Kihnu is an island in the

Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by the countries of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North European Plain, North and Central European Plain regions. It is the ...

. With an area of , it is the largest island in the

Gulf of Riga The Gulf of Riga, Bay of Riga, or Gulf of Livonia (, , ) is a bay of the Baltic Sea between Latvia and Estonia. The island of Saaremaa (Estonia) partially separates it from the rest of the Baltic Sea. The main connection between the gulf and t ...

and the seventh largest island of

Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...

. With a length of and width of , the island's highest point is

above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of a location's vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level. In geodesy, it is formalized as orthometric height. The zero level ...

. Kihnu belongs to

Pärnu County Pärnu County ( or ''Pärnumaa''; ) is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in the south-western part of the country, on the coast of Gulf of Riga, and borders Lääne and Rapla counties to the north, Järva and Viljandi counties to ...

and, together with neighbouring islands, forms

Kihnu Parish Kihnu Parish () is a rural municipality of Estonia, in Pärnu County. The parish covers the 16.88 km² area of Kihnu island, making it one of the smallest parishes in Estonia. As of 2010, Kihnu Parish had an estimated population of 489. In 2003 ...

, one of the smallest

municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...

of the country, with an area of . , 604 people lived on Kihnu, 69 of whom were primary school pupils. There are four villages:

Lemsi Lemsi is one of the four villages on the island of Kihnu, in southwestern Estonia. (retrieved 28 July 2021) Administratively it belongs to Kihnu Parish, Pärnu County. The village is situated on the eastern side of the island. In 2000, Lemsi had ...

Linaküla Linaküla is one of the four villages on the island of Kihnu, in southwestern Estonia. (retrieved 28 July 2021) Administratively it belongs to Kihnu Parish, Pärnu County. The village occupies the western coast of the island. In 2000, Linaküla h ...

, Rootsiküla, and Sääre. One can reach Kihnu by a fifteen-minute plane trip from

Pärnu Pärnu () is the fourth-largest city in Estonia. Situated in southwest Estonia, Pärnu is located south of the Estonian capital, Tallinn, and west of Estonia's second-largest city, Tartu. The city sits off the coast of Pärnu Bay, an inlet of ...

or by ferry, with trips taking three hours from Pärnu and one from

Manilaid Manilaid is a Estonian islet in the Gulf of Riga, located between the island of Kihnu and the mainland's Tõstamaa peninsula. Together with the neighbouring smaller uninhabited islets Sorgu and Annilaid, Manilaid forms the village of Manija. ...

. When the sea is frozen in winter, it is possible to drive to the island over the ice. The nearby isle of

(or Manija, ''Manõja'' in the Kihnu dialect) has been inhabited by people from Kihnu since 1933 and thus shares its culture.

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and International secur ...

proclaimed Kihnu's cultural space and traditions as a

Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity The Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity was made by the Director-General of UNESCO starting in 2001 to raise awareness of intangible cultural heritage—such traditions, rituals, dance, and knowledge—and ...

on 7 November 2003. Kihnu is also called ''Kihnumua'' in the

local dialect Local may refer to: Geography and transportation * Local (train), a train serving local traffic demand * Local, Missouri, a community in the United States Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Local'' (comics), a limited series comic book by Bria ...

. Names in other languages include ''Ķīļu'' in Latvian, ''Kynö'' in Standard Swedish, ''Kin'' in

Estonian Swedish Estonian Swedish (; ) are the eastern varieties of the Swedish language that were until the mid-20th century spoken in the ''Aiboland'', the coastal areas and islands of western and northern Estonia which had been inhabited since the Middle Age ...

, and historically, ''Kühnö'' in German. In

Estonian Sign Language Estonian Sign Language () is the national sign language of Estonia. History and character Research into the origins and nature of EVK did not begin until the late 1980s, so many details remain unknown. Ulrike Zeshan (2005) concluded that, bas ...

, the island is signed by imitating the vertical stripes of a Kihnu skirt. There are various theories on the etymology of the name Kihnu, with no consensus. The earliest recorded version of the name is ''Kyne'', from 1386.

Culture

As the men of Kihnu have been frequently away at sea, women have run everyday life on the island and became the guardians of the island's cultural heritage, which includes

handicrafts A handicraft is a traditional main sector of craft making and applies to a wide range of creative and design activities that are related to making things with one's hands and skill, including work with textiles, moldable and rigid material ...

, dances, games, and music. The latter is an especially important part of the island's traditions and accompanies handicrafts, religious feasts, and other celebrations. Ancient runo-styled songs are also important, as is traditional clothing adorned with decorations and bright colours. There are elaborate wedding traditions, which are considered the "most complex and bright expression" of Kihnu culture. Most inhabitants of Kihnu are Orthodox Christians, descendants of converts in the nineteenth century. Kihnu is known for its handicrafts and distinctive traditional clothing, which is still commonly worn today. It includes striped skirts (''kört''), patterned

knit Knitting is a method for production of textile fabrics by interlacing yarn loops with loops of the same or other yarns. It is used to create many types of garments. Knitting may be done by hand or by machine. Knitting creates stitches: ...

men's sweaters (''troi''), and knit mittens. Young women have traditionally organised evening get-togethers (''ülalistmine'', i.e., "sitting (staying) up (late)") to do handicrafts. Traditional cuisine includes

rye bread Rye bread is a type of bread made with various proportions of flour from rye grain. It can be light or dark in color, depending on the type of flour used and the addition of coloring agents, and is typically denser than bread made from wheat f ...

with potatoes, pork fat, or

Baltic herring Atlantic herring (''Clupea harengus'') is a herring in the family Clupeidae. It is one of the most abundant fish species in the world. Atlantic herrings can be found on both sides of the northern Atlantic Ocean, congregating in large schools. ...

added to the dough;

eel Eels are ray-finned fish belonging to the order Anguilliformes (), which consists of eight suborders, 20 families, 164 genera, and about 1000 species. Eels undergo considerable development from the early larval stage to the eventual adult stage ...

soup, prepared by fishers; and sweet milk soup, an important dish at weddings.

Seal hunting Seal hunting, or sealing, is the personal or commercial hunting of Pinniped, seals. Seal hunting is currently practiced in nine countries: Canada, Denmark (in self-governing Greenland only), Russia, the United States (above the Arctic Circle ...

is practiced in Kihnu, and the

meat Meat is animal Tissue (biology), tissue, often muscle, that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted and farmed other animals for meat since prehistory. The Neolithic Revolution allowed the domestication of vertebrates, including chickens, sheep, ...

is considered a delicacy. Another distinctive delicacy is the eggs of semi-domesticated

mergansers ''Mergus'' is the genus of the typical mergansers ( ) fish-eating ducks in the subfamily Anatinae. The genus name is a Latin word used by Pliny the Elder and other Ancient Rome, Roman authors to refer to an unspecified waterbird. The common mer ...

(waterbirds), also used for baking cakes. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, numerous men from Kihnu became sailors. The most famous of them was the largely self-taught captain

Enn Uuetoa Enn Uuetoa (also known as Kihnu Jõnn; 1848–1913) was ship captain from the Russian Empire. Uuetoa was born on the island of Kihnu. He was known as a ship captain who was able to command large ships without the use of either a compass or a sext ...

, also known as ''Kihnu Jõnn'' (1848–1913; ''Jõnn'' is the local pronunciation of the name Enn).

Language

The

Kihnu dialect Kihnu is an island in the Baltic Sea. With an area of , it is the largest island in the Gulf of Riga and the seventh largest island of Estonia. With a length of and width of , the island's highest point is above sea level. Kihnu belongs to ...

is thought to belong to the insular dialect group of

North Estonian Estonian ( ) is a Finnic language and the official language of Estonia. It is written in the Latin script and is the first language of the majority of the country's population; it is also an official language of the European Union. Estonian is s ...

, along with the dialects of

Saaremaa Saaremaa (; ) is the largest and most populous island in Estonia. Measuring , its population is 31,435 (as of January 2020). The main island of the West Estonian archipelago (Moonsund archipelago), it is located in the Baltic Sea, south of Hi ...

Muhu Muhu (also called Muhumaa in Estonian) is an island in the West Estonian archipelago of the Baltic Sea. With an area of , it is the third largest island belonging to Estonia, after Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Together with neighbouring smaller i ...

, and

Hiiumaa Hiiumaa ( , ) is the second largest island in Estonia and is part of the West Estonian archipelago, in the Baltic Sea. It has an area of 989 km2 and is 22 km from the Estonian mainland. Its largest town is Kärdla. It is located within ...

. Unlike the Estonian language, the Kihnu dialect has the vocal harmony found in other

Finnic languages The Finnic or Baltic Finnic languages constitute a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by the Baltic Finnic peoples. There are around 7 million speakers, who live mainly in Finland and Estonia. Traditionally, ...

. Also unlike Estonian, the Kihnu dialect does not have the sound "h" at the beginning of a word—it is used only within words. The vocabulary of the language has also been influenced by other languages. The dialect includes

triphthong In phonetics, a triphthong ( , ) (from Greek , ) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement of the articulator from one vowel quality to another that passes over a third. While "pure" vowels, or monophthongs, are ...

s. The special intonation gives the listener the impression that the speaker is singing while speaking.

Geography and climate

The island has a sandy interior and a

rocky coast A cliffed coast, also called an abrasion coast, is a form of coast where the action of marine waves has formed steep cliffs that may or may not be precipitous. It contrasts with a flat or alluvial coast. Formation In coastal areas in whic ...

made up of more than fifty islets, which are an important nesting ground for birds. Along the

dune A dune is a landform composed of wind- or water-driven sand. It typically takes the form of a mound, ridge, or hill. An area with dunes is called a dune system or a dune complex. A large dune complex is called a dune field, while broad, flat ...

beach ridge A beach ridge is a Ocean surface wave, wave-swept or wave-deposited ridge running parallel (geometry), parallel to a shoreline. It is commonly composed of sand as well as sediment worked from underlying beach material. The movement of sediment ...

s, and sands of the eastern part, the island reaches its maximum height of 29.6 m above sea level.

Images

Kihnu lighthouse2.jpg, Kihnu church.JPG, Kihnu-KYL%C3%84KAUPPA.jpg, Seashore of Kihnu.jpg, Kihnu muuseum.jpg, Villageroad.JPG, Garden in Kihnu.JPG, Kihnu rannik 1.JPG, Kihnu girls.JPG, Kihnu männik.JPG, Kihnu kalmistu4.jpg, Hallhüljes Kihnu hoiualal.JPG,

References

External links