Kalinga () is a
dialect continuum
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated vari ...
of
Kalinga Province in the Philippines, spoken by the
Kalinga people, alongside
Ilocano. The Banao Itneg variety is not one of the neighboring
Itneg languages
Itneg is a South-Central Cordilleran dialect continuum found in the island of Luzon, Philippines. This language and Ilocano are spoken by the Itneg people (sometimes also referred to as the "Tingguian people") in Abra.
Several ethnic-Itneg ...
.
Dialects
Ronald Himes (1997) divides Kalinga into three dialects: Masadiit (in
Abra), Northern Kalinga, and South-Central Kalinga.
Ethnologue
''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (stylized as ''Ethnoloɠue'') is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensi ...
reports the following locations for each of the eight Kalinga languages it identifies. Banao Itneg is classified by Ethnologue as Kalinga rather than Itneg.
*Butbut Kalinga: spoken in
Kalinga Province: Tinglayan and Butbut; Buscalan, Bugnay, Loccong, and Ngibat;
Tabuk City
Tabuk, known officially as the City of Tabuk ( ilo, Siudad ti Tabuk; fil, Lungsod ng Tabuk), is a 5th class component city and capital of the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 121,033 peopl ...
, Lucnang, Pakak, Kataw, and Dinongsay. Also in
Rizal
Rizal, officially the Province of Rizal ( fil, Lalawigan ng Rizal), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Its capital is the city of Antipolo. It is about east of Manila. The province is named after Jos� ...
: Annunang, Malapiat, Andarayan, and Bua. 15,000 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing.)
, 1,000
monoglots
Monoglottism ( Greek μόνος ''monos'', "alone, solitary", + γλῶττα , "tongue, language") or, more commonly, monolingualism or unilingualism, is the condition of being able to speak only a single language, as opposed to multilingualism. ...
.
*Limos Kalinga (Limos-Liwan Kalinga, Northern Kalinga): spoken in
Kalinga Province (
Tabuk City
Tabuk, known officially as the City of Tabuk ( ilo, Siudad ti Tabuk; fil, Lungsod ng Tabuk), is a 5th class component city and capital of the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 121,033 peopl ...
, north to border) and
Conner municipality,
Apayao Province
Apayao, officially the Province of Apayao ( ilo, Probinsia ti Apayao; fil, Lalawigan ng Apayao), is a landlocked province in the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Kabugao serves as its capital. The provincial capito ...
. 12,700 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing).
*Lubuagan Kalinga: spoken in
Kalinga Province (
Lubuagan
Lubuagan, officially the Municipality of Lubuagan is a 4th class municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 9,323 people.
It is north of Manila and from Tabuk.
Lubuagan Municipa ...
and
Tabuk City
Tabuk, known officially as the City of Tabuk ( ilo, Siudad ti Tabuk; fil, Lungsod ng Tabuk), is a 5th class component city and capital of the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 121,033 peopl ...
). 30,000 speakers. Dialects are Guinaang, Balbalasang, Ableg-Salegseg, and Balatok-Kalinga (Balatok-Itneg). Pasil Kalinga.
, Language status is 5 (developing).
*Mabaka Valley Kalinga (Kal-Uwan, Mabaka, Mabaka Itneg): spoken in
Conner municipality,
Apayao Province
Apayao, officially the Province of Apayao ( ilo, Probinsia ti Apayao; fil, Lalawigan ng Apayao), is a landlocked province in the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Kabugao serves as its capital. The provincial capito ...
, as well as western
Abra and northern
Kalinga Province.
*Majukayang Kalinga (Madukayang): spoken in
Tabuk City
Tabuk, known officially as the City of Tabuk ( ilo, Siudad ti Tabuk; fil, Lungsod ng Tabuk), is a 5th class component city and capital of the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 121,033 peopl ...
,
Kalinga Province and in
Paracelis
Paracelis, officially the Municipality of Paracelis is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Mountain Province, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 31,168 people.
Paracelis' population distribution is 37 pe ...
municipality,
Mountain Province
Mountain Province is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bontoc. Mountain Province was formerly referred to as ''Mountain'' in some foreign references. The name is usually short ...
. 1,500 speakers as of 1990.
, Language status is 6a. (Vigorous).
*Southern Kalinga: spoken in
Kalinga Province (
Lubuagan
Lubuagan, officially the Municipality of Lubuagan is a 4th class municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 9,323 people.
It is north of Manila and from Tabuk.
Lubuagan Municipa ...
municipality; some also in
Tabuk City
Tabuk, known officially as the City of Tabuk ( ilo, Siudad ti Tabuk; fil, Lungsod ng Tabuk), is a 5th class component city and capital of the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 121,033 peopl ...
) and
Mountain Province
Mountain Province is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bontoc. Mountain Province was formerly referred to as ''Mountain'' in some foreign references. The name is usually short ...
(13 villages of
Sadanga and
Sagada
Sagada, officially the Municipality of Sagada is a 5th class municipality in the province of Mountain Province, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 11,510 people.
Sagada is from Bontoc, the provincial capita ...
municipalities). 11,000 speakers as of 1980. Dialects are Mallango, Sumadel, Bangad, and Tinglayan.
*Tanudan Kalinga (Lower Tanudan, Lower Tanudan Kalinga, Mangali Kalinga): spoken at the southern end of the
Tanudan valley in southern
Kalinga Province. 11,200 speakers as of 1998. Dialects are Minangali (Mangali), Tinaloctoc (Taluctoc), Pinangol (Pangul), Dacalan, and Lubo. Language status is 5 (developing). 1,120
monoglots
Monoglottism ( Greek μόνος ''monos'', "alone, solitary", + γλῶττα , "tongue, language") or, more commonly, monolingualism or unilingualism, is the condition of being able to speak only a single language, as opposed to multilingualism. ...
.
*Banao Itneg (Banao, Banaw, Itneg, Timggian, Tinguian, Vanaw, Vyanaw, Bhanaw Tinggian): spoken in
Kalinga Province (
Balbalan and
Pasil municipalities) and
Abra (
Daguioman and
Malibcong municipalities). 3,500 speakers as of 2003. Dialects are Malibcong Banao, Banao Pikekj, Gubang Itneg and Daguioman.
Writing system
Lubuagan Kalinga
References
Further reading
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Languages of Kalinga (province)
Languages of Apayao
South–Central Cordilleran languages
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