶陵使者三至。元和八年，獻僧只奴四、五色鸚鵡、頻伽鳥等。憲宗拜內四門府左果毅。使者讓其弟，帝嘉美，並官之。訖大和，再朝貢。咸通中，遣使獻女樂
Inscriptions
The Tukmas inscription was estimated to be originated from Kalingga period. It was discovered on the western slope of Mount Merapi, at Dusun Dakawu, Lebak village, Kecamatan Grabag, Magelang Regency, Central Java, and is written in Pallava script inReferences
{{Precolonial states in Indonesia History of Central Java Indianized kingdoms Precolonial states of Indonesia Medieval Hindu kingdoms Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia 7th century in Indonesia 6th century in Indonesia Former kingdoms