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The Joret line (french: ligne Joret;
Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norm ...
: ''lène Joret'') is an
isogloss An isogloss, also called a heterogloss (see Etymology below), is the geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or the use of some morphological or syntactic feature. Major d ...
used in the linguistics of the . Dialects north and west of the line have preserved
Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward. Through time, Vulgar Latin would evolve into numerous Romance languages. Its literary counterpar ...
and before ; dialects south and east of the line have palatalized and before . This palatalization gave Old French and , then modern French and . The line was first identified by Charles Joret and published in 1883. To the north and west of the line are found Picard and some dialects of
Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norm ...
. To the south and the east lie other Oïl dialects including southern Norman, Walloon and French. The area north and west of the is sometimes called the ''Normano-Picard'' domain.


Geography

The Joret line extends from the
Channel Islands The Channel Islands ( nrf, Îles d'la Manche; french: îles Anglo-Normandes or ''îles de la Manche'') are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two Crown Dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, ...
(including
Jèrriais (french: Jersiais, also known as the Jersey Language, Jersey French and Jersey Norman French in English) is a Romance language and the traditional language of the Jersey people. It is a form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, an island ...
,
Guernésiais Guernésiais, also known as ''Dgèrnésiais'', Guernsey French, and Guernsey Norman French, is the variety of the Norman language spoken in Guernsey. It is sometimes known on the island simply as "patois". As one of the langues d'oïl, it has ...
and
Sercquiais , also known as , Sarkese or Sark-French, is the Norman dialect of the Channel Island of Sark (Bailiwick of Guernsey). Sercquiais is a descendant of the 16th century Jèrriais used by the original colonists, 40 families mostly from Saint Ouen, ...
) and across the continent from
Granville, Manche Granville (; Norman: ''Graunville'') is a commune in the Manche department and region of Normandy, northwestern France. The chef-lieu of the canton of Granville and seat of the ', it is a seaside resort and health resort of Mont Saint-Michel Ba ...
to the linguistic border with
Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People ...
in the North of France and
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the ...
. It runs approximately west to east through
Normandy Normandy (; french: link=no, Normandie ; nrf, Normaundie, Nouormandie ; from Old French , plural of ''Normant'', originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in Northwestern ...
north of Granville and Villedieu-les-Poêles and divides
Manche Manche (, ) is a coastal French département in Normandy, on the English Channel, which is known as ''La Manche'', literally "the sleeve", in French. It had a population of 495,045 in 2019.Calvados and
Orne Orne (; nrf, Ôrne or ) is a département in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne. It had a population of 279,942 in 2019.Eure Eure () is a department in Normandy in Northwestern France, named after the river Eure. Its prefecture is Évreux. In 2019, Eure had a population of 599,507.Picardy Picardy (; Picard and french: Picardie, , ) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region of Hauts-de-France. It is located in the northern part of France. His ...
, where the line runs with the Amiénois and
Thiérache The Thiérache () is a region of France and Belgium united by similar geography and architecture, including the presence of hedgerows, grassland, hilly terrain, scattered settlements, and traditionally-built stone or brick houses with stone dividi ...
, up to the west of Rebecq, Beaumont and
Chimay Chimay (, wa, Chimai) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. In 2006, Chimay had a population of 9,774. The area is 197.10 km2 which gives a population density of 50 inhabitants per km2. It is th ...
in
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the ...
where it separates Picard from Walloon.


Examples

* Norman Picard ~ Southern Norman, French , Walloon (
palatalization Palatalization may refer to: *Palatalization (phonetics), the phonetic feature of palatal secondary articulation *Palatalization (sound change) Palatalization is a historical-linguistic sound change that results in a palatalized articulation ...
) :Latin ''cattu'' (cat) gave rise to ''cat'' north of the line and '' chat'' to the south. :Low Latin ''*captiare'' (to catch) gave rise to ''cachier'' / ''cacher'' (> English catch) north of the line and ''chasser'' (> English chase) to the south. :Low Latin ''*cantionem'' (song), Picard ''canchon'' West of the line, French ''chanson'', Walloon ''tchinson'' South and East of the line. Similarly Latin ''cantare'' → ''canter'' vs. ''chanter'', ''tchanter''. :Frankish ''*pokka'' (bag) gave rise to ''pouque'' (> English dial. poke) north of the line and ''pouche'' (> English pouch) to the south. French ''poche'' (pocket), Norman ''pouquette'' (> English pocket). :Latin ''candela'' (candle) gave rise to ''candelle'' north of the line and ''chandelle'' to the south. :Celtic ''*carros'' > Latin ''carrus'' gave rise to ''car'' (> English car) north of the line and ''char'' (wain, carriage), ''chariot'' (> English chariot) to the south. :Celtic ''*kagio-'', Gaulish ''caio-'' > Norman Picard ''kay'', ''cay'' (> ME kay) > French quai (> English quay); Old French ''chay'' > French ''chai'' (wine cellar) * Norman Picard ~ Southern Norman, French , Walloon (palatalization) :Latin ''gamba'' (leg) gave rise to ''gambe'' north of the line and ''jambe'' to the south, ''djambe'' to the East. :Frankish ''*gard-'' (yard) gave rise to ''gardin'' (> English garden) north of the line and ''jardin'' to the south. :Late Latin ''*galleto'' > Norman Picard ''gal(l)on'' (> English gallon) ; Old French ''jallon'' , French ''jalon'' (measure)


Second isogloss

Another effect of the palatalizations a bit further to the north but quite parallel was this: * Norman Picard (or ) ~ Southern Norman or , French . :Low Latin ''*captiare'' > Norman Picard ''cacher'', ''cachi(er)'' (> English catch); Southern Norman, French ''chasser'' :Low Latin ''ceresiu(m)'' > Norman Picard ''cherise'', ''chrise'', ''chise'' (> English cherry); Southern Norman ''srise'' French ''cerise''


Third isogloss

A third isogloss, marking a consonantal change unrelated to the others, more or less follows the Joret line throughout Normandy and continues through northeastern France. It includes all of Picardy,
Wallonia Wallonia (; french: Wallonie ), or ; nl, Wallonië ; wa, Waloneye or officially the Walloon Region (french: link=no, Région wallonne),; nl, link=no, Waals gewest; wa, link=no, Redjon walone is one of the three regions of Belgium—alo ...
,
Champagne Champagne (, ) is a sparkling wine originated and produced in the Champagne wine region of France under the rules of the appellation, that demand specific vineyard practices, sourcing of grapes exclusively from designated places within it, sp ...
,
Lorraine Lorraine , also , , ; Lorrain: ''Louréne''; Lorraine Franconian: ''Lottringe''; german: Lothringen ; lb, Loutrengen; nl, Lotharingen is a cultural and historical region in Northeastern France, now located in the administrative region of G ...
and a part of Burgundy. Germanic (sometimes Latin was affected as well) was kept north of the line (written ''w'' or ''v''), but became (written ''g'' or ''gu'') south of the line. *Northern French ~ French :Latin ''vespa'' / Frankish ''*waspa'' (wasp) > Picard ''Wespe'', Norman ''Vêpe'' ~ French ''guêpe'' (wasp) :Frankish ''*wala hlaupan'' (S. English well and leap) > Picard, Old Norman ''waloper'' (> English wallop) ; French ''galoper'' (> English gallop) :Frankish ''wahtôn'' (S. English wake and watch) > Picard Old Norman ''wait(i)er'' (> English wait) ; Old French ''guaitier'', French ''guetter'' :Frankish ''*werra'' > Old Picard Old Norman ''werre'', ''warre'' (> English war) ; French ''guerre'' (war)


Toponymy

The Joret line affects
toponym Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of '' toponyms'' (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types. Toponym is the general term for a proper name of ...
s in Normandy and Picardy:
Cambrai Cambrai (, ; pcd, Kimbré; nl, Kamerijk), formerly Cambray and historically in English Camerick or Camericke, is a city in the Nord department and in the Hauts-de-France region of France on the Scheldt river, which is known locally as the Es ...
(corresponding to Chambray),
Camembert Camembert (, also , ) is a moist, soft, creamy, surface-ripened cow's milk cheese. It was first made in the late 18th century in Camembert, Normandy, in northwest France. It is sometimes compared in look and taste to brie cheese, albeit wi ...
,
Carentan Carentan () is a small rural town near the north-eastern base of the French Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy in north-western France, with a population of about 6,000. It is a former commune in the Manche department. On 1 January 2016, it was mer ...
(corresponding to Charenton),
Caen Caen (, ; nrf, Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the department of Calvados. The city proper has 105,512 inhabitants (), while its functional urban area has 470,000,Wace Wace ( 1110 – after 1174), sometimes referred to as Robert Wace, was a Medieval Norman poet, who was born in Jersey and brought up in mainland Normandy (he tells us in the ''Roman de Rou'' that he was taken as a child to Caen), ending his care ...
gallicized as ''Chaem''). Norman placenames derived from the Gallo-Romance word '' Campaniacum'' show initial ''C-'' in some cases ( Campigny, north) and initial ''Ch-'' in others ( Champigny-la-Futelaye, south).


See also

*
Norman language Norman or Norman French (, french: Normand, Guernésiais: , Jèrriais: ) is a Romance language which can be classified as one of the Oïl languages along with French, Picard and Walloon. The name "Norman French" is sometimes used to descri ...
*
Picard language Picard (, also , ) is a '' langue d'oïl'' of the Romance language family spoken in the northernmost part of France and Hainaut province in Belgium. Administratively, this area is divided between the French Hauts-de-France region and the Belgia ...
*
Walloon language Walloon (; natively ; french: wallon) is a Romance language that is spoken in much of Wallonia and (to a very small extent) in Brussels, Belgium; some villages near Givet, northern France; and a clutch of communities in northeastern Wisconsin, ...


Notes


References

*''La Normandie dialectale'' Lepelley, Caen 1999 {{ISBN, 2-84133-076-1 Oïl languages Picardy Normandy Isoglosses Norman language