John Gould
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John Gould (; 14 September 1804 – 3 February 1881) was an English ornithologist. He published a number of monographs on birds, illustrated by plates produced by his wife, Elizabeth Gould, and several other artists, including Edward Lear,
Henry Constantine Richter Henry Constantine Richter (7 June 1821 – 16 March 1902) was an English zoological illustrator who produced a very large number of skillful coloured lithographs of birds and mammals, mainly for the scientific books of the renowned English 1 ...
,
Joseph Wolf Joseph Wolf (22 January 1820 – 20 April 1899) was a German artist who specialized in natural history illustration. He moved to the British Museum in 1848 and became the preferred illustrator for explorers and naturalists including David Livi ...
and
William Matthew Hart William Matthew Hart (1830-1908) was an Irish-born English bird illustrator and lithographer who worked for John Gould. Hart started medical training, but was unable to complete his studies for financial reasons. He began working for Gould in ...
. He has been considered the father of bird study in Australia and the
Gould League The Gould League is an independent Australian organisation promoting Natural environment, environmental education, founded in Victoria, Australia, Victoria in 1909 and named after the English ornithologist John Gould. Largely autonomous branche ...
in Australia is named after him. His identification of the birds now nicknamed "
Darwin's finches Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos finches) are a group of about 18 species of passerine birds. They are well known for their remarkable diversity in beak form and function. They are often classified as the subfamily Geospizinae or t ...
" played a role in the
inception of Darwin's theory The inception of Darwin's theory occurred during an intensively busy period which began when Charles Darwin returned from the survey voyage of the ''Beagle'', with his reputation as a fossil collector and geologist already established. He was gi ...
of
evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...
by
natural selection Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Cha ...
. Gould's work is referenced in
Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended fr ...
's book, ''
On the Origin of Species ''On the Origin of Species'' (or, more completely, ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''),The book's full original title was ''On the Origin of Species by Me ...
''.


Early life

Gould was born in
Lyme Regis Lyme Regis is a town in west Dorset, England, west of Dorchester and east of Exeter. Sometimes dubbed the "Pearl of Dorset", it lies by the English Channel at the Dorset–Devon border. It has noted fossils in cliffs and beaches on the Heri ...
, the first son of a gardener. Both father and son probably had little education. After working on Dowager Lady Poulett's glass house, his father obtained a position on an estate near Guildford, Surrey, and then in 1818, Gould Snr became foreman in the Royal Gardens of Windsor. Gould then became an apprentice for 6 years under the care of J. T. Aiton, of the Royal Gardens of Windsor from 14 to 20 years old. The young Gould started training as a gardener, being employed under his father at Windsor from 1818 to 1824, and he was subsequently a gardener at
Ripley Castle Ripley Castle is a Grade I listed 14th-century country house in Ripley, North Yorkshire, England, north of Harrogate. The house is built of coursed squared gritstone and ashlar with grey slate and stone slate roofs. A central two-storey block ...
in
Yorkshire Yorkshire ( ; abbreviated Yorks), formally known as the County of York, is a historic county in northern England and by far the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its large area in comparison with other English counties, functions have ...
. He became an expert in the art of
taxidermy Taxidermy is the art of preserving an animal's body via mounting (over an armature) or stuffing, for the purpose of display or study. Animals are often, but not always, portrayed in a lifelike state. The word ''taxidermy'' describes the proc ...
. In 1824 he set himself up in business in London as a taxidermist, and his skill helped him to become the first curator and preserver at the museum of the
Zoological Society of London The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) is a charity devoted to the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats. It was founded in 1826. Since 1828, it has maintained the London Zoo, and since 1931 Whipsnade Park. History On 29 ...
in 1827.


Research and works published

Gould's position brought him into contact with the country's leading naturalists. This meant that he was often the first to see new collections of birds given to the Zoological Society of London. In 1830 a collection of birds arrived from the
Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over 100 ...
, many not previously described. Gould published these birds in
A Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains A Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains was an ornithological book published by John Gould between 1830 & 1832. John Gould was working as a taxidermist at the museum of the Zoological Society of London, curating and preserving animal bod ...
(1830–1832). The text was by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and the illustrations were drawn and lithographed by Gould's wife Elizabeth Coxen Gould. Most of Gould's work were rough sketches on paper from which other artists created the lithographic plates. This work was followed by four more in the next seven years, including ''Birds of Europe'' in five volumes. It was completed in 1837; Gould wrote the text, and his clerk, Edwin Prince, did the editing. The plates were drawn and lithographed by Elizabeth Coxen Gould. A few of the illustrations were made by Edward Lear as part of his ''Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae'' in 1832. Lear, however, was in financial difficulty, and he sold the entire set of lithographs to Gould. The books were published in a very large size, imperial folio, with magnificent coloured plates. Eventually 41 of these volumes were published, with about 3000 plates. They appeared in parts at £3 3s. a number, subscribed for in advance, and in spite of the heavy expense of preparing the plates, Gould succeeded in making his ventures pay, realising a fortune. This was a busy period for Gould who also published ''Icones Avium'' in two parts containing 18 leaves of bird studies on 54 cm plates as a supplement to his previous works. No further monographs were published as in 1838 he and his wife moved to Australia to work on the ''Birds of Australia''. Shortly after their return to England, his wife died in 1841. Elizabeth Gould completed 84 plates for ''Birds of Australia'' before her death.


Work with Darwin

When
Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended fr ...
presented his mammal and bird specimens collected during the second voyage of HMS ''Beagle'' to the
Zoological Society of London The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) is a charity devoted to the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats. It was founded in 1826. Since 1828, it has maintained the London Zoo, and since 1931 Whipsnade Park. History On 29 ...
on 4 January 1837, the bird specimens were given to Gould for identification. He set aside his paying work and at the next meeting on 10 January reported that birds from the
Galápagos Islands The Galápagos Islands (Spanish: , , ) are an archipelago of volcanic islands. They are distributed on each side of the equator in the Pacific Ocean, surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere, and are part of the Republic of Ecuador ...
which Darwin had thought were blackbirds, "gross-bills" and
finch The true finches are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. Finches have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and nuts and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are usua ...
es were in fact ''"a series of ground Finches which are so peculiar"'' as to form ''"an entirely new group, containing 12 species."'' This story made the newspapers. In March, Darwin met Gould again, learning that his Galápagos "wren" was another species of finch and the
mockingbird Mockingbirds are a group of New World passerine birds from the family Mimidae. They are best known for the habit of some species mimicking the songs of other birds and the sounds of insects and amphibians, often loudly and in rapid succession. ...
s he had labelled by island were separate species rather than just varieties, with relatives on the South American mainland. Subsequently, Gould advised that the smaller southern Rhea specimen that had been rescued from a Christmas dinner was a separate species which he named ''Rhea darwinii'', whose territory overlapped with the northern rheas. Darwin had not bothered to label his finches by island, but others on the expedition had taken more care. He now sought specimens collected by captain
Robert FitzRoy Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy (5 July 1805 – 30 April 1865) was an English officer of the Royal Navy and a scientist. He achieved lasting fame as the captain of during Charles Darwin's famous voyage, FitzRoy's second expedition to Tierra de ...
and crewmen. From them he was able to establish that the species were unique to islands, an important step on the inception of his theory of
evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...
by
natural selection Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Cha ...
. Gould's work on the birds was published between 1838 and 1842 in five numbers as Part 3 of '' Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle'', edited by Charles Darwin. Elizabeth Gould illustrated all the plates for Part 3.


Research in Australia

In 1838 the Goulds sailed to Australia, intending to study the birds of that country and be the first to produce a major work on the subject. They took with them the collector John Gilbert. They arrived in
Tasmania ) , nickname = , image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdi ...
in September, making the acquaintance of the governor
Sir John Franklin Sir John Franklin (16 April 1786 – 11 June 1847) was a British Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer. After serving in wars against Napoleonic France and the United States, he led two expeditions into the Canadian Arctic and through t ...
and his
wife A wife (plural, : wives) is a female in a marital relationship. A woman who has separated from her partner continues to be a wife until the marriage is legally Dissolution (law), dissolved with a divorce judgement. On the death of her partner, ...
. Gould and Gilbert collected on the island. In February 1839 Gould sailed to Sydney, leaving his pregnant wife with the Franklins. He travelled to his brother-in-law's station at Yarrundi, spending his time searching for bowerbirds in the
Liverpool Range The Liverpool Range is a mountain range and a lava-field province in New South Wales, Australia. The eastern peaks of the range were the traditional territory of the Wonnarua people. Geography The Liverpool Range starts from the volcanic plate ...
. In April he returned to Tasmania for the birth of his son. In May he sailed to
Adelaide Adelaide ( ) is the capital city of South Australia, the state's largest city and the fifth-most populous city in Australia. "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. The dem ...
to meet
Charles Sturt Charles Napier Sturt (28 April 1795 – 16 June 1869) was a British officer and explorer of Australia, and part of the European exploration of Australia. He led several expeditions into the interior of the continent, starting from Sydney and la ...
, who was preparing to lead an expedition to the
Murray River The Murray River (in South Australia: River Murray) (Ngarrindjeri: ''Millewa'', Yorta Yorta: ''Tongala'') is a river in Southeastern Australia. It is Australia's longest river at extent. Its tributaries include five of the next six longest ...
. Gould collected in the
Mount Lofty Mount Lofty (, elevation AHD) is the highest point in the southern Mount Lofty Ranges. It is located about east of the Adelaide city centre, within the Cleland National Park in the Adelaide Hills area of South Australia. The mountain's s ...
range, the Murray Scrubs and
Kangaroo Island Kangaroo Island, also known as Karta Pintingga (literally 'Island of the Dead' in the language of the Kaurna people), is Australia's third-largest island, after Tasmania and Melville Island. It lies in the state of South Australia, southwest ...
, returning again to Hobart in July. He then travelled with his wife to Yarrundi. They returned home to England in May 1840. The result of the trip was '' The Birds of Australia'' (1840–48), a seven volume work which is the first comprehensive illustrated account of Australian birds. It included a total of 600 plates in seven volumes; 328 of the species described were new to science and named by Gould. He also published ''A Monograph of the Macropodidae, or Family of Kangaroos'' (1841–1842) and the three-volume work ''
The Mammals of Australia ''The Mammals of Australia'' is a three-volume work written and published by John Gould between 1845–63. It contains 182 illustrations by the author and its artist H. C. Richter. It was intended to be a complete survey of the novel species of ma ...
'' (1849–1861). Elizabeth died in 1841 after the birth of their eighth child, Sarah, and Gould's books subsequently used illustrations by a number of artists, including
Henry Constantine Richter Henry Constantine Richter (7 June 1821 – 16 March 1902) was an English zoological illustrator who produced a very large number of skillful coloured lithographs of birds and mammals, mainly for the scientific books of the renowned English 1 ...
,
William Matthew Hart William Matthew Hart (1830-1908) was an Irish-born English bird illustrator and lithographer who worked for John Gould. Hart started medical training, but was unable to complete his studies for financial reasons. He began working for Gould in ...
and
Joseph Wolf Joseph Wolf (22 January 1820 – 20 April 1899) was a German artist who specialized in natural history illustration. He moved to the British Museum in 1848 and became the preferred illustrator for explorers and naturalists including David Livi ...
. Even after leaving Australia, John Gould corresponded with many scientists and collectors in the colonies, including
Frederick McCoy Sir Frederick McCoy (1817 – 13 May 1899), was an Irish palaeontologist, zoologist, and museum administrator, active in Australia. He is noted for founding the Botanic Garden of the University of Melbourne in 1856. Early life McCoy was the so ...
, who was the director of the
National Museum of Victoria National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, c ...
from 1857 to 1899. These letters detail the sale of specimens, including mammals, insects, shells, and bird skins for the museum's collections, and copies of Gould's scientific publications for the museum library. Gould insisted that any species of birds that were at that time new to Western science be forwarded to him in London to be described and figured.


Hummingbirds

Throughout his professional life, Gould had a strong interest in hummingbirds. He accumulated a collection of 320 species, which he exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851. Despite his interest, Gould had never seen a live hummingbird. In May 1857, he travelled to the United States with his second son, Charles. He arrived in New York too early in the season to see hummingbirds in that city, but on 21 May 1857, in Bartram's Gardens in
Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...
, he finally saw his first live one, a
ruby-throated hummingbird The ruby-throated hummingbird (''Archilochus colubris'') is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America, Mexico, and Florida, and migrates to Canada and other parts of Eastern North America for the summer to bree ...
. He then continued to Washington D.C. where he saw large numbers in the gardens of the Capitol. Gould attempted to return to England with live specimens, but, as he was not aware of the conditions necessary to keep them, they only lived for two months at most.


''Birds of Great Britain''

The University of Glasgow, which owns a copy of ''Birds of Great Britain'', describes John Gould as "the greatest figure in bird illustration after
Audubon The National Audubon Society (Audubon; ) is an American non-profit environmental organization dedicated to conservation of birds and their habitats. Located in the United States and incorporated in 1905, Audubon is one of the oldest of such org ...
. Gould was not directly responsible for the illustrations himself, although he supervised their production closely." Auctioneers Sotherans describe the work as "Gould's pride and joy". Gould had already published some of the illustrations in ''Birds of Europe'', but ''Birds of Great Britain'' represents a development of an aesthetic style in which illustrations of nests and young are added on a large scale. Sotherans Co. reports that Gould published the book himself, producing 750 copies, which remain sought after both as complete volumes, and as individual plates, currently varying in price from £450 – £850. The University of Glasgow records that the volumes were issued in London in 25 parts, to make the complete set, between 1863 and 1873, and each set contained 367 coloured lithographs. Gould undertook an ornithological tour of Scandinavia in 1856, in preparation for the work, taking with him the artist Henry Wolf who drew 57 of the plates from Gould's preparatory sketches. According to The University of Glasgow Gould's skill was in rapidly producing rough sketches from nature (a majority of the sketches were drawn from newly killed specimens) capturing the distinctiveness of each species. Gould then oversaw the process whereby his artists worked his sketches up into the finished drawings, which were made into coloured lithographs by engraver William Hart. There were problems: the stone engraving of the
snowy owl The snowy owl (''Bubo scandiacus''), also known as the polar owl, the white owl and the Arctic owl, is a large, white owl of the true owl family. Snowy owls are native to the Arctic regions of both North America and the Palearctic, breeding m ...
in volume I was dropped and broken at an early stage in the printing. Later issues of this plate show evidence of this damage and consequently the early issue – printed before the accident – are considered more desirable. The lithographs were hand coloured. In the introduction for the work, Gould states "every sky with its varied tints and every feather of each bird were coloured by hand; and when it is considered that nearly two hundred and eighty thousand illustrations in the present work have been so treated, it will most likely cause some astonishment to those who give the subject a thought." The work has gathered critical acclaim: according to Mullens and Swann, ''Birds of Great Britain'' is "the most sumptuous and costly of British bird books", whilst Wood describes it as "a magnificent work". Isabella Tree writes that it "was seen – perhaps partly because its subject was British, as the culmination of is... genius".


Tributes

A number of animals have been named after Gould, including those in English such as the Gould's mouse. Birds named by or after Gould include: *
Gould's petrel Gould's petrel (''Pterodroma leucoptera'') is a species of seabird in the family Procellariidae. The common name commemorates the English ornithologist and bird artist John Gould (1804–1881). Description Gould's petrel is a small gadfly petr ...
(''Pterodroma leucoptera'') *
Gould's shortwing Gould's shortwing (''Heteroxenicus stellatus'') is a small species of passerine bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is found in the Himalayas (mainly Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Bhutan), Yunnan and northern parts of Myanmar and Vietnam. It breeds in ...
(''Brachypteryx stellata'') *
Gould's frogmouth Gould's frogmouth (''Batrachostomus stellatus'') is a nocturnal species of bird in the order Caprimulgiformes and the family Podargidae. It is one of the 12 species in the Batrachostomus genus. Its common name commemorates the English ornitholog ...
(''Batrachostomus stellatus'') * Gould's jewelfront (''Heliodoxa aurescens'') * Gould's inca (''Coeligena inca'') *
Gould's toucanet Gould's toucanet (''Selenidera gouldii'') is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. ...
(''Selenidera gouldii'') * Dot-eared coquette (''Lophornis gouldii'') * Olive-backed euphonia (''Euphonia gouldi'') Two species of reptiles are named in his honour: Gould's monitor ('' Varanus gouldii'') and Gould's hooded snake ('' Parasuta gouldii''). The
Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish The Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish (''Astacopsis gouldi''), also called Tasmanian giant freshwater lobster, is the largest freshwater invertebrate and the largest freshwater crayfish species in the world. The species is only found in the rive ...
(''Astacopsis gouldi'') was named after Gould's son Charles.
Gould's sunbird Mrs. Gould's sunbird (''Aethopyga gouldiae'') is a sunbird species native to forests and shrublands from the southern foothills of the Himalayas to Southeast Asia. Taxonomy Mrs. Gould's sunbird was first described by Irish zoologist Nicholas Vi ...
, or Mrs. Gould's sunbird, (''Aethopyga gouldiae'') and the Gouldian finch (''Erythrura gouldiae'') were named after his wife. A visit to Gould in his old age provided the inspiration for
John Everett Millais Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Baronet, ( , ; 8 June 1829 – 13 August 1896) was an English painter and illustrator who was one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. He was a child prodigy who, aged eleven, became the youngest ...
's painting '' The Ruling Passion''. The
Gould League The Gould League is an independent Australian organisation promoting Natural environment, environmental education, founded in Victoria, Australia, Victoria in 1909 and named after the English ornithologist John Gould. Largely autonomous branche ...
, founded in Australia in 1909, was named after him. This organisation gave many Australians their first introduction to birds, along with more general environmental and ecological education. One of its major sponsors was the
Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union The Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU), now part of BirdLife Australia, was Australia's largest non-government, non-profit, bird conservation organisation. It was founded in 1901 to promote the study and conservation of the native b ...
. In 1976, he was honoured on a postage stamp, bearing his portrait, issued by Australia Post. In 2009, a series of birds from his ''Birds of Australia,'' with paintings by H C Richter, were featured in another set of stamps.


Family

Gould married the painter Elizabeth Coxen (18 July 1804 – 15 August 1841) on 5 January 1829. They had at least three sons, (John) Henry Gould (1829–1855) and Franklin Gould (1839–1873) dying before him. Their youngest son, Charles Gould, was a geological surveyor. They also had at least three daughters, although only the names of two are known, Eliza (born c. 1832) and Sarah Gould (born 1841). Elizabeth Gould died from puerperal fever after giving birth to Sarah, her eighth child.


Bibliography

Among the publications of John Gould are:See also: * 5 vols. Drawn from nature & on stone by J. & E. Gould. *John Gould
''A Monograph of the Ramphastidae, or Family of Toucans''
1833–35. 1 vol. 34 plates; Artists: J. Gould, E. Gould, E. Lear and G. Scharf; Lithographers: E. Gould and E. Lear; *John Gould;
A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, and the Adjacent Islands
'; 1837–38 1 vol. 73 plates; Artist and lithographer: E. Gould *John Gould;
The Birds of Australia
'; 1840–48. 7 vols. 600 plates; Artists: J. Gould and E. Gould; Lithographer: E. Gould *John Gould
Monograph of the Odontophorinae, or Partridges of America''
1844–50 1 vol. 32 plates; Artists: J. Gould and H. C. Richter; Lithographer: H. C. Richter *John Gould
''Monograph of the Trochilidae, or Family of Humming-Birds''
1849–61 5 vol. 25 parts, 360 plates; Artists: J. Gould and H. C. Richter; Lithographer: H. C. Richter; title pages for the volumes were issued last and are all dated 1861 *John Gould;
The Birds of Asia
'; 1850–83 7 vols. 530 plates, Artists: J. Gould, H. C. Richter, W. Hart and J. Wolf; Lithographers: H. C. Richter and W. Hart; Parts 33–55 completed after Gould's death by R. Bowdler Sharpe; Vol VI :Artist and lithographer: W. Hart *John Gould;
The Birds of Australia; Supplement
' 1851–69. 1 vol. 81 plates; Artists: J. Gould and H. C. Richter; Lithographer: H. C. Richter *John Gould
''The Birds of Great Britain''
1873. 5 vols. 367 plates; Artists: J. Gould, J. Wolf, H.C. Richter and W. Hart; Lithographers: H. C. Richter and W. HartSee als
''An Introduction to the Birds of Britain''
1873
*John Gould
Birds of New Guinea and the Adjacent Papuan Islands, including many new species recently discovered in Australia''
1875–88. 5 vols. 300 plates; Parts 13–25 completed after Gould's death by R. Bowdler Sharpe; Artists: J. Gould and W. Hart; Lithographer: W. Hart *John Gould
''A Monograph of the Trochilidae, or Family of Humming-birds''
Supplement, completed after Gould's death by R. Bowdler Sharpe; 1880–87. 5 parts. 58 plates; Artists: J. Gould and W. Hart; Lithographer: W. Hart


Note

John Gould also happened to live next to the famous
Broad Street pump Soho is an area of the City of Westminster, part of the West End of London. Originally a fashionable district for the aristocracy, it has been one of the main entertainment districts in the capital since the 19th century. The area was develop ...
during 1854. The pioneering epidemiologist John Snow mentions Gould and his assistant Prince in his famous publication: ''On the mode of communication of cholera''.


See also

* for species named for Gould * for species named for Gould


References


Sources

* Chisholm, A. H. 1938. Out of the past: Gould material discovered. ''Victoria Naturalist'' 55:95–102. * Gould, John. 1840–1848.
The Birds of Australia: in seven volumes
'. * Maguire, T. H. 1846–1852.''Portraits of the Honorary Members of the Ipswich Museum'' (George Ransome, Ipswich). * * Sauer, G. C. 1948. Bird art and artists; John Gould. ''American Antiques Journal'' 3:6–9. * Sauer, G. C. 1983. John Gould in America. In ''Contributions to the History of North American Natural History''. London, Society for the Bibliography of Natural History Special Publication No. 2:51–58. * Desmond, Adrian and James Moore. 1991. ''Charles Darwin'' (Penguin) * Sauer, G. C. 1982. ''John Gould the bird man: a chronology and bibliography''. (Melbourne, Landsdowne) * Tree, Isabella. 1991. ''The Ruling Passion of John Gould'' (Grove Weidefeld) * Tree, Isabella. 2003. ''The Bird Man – The Extraordinary Story of John Gould'' (Ebury Press) *


External links


Exhibition at the Australian Museum
*A. H. Chisholm, ' ttp://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010427b.htm Gould, John (1804–1881), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, MUP, 1966, pp 465–467.
Scanned books from GallicaThe Mammals of Australia
– Series of high resolution images taken from the 1845 edition.
Digitised works by John Gould (1804–1881)
at Biodiversity Heritage Library
Birds of Great Britain
digitized by Special Collections & Archives at Loyola University New Orleans
Works by John Gould
at
Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks." It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital libr ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gould, John 1804 births 1881 deaths English ornithologists Taxon authorities Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of the Geological Society of London People from Lyme Regis Zoological collectors British bird artists Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery 19th-century British painters British male painters Australian bird artists 19th-century British male artists