Korean Speech Levels

There are seven verb paradigms or speech levels in Korean, and each level has its own unique set of verb endings which are used to indicate the level of formality of a situation. Unlike honorifics – which are used to show respect towards someone mentioned in a sentence – speech levels are used to show respect towards a speaker's or writer's audience, or reflect the formality or informality of the situation. They represent a system of honorifics in the linguistic use of the term as a grammar system, distinct from honorific titles.

The names of the seven levels are derived from the non-honorific imperative form of the verb ''hada'' ( 하다; "to do") in each level, plus the suffix ''che'' ( 체), which means "style". Each Korean speech level can be combined with honorific or non-honorific noun and verb forms. Taken together, there are 14 combinations.

Some of these speech levels are disappearing from the majority of Korean speech. ''Hasoseo-che'' is now used mainly in movies or dramas set in the Joseon era and in religious speech. ''Hage-che'' is nowadays limited to some modern male speech, whilst ''Hao-che'' is now found more commonly in the Jeolla dialect and Pyongan dialect than in the Seoul dialect.

Higher levels

Hasoseo-che

Very formally polite
Traditionally used when addressing a king, queen, or high official.

When the infix ''op'' / ''saop'' , ''jaop'' (옵; after a vowel / 사옵 , 자옵; after a consonant) or ''sap'' / ''jap'' (삽 / 잡) or ''sao'' / ''jao'' (사오 / 자오) is inserted, the politeness level also becomes very high. ''hanaida'' ( 하나이다) becomes ''haomnaida'' ( 하옵나이다; non-honorific present declarative very formally very polite), ''hasinaida'' ( 하시나이다) becomes ''hasiomnaida'' ( 하시옵나이다; honorific present declarative very formally very polite). The imperative form ''hasoseo'' ( 하소서) also becomes ''haopsoseo'' ( 하옵소서; non-honorific imperative very formally very polite) and ''hasiopsoseo'' ( 하시옵소서; honorific imperative very formally very polite). It is used now:

* in historical dramas
* in religious texts such as the Bible, Buddhist scriptures, etc.
* to address royalty

Hasipsio-che

Formally polite
This conversational style is generally called either the "formal" or the "formal polite". Another name for this is ''hapsyo-che'' or 합쇼체. This is a common style of speaking. A conversation with a stranger will generally start out in this style and gradually fade into more and more frequent ''haeyo-che''. It is used
* between strangers at the start of a conversation
* among colleagues in more formal settings; example work meetings
* by TV announcers
* to customers
* in certain fixed expressions like 만나서 반갑습니다 ''mannaseo bangapseumnida'' "Pleased to meet you"

Middle levels

The middle levels are used when there is some conflict or uncertainty about the social status of one or both participants in a conversation. The ''hage-che'' and ''hao-che'' are being replaced by or merging with ''haeyo-che''.

Haeyo-che

Casually polite
This speech style is called the "polite" style in English. Like the 해체 ''Hae-che'', it exhibits no inflection for most expected forms. Unlike other speech styles, basic conjugations for the declarative, interrogative and imperative forms are identical, depending on intonation and context or other additional suffixes. Most Korean phrasebooks for foreigners follow this speech style due to its simplicity and proper politeness. Second person pronouns are generally omitted in the polite speech styles. (See Korean pronouns.) It is used:
* In Korean phrasebooks for foreigners.
* Between strangers, especially those older or of equal age.
* Between colleagues
* By younger speakers as a less old-fashioned alternative to the ''hao-che''.
* By men and women in Seoul as a less formal alternative to the ''hasipsio-che''.

Hao-che

Formally neither polite nor impolite

This conversational style is called the "semi-formal", "middle", "formal lateral", or "authoritarian" style in English. In Seoul, the 쇼 ''-syo'' ending is frequently pronounced 수 ''su''. It is similar to the 하십시오체 ''Hasipsio-che'', but does not lower oneself to show humility. It was originally a refined, poetic style that people resorted to in ambiguous social situations. Until the end of the nineteenth century, it was used widely in the ways the polite style is used now; but with the emergence of the polite style, the range of the semiformal style narrowed, and it became a style used only with inferiors. Further, due to its over-use by authority figures during Korea's period of dictatorship, it became associated with power and bureaucracy and gained a negative connotation. Consequently, this style has almost completely fallen out of use in modern South Korea, and the generation of Koreans who came of age after democratization also conspicuously avoid using it. In North Korean standard Korean (''munhwaŏ'') it is still used when talking to equals who may be addressed by 동무 ''dongmu'' ("comrade"). It is used:
* Occasionally among the older generation, by civil servants, police officers, middle management, middle-aged people, and other people of intermediate social rank who have temporary authority over what would normally be considered their superiors
* Used in written language such as signs and public notices, in which case the imperative form is used.
* In historical dramas, where it gives the dialogue a more old-fashioned sound.
* In the North Korean standard language
* In the spoken form of certain dialects, such as the Hamgyŏng dialect.

Hage-che

Neither formal nor casual, neither polite nor impolite
This conversational style is called the "familiar." It is intermediate in politeness between ''haeyo-che'' and ''hae-che''. It is not used to address children, and is never used to address blood relatives. It is used only:
* By some older people when addressing younger people or especially in-laws in a friendly manner.
* Used for those under one's authority: by professors toward their students, by bosses toward their employees etc.
* Between adult male friends, occasionally.
* In novels

Lower levels

The ''hae-che'' and ''haera-che'' styles are frequently mixed together in the same conversation, so much so that it can be hard to tell what verb endings belong to which style.
Endings that may be used in either style are:
*Question: -니?/-냐?/-느냐?
*Proposition: -자. (this is roughly equivalent to "let's" in English)
*Casual statement: -지. (this is roughly equivalent to "I suppose")
*Casual question: -지?. (this is roughly equivalent to "I wonder if" in English)
*Exclamation: -구나! -다!

Haera-che

Formally impolite

This conversational style is generally called the "plain" style. In writing and quoting, the plain style is the equivalent of the third person. Any other written style would feel like a first-person account (that is, anything else would seem to be told in the main character's own voice). It is used:
* To close friends or relatives of similar age, and by adults to children.
* In impersonal writing (books, newspapers, and magazines) and indirect quotations ("She said that...").
* In grammar books, to give examples.
* In some exclamations.

Hae-che

Casually impolite

This conversational style is called the "intimate" in English. Like the 해요체 ''Haeyo-che'', it exhibits no inflection for most expected forms. Basic conjugations for the declarative, interrogative and imperative forms are identical, depending on intonation and context or other additional suffixes. It is used:
* Between close friends and relatives.
* When talking to children.

Endings

Formal Speech

Hasoseo-che

Raises the addressee very highly.

Hasipsio-che

Raises the addressee highly.

Hao-che

Raises the addressee moderately.

Hage-che

Lowers the addressee moderately.

Haera-che

Lowers the addressee.

Informal Speech

Haeyo-che

Raises the addressee moderately.

Hae-che

Lowers the addressee or does not raise the addressee.

See also

* Korean honorifics
* Korean pronouns

References

External links

* {{Cite web, url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=263&docId=695556&mobile&categoryId=1043, title=문체법 (국어국문학자료사전), year=1998, publisher=한국사전연구사

Korean language
Speech levels

de:Koreanische Sprache#Honorativsystem