Kiswa

The ''kiswah'' or ''kiswa'' (, ''kiswaht al-ka'bah'') is the cloth that covers the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is draped annually, though the date of draping has changed over the years. A procession traditionally accompanies the ''kiswah'' to Mecca, a tradition dating back to the 12th century. The term ''kiswah'' has multiple translations, with common ones being 'robe' or 'garment'. Due to the iconic designs and the quality of materials used in creating the ''kiswah'', it is considered one of the most sacred objects in Islamic art, ritual, and worship.

The annual practice of covering the Kaaba has pre-Islamic origins and was continued by Muhammad and his successors. Historically, various types of cloth and textiles have been used as draping, but Egyptian produced ''kiswahs'' were popularized by early Islamic rulers.

History

Pre-Islamic

The tradition of covering the Kaaba predates the emergence of Islam, with various Yemeni textiles composing the draping. According to Ibn Hisham, King Tubba Abu Karib As'ad of the Himyarite Kingdom, who would later become a revered figure in Islamic traditions, clothed Kaaba for the first time during the rule of the Jurhum tribe of Mecca in the early fifth century CE after learning about it from two Jewish rabbis after his conversion to Judaism. Tubba' later covered the Kaaba in a striped red woolen garment, layering it atop the already existing hangings. The Quraysh (), the ruling confederation of tribes in Mecca, later organized funding for the ''kiswah'' using annually collected payments from each of the tribes who worshipped there.

Era of Muhammad

Muhammad and the Muslims in Mecca did not participate in the draping of the Kaaba until the conquest of the city at 630 AD (7 AH), as the ruling tribe, Quraish, did not allow them to do so. When the Muslims took Mecca, they left the old hangings in place, with Muhammad adding his own ''kiswah'' of Yemeni origin. Muhammad’s successors would continue the tradition of draping the ''kiswah'', with Umar al-Khattab () being the first caliph to send an Egyptian ''kiswah'' made out of a white linen known as ''qubati'' (Arabic: قُبْطِيّ), a type of embroidered linen manufactured by Coptic Christians living in Egypt.

Umayyads and Abbasids

The pre-Islamic hangings covering the Kaaba would remain until the rule of Umayyad caliph Mu’awiya (), who removed the old hangings after receiving complaints that they were religiously impure. A new ''kiswah'' was sent by Mu’awiya made out of silk, ''qubati'', and striped wool. Following the original replacement of the old hangings, the caliph sent two ''kiswahs'' annually, with one being made out of ''qubati'' and the other silk; the silk ''kiswah'' is reported to have been draped over the former which would arrive in Mecca at least three months prior. Successive Umayyad caliphs would adhere to the precedent set by Mu’awiya and continue to supply ''kiswahs'' made either of Egyptian linen or silk and drape them over the coverings from previous years. Much like their Umayyad predecessors, the Abbasids continued to rely on Egyptian factories for the production of the ''kiswah''. However, the Abbasid caliph Al-Mahdi would establish the precedent of annually removing and replacing the old ''kiswah'' after realizing the accumulated weight from the old ''kiswahs'' could structurally compromise the Kaaba following his pilgrimage to Mecca in 777 CE.

Location of manufacture

From the time of the Ayyubids, precisely during the reign of as-Salih Ayyub, the ''kiswah'' was manufactured in Egypt, with material sourced locally as well as from Sudan, India, and Iraq. The Amir al-Hajj (commander of the ''hajj'' caravan), who was directly designated by the sultans of the Mamluk, and later, Ottoman Empires, transported the ''kiswah'' from Egypt to Mecca on an annual basis. Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt ordered the expenses for making the ''kiswah'' to be met by his state treasury in the early 19th century. Since then, Dar Al-Khoronfosh, a workshop in Cairo’s Al-Gamaleya district, had been selected for the task of making the ''kiswah'', and continued this role throughout the reign of the Egyptian monarchy. After the take over of the Hijaz region, and from 1927 onward, its manufacture was partially moved to Mecca and then fully moved in 1962, when Egypt stopped manufacturing.

Women

The year 2024 was the first in recorded history during which women were involved in the ceremonial replacement of the ''kiswah''. That year, women working for the General Authority for the Care of the Two Holy Mosques were involved in carrying parts of the new ''kiswah'' and giving them to men, before the men took them to Mecca.

Historic procession

The procession of the ''kiswah'' and its journey to Mecca dates back to 1184 CE from an account by Ibn Jubayr. According to Ibn Jubayr, the ''kiswah'' was brought to Mecca via camel from its place of creation along with an elaborate procession of drums and flags. The ''kiswah'' was then placed on the roof of the Kaaba once it reached Mecca, still folded. On the 134th day of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah, the Banu Shayba completely unfolded the cloth to fully display the embroideries and their inscriptions.

The tradition of the ''kiswah'' being accompanied by a covering called the ''mahmal'' during the trip to Mecca is said to have started during the rule of Queen Shajar al-Durr, however the practice was not widely accepted as tradition until the 15th century. It is unclear whether the ''mahmal'' carries the ''kiswah'' itself or simply accompanies the cloth to Mecca due to the lack of access to the processional covering; however, it is said that in modern times the ''mahmal'' carries the new ''kiswah'' to Mecca and then takes the old ''kiswah'' to Cairo after the Hajj is completed.

Design and textiles

Design

Today the ''Kiswah’s'' design features the colors black, gold, and silver. Black silk comprises the entirety of the garment, displaying large unaccented sections and providing background to the portions with inscriptions. The gold and silver comprise the inscriptions and accents that embellish the garment. Rendered in the Thuluth calligraphy style, these characters overlap each other and protrude slightly from the ''kiswah'' itself. The ''Sura Ikhlas'' appears in circular medallions inscribed within squares at each of the four corners of the ''kiswah'': ''Rukn al-Hajjar al-Aswad'' (Arabic: ركن الحجر الأسواد), ''Rukn al-'Iraqi'' (Arabic: الركن العراقي), ''Rukn al-Yamani'' (Arabic: الركن اليميني), ''Rukn ush-Shami'' (Arabic: الركن الشامي). These are beneath the ''hizam'' where longer Qur’anic verses appear. Artisans carefully interweave gold and silver wire to create these elements which appear brilliant on the black silk. Previous iterations have featured more colorful and varied design programs. However, ''kiswahs'' dating earlier than the Ottoman period are rare due to natural degradation as well as a now defunct practice of cutting the ''kiswah'' and selling the pieces to pilgrims.

Textiles

The textile covering of the Kaaba has multiple parts including, the ''hizam'' (Arabic: حزام) and '' sitara'' (Arabic: سِتَارَة) or ''burqu (Arabic: برقع). The earliest known still-extant ''sitara'' was manufactured in Egypt and dates to 1544, and the earliest Ottoman ''hizam'' was made for Selim II in the late 16th century. The basic designs of the ''hizam'' and ''sitara'' have changed little over time, although the embroidery in gold and silver wire has become more ornate. All inscriptions on the ''kiswah'', ''hizam'', ''sitara'', and supplemental textiles use the Thuluth (Arabic: ثُلُث) style of calligraphy. Between 1817 and 1927, the ''kiswah'' was manufactured at the Dar al-Kiswah, a dedicated workshop in Cairo, Egypt. In 1927 textile manufacturing moved to a workshop in Mecca.

Kiswah

The term ''kiswah'' refers to the overall covering of the Kaaba. The fabric contains 670 kilograms of imported white silk thread that is then dyed black. Jacquard machines weave the black thread into either plain or patterned cloth equaling forty-seven pieces of cloth measuring 98 centimeters by 14 meters. The patterned cloth contains inscriptions taken from the Shahada (Arabic: ٱلشَّهَادَةُ) incorporated into the fabric during the weaving process. Each panel of cloth is then stretched over a loom and templates of verses from the Quran (Arabic: اَلْقُرْآنُ or ٱلۡقُرۡءَانُ) and Islamic ornamental patterns are applied using silk screens. Embroidered decorative elements, Quranic verses, and prayers are hand-embroidered by Saudi artisans using gold and silver thread. The only stylistic requirement for the text and decorations is that it must be visible from a distance. Once the embroidery is applied the cloth is sewn together and a white cotton calico backing is applied for support. The finished ''kiswah'' measures 658 square meters and costs 22 million SAR to produce.

Hizam

Two-thirds of the way up the ''kiswah'' is an embroidered band called the ''hizam''. The band comprises 16 pieces of silk cloth with four pieces attached to each side of the Kaaba. Assembled, the ''hizam'' measures 47 meters in length and 95 centimeters in width. The text on the ''hizam'' consists of Quranic verses embroidered with gold and silver thread. Under the belt at each corner of the Kaaba is an additional set of square panels of cloth called the ''kardashiyyat'' containing the Surah of Ikhlas (Arabic: الْإِخْلَاص).

Sitara

Over the exterior door to the Kaaba is a cover called the ''burqu or ''sitara''. This panel is the most elaborately decorated portion of the ''kiswah''. The ''sitara'' has an average size of 7.75 meters by 3.5 meters and is assembled by sewing together four separate cloth panels. Each panel contains embroidered verses from the Quran and additional dedications.

Additional textiles

Other textiles used in covering portions of the Kaaba include a curtain hung over the ''Bab al-Tawba'' door in the interior of the Kaaba. Also remade each year is the green silk bag which holds the key to the Kaaba, a tradition introduced in 1987. Along with these textiles, the workshops send ropes for attaching the ''kiswah'' to the Kaaba, and spare silk in case the ''kiswah'' needs repair. Degradation and disfiguration caused by exposure to natural elements and popular rituals, such as the taking of a piece of the ''kiswah'', necessitate regular maintenance.

References

External links

A historical look at the Kiswah

{{Authority control

Kaaba
Islamic architectural elements
Textiles
Hajj terminology