Karbi Language

The Karbi language () is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Karbi (also known as Mikir or Arlêng) people of Northeastern India. It is also called Hills Karbi to differentiate it from Plains Karbi (Amri Karbi) which is variously treated as a variety of Karbi or its own language.

It belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, but its position is unclear. Grierson (1903) classified it under Naga languages, Shafer (1974) and Bradley (1997) classify the Mikir languages as an aberrant Kuki-Chin branch, but Thurgood (2003) leaves them unclassified within Sino-Tibetan. Blench and Post (2013) classify it as one of the most basal languages of the entire family.

History

Originally, there was no written form of the language, and like most languages of Northeast India, Karbi writing system is based on Roman script, occasionally in Assamese script. The earliest written texts in Karbi were produced by Christian missionaries, in Roman script, especially by the American Baptist Mission and the Catholic Church. The missionaries brought out a newspaper in Karbi titled Birta in the year 1903, Rev. R.E. Neighbor's '' 'Vocabulary of English and Mikir, with Illustrative Sentences' '' published in 1878, which can be called the first Karbi dictionary. Sardoka Perrin Kay's '' 'English–Mikir Dictionary' '' published in 1904, Sir Charles Lyall and Edward Stack's ''The Mikirs'' in 1908, the first ethnographic details on the Karbis and G.D. Walker's '' 'A Dictionary of the Mikir Language' '' published in 1925 are some of the earliest known books on the Karbis and the Karbi language and grammar.

The Karbis have a rich oral tradition. The ''Mosera'' (recalling the past), a lengthy folk narrative that describes the origin and migration ordeal of the Karbis, is one such example.

Varieties

There is little dialect diversity except for the Dumurali / Kamrup Karbi dialect, which is distinct enough to be considered a separate Karbi language.

Konnerth (2014) identifies two main variations of the Karbi language:
* Hills Karbi: Rongkhang or Ronghang dialect of Karbi Anglong, West Karbi Anglong district, Assam
* Plains Karbi (Dumra Karbi): spoken in Kamrup district and Morigaon district, Assam, and in Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya.

Phonology

Data below are from Konnerth (2017).Konnerth, Linda. 2017. "Karbi." In ''The Sino-Tibetan Languages'' (2017).

Consonants

Initial consonants

* Palatal /ɟ~j/ constitutes free variation between a stop and a glide production.
* Also, allophonic alternations typical for the area include /pʰ~ɸ/ (within the same speaker) and /r~ɾ~ɹ/ (intergenerational and interdialectal).

Final consonants

Vowels

Syllable structure

Karbi syllables may be the open (C)(C)V(V) or the closed (C)(C)VC. Possible onset consonant cluster combinations are as follows: .

Tone and stress

There are three pairs of tones in Karbi: low (L), mid (M), and high (H). Unstressed syllables are often toneless. Clitics are toneless, but some suffixes, such as derivational suffixes, tend to have tone.

* ''ròng'' (L): 'village'
* ''rōng'' (M): 'plant'
* ''róng'' (H): 'to borrow'

Grammar

Karbi is a highly synthetic, agglutinating language, especially in predicate morphology. Karbi nouns are however typically analytic and isolating. It distinguishes first person inclusive and exclusive pronouns. Possessive ''a-'' and plural marker ''-tum'' are used to denote plurality in periphrastic level.

Syntax

Karbi noun phrase structure accepts enumeration constructions, RCs, and PCT modifiers to occur on either side of the head noun. DEMs and (NP)POSRs are restricted to the front slots, and the plural marker takes the last slot.

Role-marking has three classes: unmarked NPs, marked with ''-phān'' (non-subject) and ''lōng'' (locative). Unmarked NPs refers to NPs that display clear from context what kind of syntactic/semantic role they play in the clause. The S arguments in intransitive clauses are always unmarked, but O & A arguments may not be marked in Karbi differential object marking. OBL participants may remain unmarked as well if their role in the clause is clear from context.

Core arguments marked with ''-phān'' are syntactically participants with the O and R roles in clause.

Locative ''-lōng'' marks oblique locational expressions in NP relation of any semantic types, human O-like locational arguments, human R-like locational arguments, as well as it may replace relator nouns that indicate specific locational and directional relations such as 'in', 'near', 'at', 'around' and such. In addition, a enclitic ''=pen'' is used to mark the instrumental, the comitative, the ablative. Diachronically, ''-pen'' is a clause final marker.

Clauses can combine into a chain of clauses by suffixing ''-si'' (non-final.realis), ''-ra'' (non-final.irrealis), ''-pen'' (non-final.with). Clausal chaining marks events in temporal sequence, and other clausal chaining constructions can perform other functions.

Geographical distribution

India

Karbi is spoken in the following areas of Northeast India (''Ethnologue'').
* Assam:
** Cachar district
** Darrang district
** Dima Hasao district (formerly North Cachar district)
** East Kamrup district
** Hojai district
** Kamrup Metropolitan district
** Karbi Anglong district
** Lakhimpur district
** Marigaon district
** Nagaon district
** Sonitpur district
** Biswanath district
** Lakhimpur district
** South Kamrup district
** West Karbi Anglong district
* Arunachal Pradesh:
** Papum Pare district (Balijan circle)
* Meghalaya:
** East Khasi Hills district
** Jaintia Hills district
** Ri-Bhoi district
** West Khasi Hills district
* Nagaland:
** foothills around Dimapur

Bangladesh

An estimate 1500 Karbi live in Bangladesh.

See also

* Karbi script

Notes

External links

Karbi Language Resource
collection of Karbi language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive

Karbi texts
collection in ELAR

References

*
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{{Authority control

Kuki-Chin–Naga languages
Languages of Assam
Languages of Arunachal Pradesh
Languages of Meghalaya
Endangered languages of India
Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages