John Linnell (16 June 179220 January 1882) was an English
engraver, and
portrait
A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expressions are predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this r ...
and
landscape painter
Landscape painting, also known as landscape art, is the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests, especially where the main subject is a wide view—with its elements arranged into a coherent composi ...
. He was a
naturalist and a rival to the artist
John Constable. He had a taste for Northern European art of the
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...
, particularly
Albrecht Dürer. He also associated with the amateur artist
Edward Thomas Daniell
Edward Thomas Daniell (6 June 180424 September 1842) was an English artist known for his etchings and the landscape paintings he made during an expedition to the Middle East, including Lycia, part of modern-day Turkey. He is associated with the ...
, and with
William Blake
William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his life, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual art of the Romantic Age. ...
, to whom he introduced the painter and writer
Samuel Palmer
Samuel Palmer Hon.RE (Hon. Fellow of the Society of Painter-Etchers) (27 January 180524 May 1881) was a British landscape painter, etcher and printmaker. He was also a prolific writer. Palmer was a key figure in Romanticism in Britain and pr ...
and others of
the Ancients.
Life and work
John Linnell was born in
Bloomsbury, London on 16 June 1792., where his father was a carver and
gilder. He was in contact with artists from an early age, and by the age of ten was drawing and selling portraits in chalk and pencil. His first art teacher was the American-born artist
Benjamin West
Benjamin West, (October 10, 1738 – March 11, 1820) was a British-American artist who painted famous historical scenes such as '' The Death of Nelson'', ''The Death of General Wolfe'', the '' Treaty of Paris'', and '' Benjamin Franklin Drawin ...
, and he spent a year in the house of the painter
John Varley, where
William Hunt and
William Mulready were also pupils, and made the acquaintance of
Shelley,
Godwin and others. In 1805 he was admitted to study at the
Royal Academy, where he obtained medals for drawing, modelling and sculpture. He was trained as an
engraver, and executed a transcript of Varley's "Burial of Saul."
In 1808, the 16-year-old Linnell moved into Mulready's house, whose wife had accused him of infidelity with both other women and boys. Linnell's association with Mulready may have caused the breakup of Mulready's marriage.
In later life Linnell occupied himself with the
burin, publishing, in 1833, a series of outlines from
Michelangelo's frescoes in the
Sistine Chapel
The Sistine Chapel (; la, Sacellum Sixtinum; it, Cappella Sistina ) is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the pope in Vatican City. Originally known as the ''Cappella Magna'' ('Great Chapel'), the chapel takes its nam ...
, and, in 1840, superintending the issue of a selection of plates from the pictures in
Buckingham Palace, one of them, a
Titian
Tiziano Vecelli or Vecellio (; 27 August 1576), known in English as Titian ( ), was an Italian (Venetian) painter of the Renaissance, considered the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school. He was born in Pieve di Cadore, nea ...
landscape, which he engraved in
mezzotint
Mezzotint is a monochrome printmaking process of the '' intaglio'' family. It was the first printing process that yielded half-tones without using line- or dot-based techniques like hatching, cross-hatching or stipple. Mezzotint achieves tonal ...
. At first he supported himself mainly by miniature painting and execution of larger portraits, such as the likenesses of Mulready,
Richard Whately, Peel and
Thomas Carlyle
Thomas Carlyle (4 December 17955 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher. A leading writer of the Victorian era, he exerted a profound influence on 19th-century art, literature and philosophy.
Born in Ecclefechan, Dum ...
. Several of his portraits he engraved in line and mezzotint.
He painted many subjects like the "St John Preaching," the "Covenant of Abraham," and the "Journey to Emmaus," in which, while the landscape is usually prominent the figures are of sufficient importance to supply the title of the work. But it is mainly in connexion with paintings of pure landscapes that his name is known. His works commonly deal with some scene of typical uneventful English landscape, which is made impressive by a gorgeous effect of sunrise or sunset. They are full of true poetic feeling, and are rich and glowing in colour.
Linnell commanded large prices for his pictures, and about 1850 he purchased a property at Redhill, Surrey, where he lived till his death on 20 January 1882, painting with unabated powers until within the last few years of his life. He devoted himself to painting landscapes notably of the
North Downs
The North Downs are a ridge of chalk hills in south east England that stretch from Farnham in Surrey to the White Cliffs of Dover in Kent. Much of the North Downs comprises two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs): the Surrey Hills a ...
and
Kentish Weald. His leisure was occupied with a study of the
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts ...
in the original, and he published several pamphlets and treatises of
Biblical criticism. Linnell was one of the best friends and kindest patrons of
William Blake
William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his life, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual art of the Romantic Age. ...
. He gave him the two largest commissions he received for single series of designs—£150 for drawings and engravings of ''The Inventions to the Book of Job'', and a like sum for those illustrative of
Dante Aligheri
Dante Alighieri (; – 14 September 1321), probably baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri and often referred to as Dante (, ), was an Italian poet, writer and philosopher. His ''Divine Comedy'', originally called (modern Italian: '' ...
.
He was a friend of the painter
Edward Thomas Daniell
Edward Thomas Daniell (6 June 180424 September 1842) was an English artist known for his etchings and the landscape paintings he made during an expedition to the Middle East, including Lycia, part of modern-day Turkey. He is associated with the ...
. A
blue plaque commemorates Linnell at Old Wyldes' at North End,
Hampstead. The plaque mentions that William Blake stayed with Linnell as his guest.
Gallery
File:John Linnell 001.jpg, ''Gravel pits of Kensington'' (18111812), Tate Britain
Tate Britain, known from 1897 to 1932 as the National Gallery of British Art and from 1932 to 2000 as the Tate Gallery, is an art museum on Millbank in the City of Westminster in London, England. It is part of the Tate network of galleries in ...
File:John Linnell - In Dovedale - Google Art Project (2467112).jpg, ''In Dovedale'' (1814), Yale Center for British Art
Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the worl ...
File:John Linnell - The Rest on the Flight into Egypt - Google Art Project.jpg, ''The Rest on the Flight into Egypt'' (1827), Yale Center for British Art
File:John Linnell - The Last Load.JPG, ''The Last Load'' (1853), Tate Britain
File:John Linnell (1792-1882) - Harvest Moon - T00043 - Tate.jpg, ''Harvest Moon'' (1858), Tate Britain
File:John Linnell - The Prophet Balaam and the Angel - Google Art Project.jpg, ''The Prophet Balaam and the Angel'' (1859), Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
Legacy
Linnell has over 150 oil paintings in public ownership in the United Kingdom.
References
Sources
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Further reading
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External links
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Linnell online(ArtCyclopedia)
The John Linnell Archiveat the
Fitzwilliam Museum,
Cambridge
Cambridge ( ) is a College town, university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cam ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Linnell, John
1792 births
1882 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
English landscape painters
English watercolourists
English portrait painters
People from Bloomsbury
Painters from London
19th-century English male artists